REVIEWER IN ARALING PANLIPUNAN

I. GLOBALIZATION
- interconnectedness of people around the world
- allows ideas, behaviors, styles, products, services, and news to spread more
quickly and broadly on an international scale.
- Heywood (2003) describes globalization as “the growth of ‘supraterritorial
relations between people” as physical geography becomes less relevant.
- borderless; easy to have access to anything around the world due to various
dimensions.
1. Economic Dimension
2. Political Dimension
3. Cultural Dimension
4. Technological Dimension
5. Social Dimension

1. Technological Dimension
- As technology and transportation have advanced, business has become increasingly
global. It allows billions of people to contact friends and access news from around the
world.
- Technological globalization refers to the accelerated spread and integration of
technology, information, and communication systems worldwide.
- History:
 In the 19th century, industrialization took place which gave the world
significant technological progress for easy and fast-paced exchange of goods
and information between countries.
 During the second half of the 19th century, the Western world experienced a
dramatic identification of international connectivity due to fore advancing
technologies.
 This is when trains, steamships, and the telegraph dominated the world.
 The improved communication and especially the internet accelerated the
financial markets and the speed of transactions.
- Examples:
The Internet - makes it simpler to engage in international trade, such as online
selling, and social media or game-based interactions with people from other countries.
  A: allowed us to communicate with people all around the world without too
much trouble.
 D: as we become more exposed to the internet, this leads to the Rise of Fake
News.
Mechanization of Manufacturing - Refers to the use of machines to replace human
or animal labor.
 A: It improves productivity, and it helps meet the timeliness of agricultural
operations; improves the efficient use of natural resources; and ensure better
accuracy and chances of error are eliminated, thus, the work goes on smoothly
and there were less delays.
 D: eliminates jobs; widens the growing gap between the rich and the poor; and
increased transportation of goods causes greenhouse gas emissions and other
pollutants.
Artificial Intelligence - AI provides a computer program with the ability to think
and act on its own that can help people.
 A: Digital assistance can help us in many ways, like saving our time by doing
things that humans usually do.
 D: Worker replacement by machines results to an increase of unemployment;
and excessive use of digital assistance can lead to laziness of the humans.

2. Political Dimension
- refers to the causal sequence and flow of political relationships between countries.
- it involves the formation and strengthening of international institutions, agreements,
and organizations that aim to address global issues and challenges, such as climate
change, economic inequality, and security threats.
- Political agreements between nations can help in facilitating the movement of people,
goods, and services across countries, creating more opportunities for trade, education,
and cultural exchange.
- The disadvantage of political globalization is that sovereignty is reduced. Also, the
functioning of international and supranational organizations is often not “democratic”
in terms of representation and accountability.
- Examples:
Philippines joining the United Nations
 A: human rights
  D: some members may refuse to help finance the UN's peace.
The Philippines participates in the United Nations Human Rights Council -
engaging in discussions and negotiations with other member countries to promote
and protect human rights globally.
 A: enhanced global influence; learning and collaboration
 D: implementation challenges; scrutiny and criticism
China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) - Through investments in infrastructure
and economic development across Southeast Asia, including the Philippines, the BRI
facilitates political and economic ties. This collaboration exemplifies political
globalization as both nations participate in network, an international emphasizing
mutual benefits, economic development, and enhanced connectivity.
 A: economic growth; infrastructure improvement
 D: debt dependency; environmental concerns

3. Cultural Dimension
- The interpenetration of cultures which, as a consequence, means nations adopt
principles, beliefs, and costumes of other nations, losing their unique culture to a
unique, globalized supraculture.
- It helps in understanding different civilizations, cultures, and diversity; it encourages
people to globalize and work together to stabilize the organization.
- cultural diversity can be both an advantage and a disadvantage.
- Examples:
Cultural Globalization of Food - has been promoted by fast food giants such as
Mcdonald's, Coca-Cola and Starbucks.
Spread of Food - refers to the process in which the production, distribution, and
consumption of food have become increasingly interconnected globally.
Spread of Language - Cultural globalization significantly impacts language by the
spread of dominant languages, often English, and influencing linguistic diversity.

4. Social Dimension
- Refers to the impact of globalization on the life and work of people.
- the concerns and issues that are often raised about the impact of globalization on
employment.
- it encompasses security, culture, identity, inclusion / exclusion, and the cohesiveness
of families and communities.
- international cooperation; access to information and knowledge; social awareness
and activism.
- threats to cultural identity; inequality; social conflicts and tensions.
- Examples:
Religion
World Education
Advocacies and Ideologies

5. Economic Dimension
- refers to the integration of national economies into the international economy
through trade, investment, and capital flows.
- has significant implications for the global economy and individual nations.
- refers to the capacity of public and private sectors to implement profitable practices
from the economic point of view, without compromising the equilibrium with social
and environmental practices.
- Examples:
Foreign Direct Investment - can be a multinational food and beverage company
acquiring or establishing production facilities in another country to meet local
demand and reduce transportation costs.
 A: enabling businesses to establish operations in different countries and
benefit from lower production costs and access to new markets.
 D: outsourcing; investments are good, but they abuse us.
Global Supply Chains – like production of smartphones.
 A: with components and products being sourced and manufactured across
various countries, this has led to increased efficiency and lowered production
costs for many industries.
Economic Interdependence
 A: making economies more interconnected and reliant on each other; events in
one part of the world can have far-reaching impacts on economies elsewhere.

II. PHILIPPINE LABOR FORCE

- includes the population 15 years old and over who are either employed, umeployed
- 15-64 years old
- has the capacity, ability, and strength (physically)
exemptions:
 Newborn - 14 years old
 65 and above
 Physically and mentally challenged
 Students
 Housewives

PSA - Philippine Statistics Authority

- gathers all necessary information

EMPLOYED
- works 8hrs per day, 40 hrs in a week
- full-time jobs
- paid for their service

UNEMPLOYED
- no work or job
- some reasons of unemployment: no job opportunities, stiff competition, they don’t
want to work, there are already too many workers working in the field, still waiting to
be hired for a job (return call)

TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT
1. Frictional
- occurs naturally when workers are between jobs and are looking for work for the
first time
2. Cyclical
- typically rises during recessions and declines during economic expansions
- recession - economic slow down
- ex: war, pandemic, global scale
- lay-off - company firing employees
- temporary in nature
3. Structural
- mismatch between the jobs available and the skill levels of the unemployed

UNDEREMPLOYED
- underperforming
- dependents
- paid for their hours
- quality of their work is not guaranteed

Youth
- anyone on the age bracket of 15 - 30

Blue-Collared jobs
- might require physical strength
- no degree
- construction and physical jobs

White-Collared jobs
- professional jobs
- with degree

THREE SECTORS
a. Service sector
b. Agriculture sector
c. Industry sector

Wage - hourly
Salary - service/skill/expertise

Sole proprietors
- self-employed without any paid employee
Minimum Wage
- legal mandate for employers to pay their employees a compensation which should
not be less than that prescribed by the Regional Tripartite Wages and Productivity
Board (RTWPB) in the different regions
Current wage - money got
Real wage - value of the money
Discrepancy - difference between current wage and real wage

Inflation
- gradual increase in the prices of basic goods

Cost of living
Cities (urban areas) - higher
Provinces (rural areas) - lower

WHAT CAN BE DONE?

- education and skill development
- entrepreneurship support
- job placement and career services
- flexible work arrangements
- infrastructure development
- government stimulus and job creation programs
- support for affected Industries
- encourage innovation and research
- initiatives to address geographical disparities

GOODLUCK AND HAPPY HOLIDAYS! -khrisel tapalla<3