NOTES IN ENGLISH – SECOND QUARTER

REMEMBER:
Verb is an action word. It tells what someone or something does.
A verb in the present tense tells what happens now.
A present-tense verb must agree with its subject.

Singular Simple Present Tense

• A singular subject must take a singular verb. A singular noun and the
pronouns she, he, it, each, one, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody,
anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody and
everything should have a singular verb.
- For most verbs in the singular form, add -s to the simple form.
Examples:
put - puts
swim - swims
write - writes
dance – dances
- If the simple form ends with the letter s, z, ch, sh or x, add -es
Examples:
relax - relaxes
wash - washes
- If the simple form ends with a consonant + y, change y to i and add -es
Examples: try - tries
fry - fries
- If the simple form ends with a vowel + y, add -s
Examples: obey - obeys
stay - stays
- If the simple form ends with a consonant + o, add es
Examples: go - goes
do - does
- If the simple form ends with a vowel + o, add -s
Examples: moo - moos
radio - radios

Plural Verb
A plural subject must take a plural verb. A plural noun and the pronouns we,
they, several, few, both and many should have a plural verb. A plural verb does not
end with -s or –es
Examples:
The girls sing.
Both jump high.
They enjoy his funny jokes.

The pronouns I and You can both be singular or plural, but they are always followed
with verbs that do not end in -s.
Examples: I brush my teeth.
You work alone.
The past tense of the verb indicates the action that happened in the past. It is
usually followed by the time expressions, ‘yesterday, hours ago, last month, or last
week.’

Regular verbs form their past tense by adding –d or –ed.

• We add –d when the verb ends with e.
Examples:
dance – danced
She danced gracefully last Christmas party.

smile- smiled
He smiled at me.

● We add –ed when the verb ends with a consonant.

Examples:
work – worked
He worked hard for his family before.

walk – walked
They walked from home to school yesterday.

Simple future tense describes an action that will happen in the future. It is the verb
tense that is used to talk about things that haven’t happened yet. Usually, in the
simple future tense, we use “will” to indicate future and followed by the base form of
a verb, or [am/is/are] + going to + [base form of a verb].

The following are examples of time markers.

1. today
2. this morning/afternoon
3. tonight
4. tomorrow
5. day after tomorrow
6. next week/month/year

CONSONANT BLENDS
These two consonant letters that are put together and sounded as one are called
consonant blends. Some of the consonant blends are found at the beginning of a
word. These are called initial consonant blends. Some of them are pl, bl,cr,tw,pr,cl
sm, sn, st, sl, and sp.

/bl/ /cl/ /fl/ /gl/ /pl/

black clap flag glad plan

blend cloud flam glue play
blue clown flavor globe planet
 /br/ /cr/ /fr/ /gr/ /pr/

brown crab frog grass pretty

brick crib front green price
break crown frame ground principal

Some of the consonant blends are found at the ending of a word. These are called
final consonant blends. Some of them st, lt, nd, and ft.

/st/ /lt/ /nd/ /nt/

east belt sand want

best melt land rent
west salt band count
Malt bend hunt
Colt sound sent
Bolt blunt

/ft/ /lp/ /mp/

raft scalp camp

taft gulp dump
ramp damp
help hump
yelp swamp

WORDS- letter are combined together to form words. Words vary in terms of length
and number of letters. There are short and long words.

Example:
beautiful woman dress
alcohol medicine disease

PHRASES – are formed by combining words together. These phrases may provide
descriptions or ideas about a particular topic or subject.

Example:
my black dress beautiful girl
at the canteen blue tent
This is, that is, these are, Those Are!
This is, that is, these are and those are demonstrative pronouns.

This is is used when the speaker is holding or pointing one animal, object or person that is
near to him or her.
These are is used when the speaker is holding or pointing to two or more animal, object or
person that is near to him or her.
Example:
This is my gift for my mother’s birthday.
You will notice that the speaker is holding the object or is near the object. And there is only
one object.

These are my gifts for my mother’s birthday.

You will notice that the speaker is holding the object or is near the object. And there
are two or more objects.

That is is used when the speaker is pointing to one animal, object or person far from
him or her.

Those are is used when the speaker is pointing to two or more animals, objects or person
far from him or her.

Example:
That is my balloon.
You will notice that the boy is pointing the balloon.

Those are balloons.

You will notice that the girl is pointing to the balloons.

Directions: Choose the correct demonstrative pronoun to complete each sentence

1. (These/This) are the shoes I like.
2. (This/That) car over there is the best one.
3. (These/Those) books right here are mine.
4. (That/Those) store across the street sells clothes.
5. (Those/This) students over there are my friends.

Possessive pronouns are used to show ownership. The different possessive pronouns are
the following:
● Her and hers are used in showing ownership by a girl.
Examples: That is her pen.
That pen is hers.
● His and his are used in showing ownership by a boy.
Examples: This is his blue cap.
This blue cap is his.
● My and mine are used in showing you as the owner of something.
 Examples: My book is on the table.
The book on the table is mine.
● Your and yours are used in showing ownership by someone you are talking to.
Examples: That is your project.
That project is yours.
● Our and ours are used in showing ownership by many persons and yourself.
Examples: These are our plants. These plants are ours.
● Their and theirs are used in showing ownership by many persons being talked
about.
Examples: Their pet dog is inside the house.
The pet dog inside the house is theirs.

Directions: Complete each sentence with the correct possessive pronoun. Choose the letter
of your answer. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. These fruits belong to me. These are _____.
a. hers b. his c. mine d. theirs

2. The flags belong to us. They’re _____.

a. hers b. his c. ours d. theirs

3. The kitten belongs to Susy. It’s_____.

a. ours b. theirs c. mine d. hers

4. The new car belongs to Mark. It’s ____.

a. ours b. theirs c. his d. hers

5. The Cinderella costume belongs to me while the Rapunzel costume belongs to you.
These costumes are ____.
a. yours b. ours c. hers d. his

CAUSE and EFECT

Sentences may be developed using cause-and-effect relationship. This sentence

development shows clear relationship between ideas showing the cause why a certain thing
happens and an effect of the identified cause.
A cause is why something happens. An effect is what happened
Different signal words can be used to indicate effect in each statement or even in a story.
These signal words are: Thus, So, Therefore

Directions: Match the cause to the effect. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
before each number.

Cause Effect
______1. Max skipped dinner. She is very sweaty.
______2. Stacy missed the bus. The cows are thirsty.
______3. It rained hard last night. She was late for work.
______4. Mary went for a long run. The teacher gave them
______5. It is cold outside. detention.
______6. Chris forgot to check the oven It has a flat tire.
______7. The students were noisy. The is flood outside.
______8. It is very hot outside. The pies burned.
______9. The car ran over a nail He was hungry at breakfast.
It sank.
______10. The boat had a leak.
The lake is frozen.

___________________________________________________________________

CAUSE and EFECT

Sentences may be developed using cause-and-effect relationship. This sentence

development shows clear relationship between ideas showing the cause why a certain thing
happens and an effect of the identified cause.
A cause is why something happens. An effect is what happened

Different signal words can be used to indicate effect in each statement or even in a story.
These signal words are: Thus, So, Therefore

Directions: Match the cause to the effect. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
before each number.

Cause Effect
______1. Max skipped dinner. She is very sweaty.
______2. Stacy missed the bus. The cows are thirsty.
______3. It rained hard last night. She was late for work.
______4. Mary went for a long run. The teacher gave them
______5. It is cold outside. detention.
______6. Chris forgot to check the oven It has a flat tire.
______7. The students were noisy. The is flood outside.
______8. It is very hot outside. The pies burned.
______9. The car ran over a nail He was hungry at breakfast.
It sank.
______10. The boat had a leak.
The lake is frozen.
Directions: Read each sentence below. Write the cause on the first line and the effect on
the second line.

1. Simon’s dad came home so Simon is happy.

Cause: ____________________________________________________
Effect: ____________________________________________________
2. The dog chased his tail and everyone laughed.
Cause: ____________________________________________________
 Effect: ____________________________________________________
3. The man ran across the road and was hit by a car.
Cause: ____________________________________________________
Effect: ____________________________________________________
4. Renee left the door open and the dog ran away.
Cause: ____________________________________________________
Effect: ____________________________________________________
5. Steve studied all week and aced his test.
Cause: ____________________________________________________
Effect: ____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Directions: Read each sentence below. Write the cause on the first line and the effect on
the second line.

1. Simon’s dad came home so Simon is happy.

Cause: ____________________________________________________
Effect: ____________________________________________________
2. The dog chased his tail and everyone laughed.
Cause: ____________________________________________________
Effect: ____________________________________________________
3. The man ran across the road and was hit by a car.
Cause: ____________________________________________________
Effect: ____________________________________________________
4. Renee left the door open and the dog ran away.
Cause: ____________________________________________________
Effect: ____________________________________________________
5. Steve studied all week and aced his test.
Cause: ____________________________________________________
Effect: ____________________________________________________

INFERENCE, PREDICTING OUTCOMES and CONCLUSION

An inference is intelligent guess about a person, place, event, or thing based on the details
in the text/selection or story or even in the given picture. It is an act of making a guess about
what the character will do, how they feel and think.
While predicting outcomes is focusing on what will happen in the story which can be
proven and answered at the end of the story.
A conclusion is a final decision or judgment based on the summing up of main points and
ideas.
Individual Activity
Direction: Draw conclusion with the use of picture stimuli.
1. Lisa is sending her dog to a veterinarian. What do you think the
veterinarian did?
A. He is giving the dog a facial massage.
B. He is giving the dog a dose of anti-rabies
C. He is giving the dog a nose lift.

2. This frog eats oatmeal and drinks four gallons of water at one time.
What will happen to this frog?
A. He will burst.
B. He will be asleep.
C. He will hop and hop.

3. This airplane is about to take off. What will the stewardess tell
the passengers?
A. Fasten your seat belts. We are about to take off.
B. Throw all your cell phones now. We are about to take off.
C. Lie down now. We are about to take off.

4. Joseph today has a good catch. What do you think

happened next?
A. He earned a lot of money more than yesterday.
B. His wife is washing the dishes for the family.
C. His children are going to school.

5. Delfin’s hobby is hunting. He is always shooting birds

and animals just for fun. What will happen if most of our
men’s hobby is hunting?
A. Our birds and animals will no longer be seen.
B. More birds and animals live.
C. Birds and animals are nature’s beauty.

Directions: Read each of the following situations. Then, answer the questions that follow.
Write your answers on your notebook.

1. It was Sunday. Joan got up early. She took a bath. She dressed herself. She did not
forget to bring her bible.
1. Joan is going to ___________________.
a. school
b. watch movie
c. the church
d. attends a birthday party

2. The pupils fall in line at the school ground. The teachers stand behind them.
The boy and girl scouts hold the flag near the flagpole. What do you think will happen?
a. There will be a party.
b. There will be an announcement.
c. There will be a school program.
d. There will be a flag raising ceremony.

3. Mother gave Rico a beautiful pen. Rico lost it in school. The next week, mother gave Rico
another pen. Rico lost it again. What do you think will Rico’s mother feel?
a. His mother will be happy.
b. His mother will be sad.
c. His mother will be glad.
d. His mother will be surprised.

4. My grandmother eats the right kind of food. She sleeps ten hours every night. She
exercises daily. She does not forget to drink her milk. What do you think will happen to her?
a. Grandmother will be fat.
b. Grandmother will be healthy and strong.
c. Grandmother will be sickly.
d. Grandmother will be sad.

5. Our teacher puts on her jacket and her rubber boots. She also carries an umbrella. What
do you think will happen?
a. There will be a strong wind.
b. There will be a fair weather.
c. There will be a heavy rain.
d. There will be a hot temperature.

Activity 1. – Let’s Infer!

Directions: Infer insights what is observed and read. Choose the best answer.
1. Mario tasted something white, liquid and sour.
a. It’s a soy sauce b. It’s a vinegar. c. It’s a fish sauce

2. The mangoes are green.

a. They have just been picked. b. They are sour. c. They are juicy.

3. I smell something good. It is coming from the kitchen.

a. Aling Maria is cooking delicious food.
b. Aling Maria has a new perfume.
c. Our kitchen is clean.

4. Miguel and Pal found a fruit in the basket. It is rough. It is big, too.
a. It is a rambutan b. It is a papaya c. It is a jackfruit

5. My father goes to school. He brings book in his bag. Boys and girls greet him, and then
bell rings. He enters a room. My father is a
a. lawyer b. teacher c. farmer

Activity 2 – Let’s Conclude!

Directions: Draw a conclusion in each passage.
1. Linda and her friends were seated around the table. The children watched her smile. She
opened the gifts. Father brought in a cake with nine candles on it. Everyone clapped. Linda
made a wish, Therefore,________________________.
A. It’s Mother’s birthday. B. It’s Linda’s birthday. C. It’s father’s birthday.

2. Father goes to work early. He works hard in the office. When he goes home, he fixed
broken furniture sometimes he repairs and repaints window and walls. Therefore,
_________________________________
A. Father is always going out with friends.
B. Father is a lazy person.
C. Father is a hardworking person.

3. You are talking to a friend at the canteen. The bell rings, therefore _________.
A. It’s time to get inside the room. B. It’s recess time. C. It’s dismissal time.

4. Romy had a difficulty in mastering the multiplication table. When his classmate Felix saw
him sitting under the shade of a tree, he talked to him and told him about his problem. After
classes, Felix asked Romy to come home with him and he will help him with his difficulty.
The next day, the teacher gave the class a test. What can possibly happen?
____________________________
A. Romy and Felix passed the test.
B. Felix only passed the test.
C. Romy only passed the test.

5. Mr. Robles reminded the boys to submit their projects before the week ended. Norman
finished his project and had it ready for submission. When he went to Roy’s house, his
classmate he saw him having a hard time on the project. He talked to him and showed him
the easiest way of doing it. Friday come, Mr. Robles asked the boys to submit their project.
Therefore, __________________.
A. Roy only passed the project.
B. Norman and Roy passed their projects on time.
C. Norman only passed the project.