Common Crimes in the Society, its Effects and

Controls

Crime can be defined as an offense committed by a person for

breaking the rules or laws to which legitimate punishment or
sanctions are attached. A crime is a violation of rules or laws by
individuals or group of individuals e.g. Falsehood, Theft, Murder,
Rape, Fraud, Embezzlement etc.
The crime is a result of various things in our life, the first
biggest and the greatest one is called money, an expression is
that “money is root of all evil”. Many people who are in need
of money, they commit different types of crimes just to avail
money. And the second one and most popular is revenge, in this
circumstance most people do not want to call the police.
It is quite obvious that the rate of crimes are increasing day by
day in all societies in the world, but I personally do believe that
there are a lot which can be done by both the governments and
the individuals to reduce the crimes in communities.

A lot of important measures, on the one hand, can be taken by the

governments in order to reduce or even eradicate different types
of crimes .First, governments can introduce more police forces
everywhere to monitor people s activities and stop them from
committing crimes. Second, the state can apply new technologies
such as surveillance cameras in the streets, shopping centers,
restaurants and all public places to cease criminals .Third, strict
punishments on criminals can have really preventive and
deterrent effects on all age groups in society , so by using harsh
penalties like imprisonments, physical or financial punishments
the rate of crimes can be decreased.

On the other hand, individuals in societies can be of great help to

cut down on the number of crimes being committed. To my mind,
the overwhelming majority of people tend to participate in
activities assisting the government to keep the society a safe place
for their own families and the others and for all age groups .Take
as an example, most people by reporting the problems to police
can play an indispensable role in crime-prevention activities. In
addition, when people themselves care about decreasing heinous
crimes in cities, it can be sort of a preventive action to harness
well the situation in society by government as well.

To conclude, in order for a society to be a safe place to live in, all

society members including the governments and people must take
necessary measurements to keep it a crime-free place.
There is a widespread belief among many that little can be done
to contain crime. They argue that when poverty and the widening
gap between the rich and the poor are prevalent in many nations,
it is literally impossible to stop criminal offences. In actual fact,
crime derives from social anarchy and disequilibrium in the
society. Countries like Libiya and Somalia are classic examples
for this, where the society is in complete disarray. As such, it is
irrational to assume that crime can be contained.

However, the call to develop new strategies to prevent crime is

gaining ground around the globe. One of the measures is
installing surveillance cameras on every major street. This will
help the police to monitor unusual activities and plan a prompt
response to any negative incidents. In addition, increasing the
number of police personnel would also serve the purpose. This
will help to deploy more forces and ensures regular night
patrolling of the neighborhood. Implementation of these
strategies seem to be a great idea to curtail crime.

In conclusion, pessimists maintain that crime cannot be controlled

as long as poverty is prevalent. However, I believe that crime can
be limited with the aid of strict surveillance and an increase in
police scrutiny of the localities with additional deployment of
forces. It is hoped that one day the world will become crime free
and everyone will live without fear, though it seems very much
like a utopian dream.

"Crime is the evil"

Let's examine the premise that "crime is the evil" societies must
contend with. Are we saying that crime is a living breathing thing
that is waiting to pounce upon us? We must see that crime is only
the side effect of an individual's inability to function civilly in a
society. It is in this light that we can see that our attention should
be focused on the living breathing individual and not on the effect
of crime.

But therein lies the true problem. We, as a people, don't really
give a damn about one another. We only care about getting our
own way and we don't care if this costs other people their
livelihoods or their lives. Let's be honest in our debate on crime
and accept our role in the definition of "Criminal". Get off the
damned teeter-totter of moral arguments and let's talk about why
we despise each other so much are increasing day by day in all
societies in the world, but I personally do believe that there are a
lot which can be done by both the governments and the
individuals to reduce the crimes in communities.

A lot of important measures, on the one hand, can be taken by the

governments in order to reduce or even eradicate different types
of crimes .First, governments can introduce more police forces
everywhere to monitor people s activities and stop them from
committing crimes. Second, the state can apply new technologies
such as surveillance cameras in the streets, shopping centers,
restaurants and all public places to cease criminals .Third, strict
punishments on criminals can have really preventive and
deterrent effects on all age groups in society , so by using harsh
penalties like imprisonment, physical or financial punishments
the rate of crimes can be decreased.
On the other hand, individuals in societies can be of great help to
cut down on the number of crimes being committed. To my mind,
the overwhelming majority of people tend to participate in
activities assisting the government to keep the society a safe place
for their own families and the others and for all age groups .Take
as an example, most people by reporting the problems to police
can play an indispensable role in crime-prevention activities. In
addition, when people themselves care about decreasing heinous
crimes in cities, it can be sort of a preventive action to harness
well the situation in society by government as well.

To conclude, in order for a society to be a safe place to live in, all

society members including the governments and people must take
necessary measurements to keep it a crime-free place.

Recent figures show an increase in violent crime among

youngsters under the age of 18. Some psychologists claim that
the basic reason for this is that children these days are not
getting the social and emotional learning they need from
parents and teachers.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

It has been indicated by the latest researches that there are an

increase number of violence crimes throughout the young
individuals under 18 years old. The reason for this phenomenon
as the psychologists believe is lack of emotional and social
learning by the parents and teachers. Psychologically, there are
two crucial factors that making teachers and parents careless
about their young children and students ate the age of 18 in
learning.

Parents and teachers treat adults in serious ways during the

learning process for two points. First of all, they observe that
these group of children do not need emotion and softness as
younger children, and they really pay attention just on their
academic studies and how to pass successfully from the school.
Eventually, the relationships between parents, teachers and
students become extremely hard without any love. Secondly, once
the circumstance at the school or home is getting worse and under
pressure for students, they start to hate everybody around them
and act negatively and violently against innocent. Consequently,
teachers and parents cause people at age of 18 to be dangerous
criminals in the society.

The other significant point is parents and teachers are less

informative of excellent method of learning and teaching 18 years
old students. Although there are several of resources that could
teach people the intelligent approach of emotional and social
learning for adult, these teachers are still not professional at it. In
Canada for instance, Chapter, who is the famous library, sells the
newest and easiest books of dealing with secondary schools
students, yet criminal behaviors have reached the peak at schools,
streets and public places. Lastly, this problem is difficult to be
solved without increasing the awareness among teachers and
parents of the importance of reading about emotional social
learning.

In Conclusion, to decrease the number of crime violence among

18 years old individuals, parents and teachers should teach them
in inspirational and friendly methods. I realize that strict
communication and narrow education are the influential factors
for making these youth criminals.
The topic of the proliferation of juvenile criminal acts and its
reasons has been a contentious issue, since the inception of the
modern age. Although parents and teachers play a crucial role, it
must not to be forgotten that the government should also play
their part. This essay will examine both views.

To begin, since parents are the initial role model for a child, they
hold the vital aspect in inculcating values which will guide the
child through life. For example, if a child is properly nurtured
during the start of development, this would lead to a better
growth, thus making a person productive and may not
contemplate any lascivious acts in the future. In addition, schools
are said to be the second institution for not just education but also
social growth. The curriculum, in part, should motivate the young
minds to become an asset in the society. By showing inspirational
movies, for instance, can ignite their endeavor to strive for the
betterment of the community and, therefore, can make
attributions in the future.

However, the authority should also impart some contributions to

prevent this debacle of the youth. Since there are beneficial
projects present, the government may encourage to commission
infrastructure such as gym, sport's complex, football field and
dance studios in promoting a healthy lifestyle. With this, much
options would be rendered, thus, preventing virulent thoughts to
arise leading to crime. A case in point, if the youth will spend a
time in the gym, a beneficent outcome will be provided, therefore,
averting the possibility of negative process.

To sum up, I firmly believe that in order to eradicate this

predicament of the young, a synergistic effort should be formed
from the parents, school, and especially the authorities for it to
become successful.

In many countries, the amount of crime is increasing.

What do you think are the main cause of crime?
How can we deal with those causes?
In most of the third world countries, illegal acts are enhancing at
a higher pace. More freedom for youth and poverty are the main
causes for increasing crime. Strict laws and regulations, proper
education & employment could be the some of the possible
solutions for this problem.
Firstly, there are no restrictions for young people now a days.
Adolescents are prone to commit crime as they think what they
are doing is right. For instance, the cases being registered for rape
turn out to be committed by an age group of 14-18 years.
Secondly, in the under developed nations, poverty &
unemployment seems to be another reason for offences like
robbery & theft. For the greed of money, poor people tend to
perform illegal acts. To exemplify, if we tune to any news
channel, we’ll come across at least two such cases daily.

Now, let us discuss the possible solutions which could help

reduce the crime rate. To begin with, any country should have
strict laws and regulations against criminals. If a proper legal
system is running, people would be frightened before doing any
kind of unlawful act. The fear of hard punishment would restrain
them from carrying out any kind of offence. In addition to that,
industrialization would aid more & more people to get
employment leading to a rise in income & hence reduced crime.
Education & awareness to young children should be promoted by
the government to help them understand the difference between
right & wrong.

A ray of hope can be seen from the above solutions, if

incorporated in a successful manner could diminish the illegal
acts to a great extent. As explained above, every cloud has a silver
lining. To conclude, in my opinion, harsh laws & punishment
against criminals and better education & more job opportunities
can be considered as effective ways to deal with these problems.

Crime is a big problem in the world; many believe that

nothing can be done to prevent it.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

The contemporary world has witnessed an increase in crime

rates earlier. This is a prevailing and worrying aspect that made
many to believe it's impossible to prevent it. However, in my
own perspective, I think there are certain methods that could
tackle these felonies and slash its growth.

It's essential to look up for the fundamental and the root cause of
the dilemma. For example, the relationship between committing
a crime and poverty should be considered; as poverty is
increasing, crime rate is increasing too. Besides that, the social
issue of unemployment can lead the individual or any party to
commit a certain crime, such as robbery, human smuggling,
drug trade etc. In addition, the rise in inflation number has a
direct correlation with unemployment and poverty too. As a
result, the prevailing scenario leads to insufficient availability of
job opportunities for the nation. These people will tend to go off
the tangent and become law breakers in order to afford money
for their survival or other real purposes. Statistics have shown
that dealing with bribes between people is specifically the most
committed illegal act in today's world. And eventually, this is
perpetuated to spread corruption and seize human rights in an
unfair way.

Despite all the horrific crimes going on, genuine measures

should be taken into account against those felonies to reduce
crime rates in the region. Local governments should have
determinable impacts on poor people to uplift their lives. This
can be done by providing more jobs to initiate the economical
industries to originate more job opportunities. The government
of each city should also submit straight laws to the citizens.
These law must involve strict punishments that oblige the
offender to think again before committing any crime. Moreover,
good moral education and parental guidance improves the
individual's personal perspective and point of view in the
society.

In conclusion, I think crime rates cannot be diminished but

alleviate. And by considering some measures and precautions,
the world would become a better place.
Some people who have been in prison become good citizens
later, and it is often argued that these are the best people to
talk to teenagers about the dangers of committing a crime.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

There is no doubt that crime rates have dramatically increased

over the last few years. Some criminals managed themselves
well while they stayed in prison. One of the reasons is that they
have seen the problems and sacrifices they have to make. Some
people argue that these are the best people to create awareness
about crimes in teenagers. However, others state that a person
with a criminal background will not a leave good impression on
people's minds.

Firstly, it is the duty of governments and the people to identify

the aspects of crimes in teenagers. After that, there should be
workshops and seminars which highlight the consequences of
committing crimes. It is also the responsibility of parents and
guardians to have an eye on their children's activities. With little
effort, one can stop many criminal activities in the surroundings.

Secondly, people who were the part of immoral doings become

good citizens after prison so could help teenager in eradicating
this sin. They have personally experienced all the suffering they
have to go through after their crime. They know the possible
reason, why and how youngsters are involved in such cruel
doings. Their worlds would leave undeniable impressions on
people's minds and will help to eliminate crime from the society.

To conclude, I strongly believe that once a criminal, not always

a criminal. If one has regret about his past and has changed
himself, one should be treated like a normal human being.
Furthermore, they could help teenagers from crime while telling
them about their sacrifices of time, health and family.

In many cities the use of video cameras in public places is

being increased in order to reduce crime, but some people
believe that these measures restrict our individual freedom.

Do the benefits of increased security outweigh the

drawbacks?

Nowadays, with the world vigorously fighting against the crime,

public surveillance devices i.e. CCTVs are one of the few tools to
manage it. However, privacy concerns and social anxiety caused
by CCTVs cannot be neglected and need consideration.

Initially, these devices reflect many encouraging advantages. To

clarify, they can come in handy with top security matters and
provide undeniable facts for the cases. Furthermore, with the
presence of cameras in public places the upcoming crimes can be
prevented as criminals will be scared of revealing their identity.
So, this powerful tool can bring many benefits to the society.

On the contrary, there can be factor with the neutral benefit. As

CCTVs reduce the labor cost by strengthening the economy and
bringing profit, the unemployment and underemployment directly
will be influenced though. Besides the hypothesis that human
being replaced by technology will gain in reputation too.

Moreover, if used not appropriately CCTVs may serve for wrong

purposes. The improper use of them for personal or political
reasons cannot be impossible, can it? Also it is highly likely that
using them in public places causes social anxiety associated with
discomfort, moral pressure thus affecting the efficiency of the job.
For example, you can talk, sing or hum while working which
makes it interesting and under surveillance you simply cannot
show this eccentric behavior which makes the work boring and
inefficient.

On balance, CCTVs in public places would be such a good idea

for our security and economy but some of the negative key
elements should be taken into account before mass application of
these devices in public places.
Some people think that the best way to reduce crime is to
give longer prison sentences. Others, however, believe there
are better alternative ways of reducing crime.

Discuss both views and give your opinion.

A lot of people believe we need to reduce crime. Some people

believe we can do that by giving inmates longer time in prison,
while others believe there are other ways we can accomplish
reducing crime. This essay will explain both sides and give an
opinion.

The first view states that people think we should give longer
prison sentences. People believe if someone has committed
crime they should stay in prison longer. We need to increase
penalty rates by law. They did something wrong so the prisoners
should have to pay for what they have done and therefore they
will be staying out of trouble in prison. In prison they have
programs that help inmates to make better decisions in life. For
example, they have counsellor and can help people look at
getting a trade job when they are released from prison.

The second view point says some people think there are other
ways to reduce crime in the community other than longer prison
sentences. One thing we could do is having groups put in the
community. For example, making it mandatory that people who
have committed a crime go to a counsellor. Another thing we
could do is helping them get jobs and therefore they do not feel
they need to commit a crime to get by in life. For example,
people will steal because they may not be able to afford money
for groceries.

In my opinion I believe there are other ways for people to

receive the help they need so they do not commit crimes other
than jail. No matter what people do not want to go to prison but
they still end up there. We need to look at other ways for
keeping them out. It may be the only thing they know and some
prisoners spend half their life there. Keeping them in prison does
not teach them anything, it just keeps them there longer but
eventually they will get out and do the same thing again cause
that is all they know.

In conclusion there are many different ways we can keep crime

low. Some people believe longer prison sentences but I believe
there is another alternative than that.

Types of Crimes
Cybercrime is a crime involving a computer or computer network.
The computer may have been used in committing the crime, or it
may be the target. Cybercrime may harm someone's security or
finances.
Internationally, both state and non-state actors engage in
cybercrimes, including espionage, financial theft, and other cross-
border crimes. Cybercrimes crossing international borders and
involving the actions of at least one nation-state are sometimes
referred to as cyber warfare. Warren Buffett describes cybercrime
as the "number one problem with mankind" and said that it "poses
real risks to humanity."
A 2014 report sponsored by McAfee estimated that cybercrime
resulted in $445 billion in annual damage to Computer crime
encompasses a broad range of activities, including computer
fraud, financial crimes, scams, cybersex trafficking, and ad fraud.

Computer fraud
Computer fraud is the act of using a computer to take or alter
electronic data, or to gain unlawful use of a computer or system. If
computer fraud involves the use of the Internet, it can be
considered Internet fraud. The legal definition of computer fraud
varies by jurisdiction, but typically involves accessing a computer
without permission or authorization.
Forms of computer fraud include hacking into computers to alter
information, distributing malicious code such as computer
worms or viruses, installing malware or spyware to steal
data, phishing, and advance-fee scams.
Other forms of fraud may be committed using computer systems,
including bank fraud, carding, identity theft, extortion, and theft
of classified information. These types of crimes often result in the
loss of personal or financial information.
Cyber terrorism
Cyber terrorism are acts of terrorism committed through the use
of cyberspace or computer resources. Acts of deliberate, large-
scale disruption of computer networks and personal computers
through computer viruses, computer worms, phishing, malicious
software, hardware methods, or programming scripts can all be
forms of cyber terrorism.
Government officials and information technology security
specialists have documented a significant increase in Internet
problems and server scams since early 2001. Within the United
States, there is a growing concern among government agencies
such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA) that such incidents are part of an
organized efforts by cyber terrorist foreign intelligence services
or other groups to map potential security flaws in critical systems.
Cyber extortion
Cyber extortion is a type of extortion that occurs when a website,
e-mail server, or computer system is subjected to or threatened
with attacks by malicious hackers, such as denial-of-service
attacks. Cyber extortionists demand money in return for
promising to stop the attacks and to offer "protection". According
to the FBI, cyber extortionists are increasingly attacking
corporate websites and networks, crippling their ability to
operate, and demanding payments to restore their service. More
than 20 cases are reported each month to the FBI and many go
unreported in order to keep the victim's name out of the public
domain. Perpetrators typically use a distributed denial-of-service
attack. However, other cyber extortion techniques exist, such
as dosing, extortion, and bug poaching. An example of cyber
extortion was the Sony Hack of 2014
Ransom ware
Ransom ware is a type of malware used in cyber extortion to
restrict access to files, sometimes threatening permanent data
erasure unless a ransom is paid. The Kaspersky Lab 2016 Security
Bulletin report estimated that a business falls victim to ransom
ware every 40 minutes and predicted that the time would decrease
to 11 minutes by 2021. With ransomware remaining one of the
fastest-growing cybercrimes in the world, global damage caused
by it is predicted to cost up to $20 billion in 2021.
Cybersex trafficking
Cybersex trafficking is the transportation of victims and then
the live streaming of coerced sexual acts or rape on
webcam. Victims are abducted, threatened, or deceived and
transferred to "cybersex dens". The dens can be in any location
where the cybersex traffickers have a computer, tablet, or phone
with an internet connection. Perpetrators use social
media networks, video conferences, dating pages, online chat
rooms, apps, dark web sites, and other platforms. They use online
payment systems and crypto currencies to hide their
identities. Millions of reports of its occurrence are sent to
authorities’ annually. New legislation and police procedures are
needed to combat this type of cybercrime.
There are an estimated 6.3 million victims of cybersex trafficking,
according to a recent report by the International Labour
Organization and IOM. This number includes about 1.7
million child victims.

Cyber warfare

The U.S. Department of Defense notes that cyberspace has

emerged as a national-level concern through several recent events
of geostrategic importance, including the attack on Estonia's
infrastructure in 2007, allegedly by Russian hackers. In August
2008, Russia again allegedly conducted cyber-attacks, this time
in a coordinated and synchronized kinetic and non-kinetic
campaign against the country of Georgia. Fearing that such
attacks may become normalized in future warfare among nation-
states, the military commanders intend to adapt the concept of
cyberspace operations impact in the future.

Computer as a tool
When the individual is the main target of cybercrime, the
computer can be considered as the tool rather than the target.
These crimes generally involve less technical expertise. Human
weaknesses are generally exploited. The damage dealt is
largely psychological and intangible, making legal action against
the variants more difficult. These are the crimes which have
existed for centuries in the offline world. Scams, theft, and the
like existed before the development of computers and the internet.
The same criminal has simply been given a tool which increases
their potential pool of victims and makes them all the harder to
trace and apprehend.
Crimes that use computer networks or devices to advance other
ends include:

 Fraud and identity theft (although this increasingly uses

malware, hacking or phishing, making it an example of both
"computer as target" and "computer as tool" crime)
 Information warfare
 Phishing scams
 Spam
 Propagation of illegal obscene or offensive content, including
harassment and threats
The unsolicited sending of bulk email for commercial purposes
(spam) is unlawful in some jurisdictions.
Phishing is mostly propagated via email. Phishing emails may
contain links to other websites that are affected by malware. Or
they may contain links to fake online banking or other websites
used to steal private account information.
Obscene or offensive content
The content of websites and other electronic communications
may be distasteful, obscene, or offensive for a variety of reasons.
In some instances, these communications may be illegal.
The extent to which these communications are unlawful varies
greatly between countries, and even within nations. It is a
sensitive area in which the courts can become involved in
arbitrating between groups with strong beliefs.
One area of Internet pornography that has been the target of the
strongest efforts at curtailment is child pornography, which is
illegal in most jurisdictions in the world.

Ad-fraud
Ad-frauds are particularly popular among cybercriminals, as such
frauds are lucrative and less likely to be prosecuted Jean-Loup
Richet, a professor at the Sorbonne Business School, classified
the large variety of ad-fraud committed by cybercriminals into
three categories: identity fraud, attribution fraud, and ad-fraud
services.
Identity fraud aims to impersonate real users and inflate audience
numbers. Several ad-fraud techniques relate to this category and
include traffic from bots (coming from a hosting company or a
data center, or from compromised devices); cookie stuffing;
falsifying user characteristics, such as location and browser type;
fake social traffic (misleading users on social networks into
visiting the advertised website); and the creation of fake social
media accounts to make the bot appear legitimate.
Attribution fraud impersonates the activities of real users, such as
clicks and conversations. Multiple ad-fraud techniques belong to
this category: hijacked devices and the use of infected users
(through malware) as part of a botnet to participate in ad fraud
campaigns; click farms (companies where low-wage employees
are paid to click or engage in conversations and affiliates' offers);
incentivized browsing; video placement abuse (delivered in
display banner slots); hidden ads (which will never be viewed by
real users); domain spoofing (ads served on a website other than
the advertised real-time bidding website); and click jacking, in
which the user is forced to click on an ad.
Ad fraud services are related to all online infrastructure and
hosting services that might be needed to undertake identity or
attribution fraud. Services can involve the creation of spam
websites (fake networks of websites created to provide artificial
backlinks); link building services; hosting services; creation of
fake and scam pages impersonating a famous brand and used as
part of an ad fraud campaign.

Online harassment
Whereas content may be offensive in a non-specific
way, harassment directs obscenities and derogatory comments at
specific individuals focusing, for example, on gender, race,
religion, nationality, or sexual orientation.
There are instances when committing a crime using a computer
can lead to an enhanced sentence. In the United States, over 41
states have passed laws and regulations that regard extreme online
harassment as a criminal act. These acts can be punished on a
federal scale, such as US Code 18 Section 2261A, which states
that using computers to threaten or harass can lead to a sentence
of up to 20 years, depending on the action taken.
Several countries outside of the United States have also created
laws to combat online harassment. In China, a country that
supports over 20 percent of the world's internet users, the
Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council passed a strict law
against the bullying of young people through a bill in response to
the Human Flesh Search Engine. The United Kingdom passed
the Malicious Communications Act, among other acts from 1997
to 2013, which stated that sending messages or letters
electronically that the government deemed "indecent or grossly
offensive" and/or language intended to cause "distress and
anxiety" can lead to a prison sentence of six months and a
potentially large fine. Australia, while not directly addressing the
issue of harassment, has grouped the majority of online
harassment under the Criminal Code Act of 1995. Using
telecommunication to send threats or harass and cause offense
was a direct violation of this act.
Although freedom of speech is protected by law in most
democratic societies (in the US this is done by the First
Amendment), it does not include all types of speech. In fact,
spoken or written "true threat" speech or text is criminalized
because of "intent to harm or intimidate". That also applies to
online or network-related threats in written text or speech.
Cyberbullying has increased drastically with the growing
popularity of online social networking. As of January 2020, 44%
of adult internet users in the United States have "personally
experienced online harassment". Children who experience online
harassment deal with negative and sometimes life-threatening
side effects. In 2021, reports displayed 41% of children
developing social anxiety, 37% of children developing
depression, and 26% of children having suicidal thoughts.
The United Arab Emirates was named in a spying scandal where
the Gulf nation along with other repressive governments
purchased NSO Group's mobile spyware Pegasus for mass
surveillance. Prominent activists and journalists were targeted as
part of the campaign, including Ahmed Mansoor, Princess
Latifa, Princess Haya, and more. Ghada Oueiss was one of the
many high-profile female journalists and activists who became
the target of online harassment. Oueiss filed a lawsuit against
UAE ruler Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan along with other
defendants, accusing them of sharing her photos online. The
defendants, including the UAE ruler, filed motions to dismiss the
case of the hack-and-leak attack.
Drug trafficking
Dark net markets are used to buy and sell recreational
drugs online. Some drug traffickers use encrypted messaging
tools to communicate with drug mules or potential customers. The
dark web site Silk Road was the first major online marketplace
for drugs, starting operation in 2011. It was permanently shut
down in 2014 by the FBI and Europol. After Silk Road 2.0 went
down, Silk Road 3 Reloaded emerged. However, it was just an
older marketplace named Diablos Market, that used the name for
more exposure from the brand's previous success.
Dark net markets have had a rise in traffic in recent years for many
reasons, one of the biggest contributors being the anonymity
offered in purchases, and often a seller-review system. There are
many ways in which dark net markets can financially drain
individuals. Vendors and customers alike go to great lengths to
keep their identities a secret while online. Commonly used tools
are virtual private networks (VPN), Tails, and the Tor Browser to
help hide their online presence. Dark net markets entice
customers by making them feel comfortable. People can easily
gain access to a Tor browser with DuckDuckGo browser that
allows a user to explore much deeper than other browsers such
as Google Chrome. However, actually gaining access to an illicit
market is not as simple as typing it in on a search engine like one
would with Google. Dark net markets have special links that
change frequently, ending in .onion as opposed to the
typical .com, .net, and .org domain extensions. To add to privacy,
the most prevalent currency on these markets is Bitcoin. Bitcoin
allows transactions to be anonymous, with the only information
available to the public being the record that a transaction occurred
between two parties.
One of the biggest issues the users who use marketplaces face is
when vendors or the market itself are exit scamming. This is when
usually a vendor with a high rating will act as if they are still
selling on the market and have users pay for products they will
not receive. The vendor will then close off their account after
receiving money from multiple buyers and never send what they
purchased. The vendors all being involved in illegal activities
have a low chance of not exit scamming when they no longer want
to be a vendor. In 2019, an entire market known as Wall Street
Market had allegedly exit scammed, stealing 30 million dollars
from the vendors' and buyers' wallets in bitcoin.
Federal agents have cracked down on these markets. In July 2017,
federal agents seized one of the biggest markets, commonly
called Alpha bay, which later re-opened in August 2021 under the
control of De Snake, one of the original
administrators. Commonly, investigators will pose as a buyer and
order products from dark net vendors in the hopes that vendors
leave a trail the investigators can follow. One investigation had
an investigator pose as a firearms seller and for six months people
purchased from them and provided home addresses. The
investigators were able to make over a dozen arrests during this
six-month investigation. Another one of law enforcement's
biggest crackdowns is on vendors selling fentanyl and opiates.
With thousands of people dying each year due to drug overdose,
investigators have made it a priority. Many vendors do not realize
the extra criminal charges that go along with selling drugs online.
Commonly they get charged with money laundering and charges
for when the drugs are shipped in the mail on top of being a drug
distributor. In 2019, a vendor was sentenced to 10 years in prison
after selling cocaine and methamphetamine under the name Jet
Set Life. Although many investigators spend large amounts of
time tracking down people, in 2018, only 65 suspects who bought
and sold illegal goods on some of the biggest markets were
identified. This is compared to the thousands of transactions
taking place daily on these markets.
The World Economic Forum 2020 Global Risk Report confirmed
that organized cybercrime groups are joining forces to commit
criminal activities online, while estimating the likelihood of their
detection and prosecution to be less than 1% in the US. There are
also many privacy concerns surrounding cybercrime when
confidential information is intercepted or disclosed, legally or
otherwise.

Intelligence:
As cybercrime has proliferated, a professional ecosystem has
evolved to support individuals and groups seeking to profit from
cybercriminal activities. The ecosystem has become quite
specialized, including malware developers, botnet operators,
professional cybercrime groups, groups specializing in the sale of
stolen content, and so forth. A few of the leading cyber security
companies have the skills, resources and visibility to follow the
activities of these individuals and groups. A wide variety of
information is available from these sources which can be used for
defensive purposes, including technical indicators such as hashes
of infected files or malicious IPs/URLs, as well as strategic
information profiling the goals, techniques and campaigns of the
profiled groups. Some of it is freely published, but consistent,
ongoing access typically requires subscribing to an adversary
intelligence subscription service. At the level of an individual
threat actor, threat intelligence is often referred to as that actor's
"TTP" or "tactics, techniques, and procedures", as the
infrastructure, tools, and other technical indicators are often
trivial for attackers to change. Corporate sectors are considering
crucial role of artificial intelligence cyber security.
INTERPOL Cyber Fusion Center has begun a collaboration with
cyber security key players to distribute information on the latest
online scams, cyber threats and risks to internet users. Reports
cutting across social engineered frauds, ransom ware, phishing,
and other has since 2017 been distributed to security agencies in
over 150 countries.
Diffusion of cybercrime
The broad diffusion of cybercriminal activities is an issue in
computer crime detection and prosecution.
Hacking has become less complex as hacking communities have
greatly diffused their knowledge through the Internet. Blogs and
communities have contributed substantially to information
sharing as beginners can benefit from older hackers' knowledge
and advice.
Furthermore, hacking is cheaper than ever: before the cloud
computing era, in order to spam or scam, one needed a variety of
resources, such as a dedicated server, skills in server
management, network configuration, and maintenance, and
knowledge of Internet service provider standards. By comparison,
a mail software-as-a-service is a scalable, inexpensive, bulk, and
transactional e-mail-sending service for marketing purposes and
could be easily set up for spam. Cloud computing could be helpful
for a cybercriminal as a way to leverage his or her attack, in terms
of brute-forcing a password, improving the reach of a botnet, or
facilitating a spamming campaign.
Robbery
Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of
value by force, threat of force, or by use of fear. According
to common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of
another, with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that
property, by means of force or fear; that is, it is
a larceny or theft accomplished by an assault. Precise definitions
of the offence may vary between jurisdictions. Robbery is
differentiated from other forms of theft (such
as burglary, shoplifting, pickpocketing, or car theft) by its
inherently violent nature (a violent crime); whereas many lesser
forms of theft are punished as misdemeanors, robbery is always
a felony in jurisdictions that distinguish between the two. Under
English law, most forms of theft are triable either way, whereas
robbery is triable only on indictment. The word "rob" came
via French from Late Latin words (e.g., deraubare)
of Germanic origin, from Common Germanic raub "theft".
Among the types of robbery are armed robbery, which involves
the use of a weapon, and aggravated robbery, when someone
brings with them a deadly weapon or something that appears to
be a deadly weapon. Highway robbery or mugging takes place
outside or in a public place such as a sidewalk, street, or parking
lot. Carjacking is the act of stealing a car from a victim by
force. Extortion is the threat to do something illegal, or the offer
to not do something illegal, in the event that goods are not given,
primarily using words instead of actions.
Criminal slang for robbery includes "blagging" (armed robbery,
usually of a bank) or "stick-up" (derived from the verbal
command to robbery targets to raise their hands in the air), and
"steaming" (organized robbery on underground train systems).

Robbery generally results in a custodial sentence. Only a low-

harm, low-culpability robbery with other mitigating factors
would result in an alternative punishment, in the form of a high
level community order. The maximum legal punishment
is imprisonment for life. It is also subject to the mandatory
sentencing regime under the Criminal Justice Act 2003. Current
sentencing guidelines advise that the sentence should be no longer
than 20 years, for a high-harm, high-culpability robbery with
other aggravating factors.
The "starting point" robbery are:

 Low-harm, low-culpability street robbery: 1 year

 Medium-harm, medium-culpability street robbery: 4 years
 Medium-harm, medium-culpability professionally planned
robbery: 5 years
 High-harm, high-culpability street robbery: 8 years
 High-harm, high-culpability professionally planned robbery:
16 years
An offender may also serve a longer sentence if they are convicted
of other offences alongside the robbery, such
as assault and grievous bodily harm.

White Collar Crime

A crime is defined as 'an act that breaks the law in a particular
society'. Crimes occur when social control fails within a society.
We can also explore the idea of a 'deviant act'. This is different to
a crime, as it's not illegal, but it still breaks the norms of society.
The term "white-collar crime" refers to financially motivated,
nonviolent or non-directly violent crime committed by
individuals, businesses and government professionals. It was first
defined by the sociologist Edwin Sutherland in 1939 as "a crime
committed by a person of respectability and high social status in
the course of their occupation". Typical white-collar crimes could
include fraud, bribery, Ponzi schemes, insider trading, labor
racketeering, embezzlement, cybercrime, copyright
infringement, money laundering, identity theft,
and forgery. White-collar crime overlaps with corporate crime.

Blue-collar crime
The types of crime committed are a function of what is available
to the potential offender. Thus, those employed in relatively
unskilled environments have fewer opportunities to exploit than
those who work in situations where large financial transactions
occur. Blue-collar crime tends to be more obvious and thus
attracts more active police attention such
as vandalism or shoplifting. In contrast, white-collar employees
can incorporate legitimate and criminal behavior, thus making
themselves less obvious when committing the crime. Therefore,
blue-collar crime will more often use physical force, whereas in
the corporate world, the identification of a victim is less obvious
and the issue of reporting is complicated by a culture of
commercial confidentiality to protect shareholder value. It is
estimated that a great deal of white-collar crime is undetected or,
if detected, it is not reported.
Corporate crime
Corporate crime benefits the corporation (company or other type
of business organization), rather than individuals. It may,
however, result from decisions of high-ranking individuals within
the corporation. Corporations are not, unlike individuals, litigated
in criminal courts, which means the term "crime" does not really
apply. Litigation usually takes place in civil courts or by
institutions with jurisdiction over specific types of offences, such
as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that litigates
violations of financial market and investment statutes.

State-corporate crime
The negotiation of agreements between a state and a corporation
will be at a relatively senior level on both sides, this is almost
exclusively a white-collar "situation" which offers the
opportunity for crime. Although law enforcement claims to have
prioritized white-collar crime, evidence shows that it continues to
be a low priority.
When senior levels of a corporation engage in criminal activity
using the company this is sometimes called control fraud.

Organized transnational crime

Organized transnational crime is organized criminal activity that
takes place across national jurisdictions, and with advances in
transportation and information technology, law enforcement
officials and policymakers have needed to respond to this form of
crime on a global scale. Some examples include human
trafficking, money laundering, drug smuggling, illegal arms
dealing, terrorism, and cybercrime. Although it is impossible to
precisely gauge transnational crime, the Millennium Project, an
international think tank, assembled statistics on several aspects of
transnational crime in 2009.

Occupational crime
Individuals may commit crime during employment or
unemployment. The two most common forms are theft and fraud.
Theft can be of varying degrees, from a pencil to furnishings to a
car. Insider trading, the trading of stock by someone with access
to publicly unavailable information, is a type of fraud.

Money Laundering
Money laundering is the process of illegally concealing the origin
of money, obtained from illicit activities such as drug
trafficking, corruption, embezzlement or gambling, by converting
it into a legitimate source. It is a crime in many jurisdictions with
varying definitions. It is usually a key operation of organized
crime.
In United States law, money laundering is the practice of
engaging in financial transactions to conceal the identity, source,
or destination of illegally gained money. In United Kingdom law,
the common law definition is wider. The act is defined as "taking
any action with property of any form which is either wholly or in
part the proceeds of a crime that will disguise the fact that that
property is the proceeds of a crime or obscure the beneficial
ownership of said property".
In the past, the term "money laundering" was applied only to
financial transactions related to organized crime. Today its
definition is often expanded by government and international
regulators such as the US Office of the Comptroller of the
Currency to mean "any financial transaction which generates an
asset or a value as the result of an illegal act," which may involve
actions such as tax evasion or false accounting. In the UK, it does
not need to involve money, but any economic good. Courts
involve money laundering committed by private individuals, drug
dealers, businesses, corrupt officials, members of criminal
organizations such as the Mafia, and even states.
As financial crime has become more complex and financial
intelligence more important to combating international crime and
terrorism, money laundering has become a prominent political,
economic, and legal debate. Money laundering is ipso
facto illegal; the acts generating the money almost always are
themselves criminal in some way (for if not, the money would not
need to be laundered).
Money laundering is the conversion or transfer of property; the
concealment or disguising of the nature of the proceeds; the
acquisition, possession or use of property, knowing that these are
derived from criminal acts; the participating in or assisting the
movement of funds to make the proceeds appear legitimate.
Money obtained from certain crimes, such as extortion, insider
trading, drug trafficking, and illegal gambling is "dirty" and needs
to be "cleaned" to appear to have been derived from legal
activities, so that banks and other financial institutions will deal
with it without suspicion. Money can be laundered by many
methods that vary in complexity and sophistication.
Money laundering typically involves three steps: The first
involves introducing cash into the financial system by some
means ("placement"); the second involves carrying out complex
financial transactions to camouflage the illegal source of the cash
("layering"); and finally, acquiring wealth generated from the
transactions of the illicit funds ("integration"). Some of these
steps may be omitted, depending upon the circumstances. For
example, non-cash proceeds that are already in the financial
system would not need to be placed.

Methods of Money Laundering

List of methods
Money laundering can take several forms, although most
methodologies can be categorized into one of a few types. These
include "bank methods, smurfing [also known as structuring],
currency exchanges, and double-invoicing".
 Structuring: Often known as smurfing, is a method of
placement whereby cash is broken into smaller deposits of
money, used to defeat suspicion of money laundering and to
avoid anti-money laundering reporting requirements. A sub-
component of this is to use smaller amounts of cash to purchase
bearer instruments, such as money orders, and then ultimately
deposit those, again in small amounts.
 Bulk cash smuggling: This involves physically smuggling cash
to another jurisdiction and depositing it in a financial
institution, such as an offshore bank, that offers greater bank
secrecy or less rigorous money laundering enforcement.
 Cash-intensive businesses: In this method, a business typically
expected to receive a large proportion of its revenue as cash
uses its accounts to deposit criminally derived cash. This
method of money laundering often causes organized crime
and corporate crime to overlap. Such enterprises often operate
openly and in doing so generate cash revenue from incidental
legitimate business in addition to the illicit cash. In such cases
the business will usually claim all cash received as legitimate
earnings. Service businesses are best suited to this method, as
such enterprises have little or no variable costs and/or a large
ratio between revenue and variable costs, which makes it
difficult to detect discrepancies between revenues and costs.
Examples are parking structures, strip clubs, tanning
salons, car washes, arcades, bars, restaurants, casinos, barber
shops, DVD stores, movie theaters, and beach resorts.
 Trade-based laundering: This method is one of the newest and
most complex forms of money laundering. This involves
under- or over-valuing invoices to disguise the movement of
money. For example, the art market has been accused of being
an ideal vehicle for money laundering due to several unique
aspects of art such as the subjective value of art works as well
as the secrecy of auction houses about the identity of the buyer
and seller.
 Shell companies and trusts: Trusts and shell companies
disguise the true owners of money. Trusts and corporate
vehicles, depending on the jurisdiction, need not disclose their
true owner. Sometimes referred to by the slang term rathole,
though that term usually refers to a person acting as the
fictitious owner rather than the business entity.
 Round-tripping: Here, money is deposited in a controlled
foreign corporation offshore, preferably in a tax haven where
minimal records are kept, and then shipped back as a foreign
direct investment, exempt from taxation. A variant on this is to
transfer money to a law firm or similar organization as funds
on account of fees, then to cancel the retainer and, when the
money is remitted, represent the sums received from the
lawyers as a legacy under a will or proceeds of litigation.
 Bank capture: In this case, money launderers or criminals buy
a controlling interest in a bank, preferably in a jurisdiction with
weak money laundering controls, and then move money
through the bank without scrutiny.
 Invoice Fraud: An example is when a criminal contacts a
company saying that the supplier payment details have
changed. They then provide alternative, fraudulent details in
order for you to pay them money.
 Casinos: In this method, an individual walks into a casino and
buys chips with illicit cash. The individual will then play for a
relatively short time. When the person cashes in the chips, they
will expect to take payment in a check, or at least get a receipt
so they can claim the proceeds as gambling winnings.
 Other gambling: Money is spent on gambling, preferably on
high odds games. One way to minimize risk with this method
is to bet on every possible outcome of some event that has
many possible outcomes, so no outcome(s) have short odds,
and the bettor will lose only the vigorish and will have one or
more winning bets that can be shown as the source of money.
The losing bets will remain hidden.
 Black salaries: A company may have unregistered employees
without written contracts and pay them cash salaries. Dirty
money might be used to pay them.
 Tax amnesties: For example, those that legalize unreported
assets and cash in tax havens.
 Transaction Laundering: When a merchant unknowingly
processes illicit credit card transactions for another business. It
is a growing problem and recognized as distinct from
traditional money laundering in using the payments ecosystem
to hide that the transaction even occurred (e.g. the use of fake
 front websites). Also known as "undisclosed aggregation" or
"factoring".
 Online job marketplaces such as Freelancer.com and Fiverr,
which accept funds from clients and hold them in escrow to
pay freelancers. A money launderer can post a token job on one
of these sites, and send the money for the site to hold in escrow.
The launderer (or his associate) can then sign on as a freelancer
(using a different account and IP address), accept and complete
the job, and be paid the funds.

Arson Crime
Arson is the crime of willfully and deliberately setting fire to
or charring property. Although the act of arson typically
involves buildings, the term can also refer to the
intentional burning of other things, such as motor vehicles,
watercraft, or forests. The crime is typically classified as
a felony, with instances involving a greater degree of risk to
human life or property carrying a stricter penalty. Arson
which results in death can be further prosecuted
as manslaughter or murder. A common motive for arson is
to commit insurance fraud. In such cases, a person destroys
their own property by burning it and then lies about the cause
in order to collect against their insurance policy.
A person who commits arson is referred to as an arsonist, or
a serial arsonist if arson has been committed several times.
Arsonists normally use an accelerant (such
as gasoline or kerosene) to ignite, propel and directionalize
 fires, and the detection and identification of ignitable liquid
residues (ILRs) is an important part of fire
investigations. Pyromania is an impulse control
disorder characterized by the pathological setting of
fires. Most acts of arson are not committed by pyromaniacs.
Historically, the common law crime of arson had
four elements:
The malicious

1. burning
2. of the dwelling
3. of another
Malicious
For purposes of common law arson, "malicious" refers to
action creating a great risk of a burning.
Burning
At common law charring to any part of dwelling was
sufficient to satisfy this element. No significant amount of
damage to the dwelling was required. Any injury or damage
to the structure caused by exposure to heat or flame is
sufficient.
Of the dwelling
'Dwelling' refers to a place of residence. The destruction of
an unoccupied building was not considered arson: "... since
arson protected habitation, the burning of an unoccupied
house did not constitute arson." At common law a structure
 did not become a residence until the first occupants had
moved in, and ceased to be a dwelling if the occupants
abandoned the premises with no intention of resuming their
residency. Dwelling includes structures and outbuildings
within the curtilage. Dwellings were not limited to houses.
A barn could be the subject of arson if occupied as a
dwelling.
Of another
Burning one's own dwelling does not constitute common law
arson, even if the purpose was to collect insurance, because
"it was generally assumed in early England that one had the
legal right to destroy his own property in any manner he
chose". Moreover, for purposes of common law arson,
possession or occupancy rather than title determines whose
dwelling the structure is. Thus a tenant who sets fire to his
rented house would not be guilty of common law arson,
while the landlord who set fire to a rented dwelling house
would be guilty.

Embezzlement
Embezzlement is a crime that consists of withholding assets for
the purpose of conversion of such assets, by one or more persons
to whom the assets were entrusted, either to be held or to be used
for specific purposes. Embezzlement is a type of financial fraud.
For example, a lawyer might embezzle funds from the trust
accounts of their clients; a financial advisor might embezzle the
funds of investors; and a husband or a wife might embezzle funds
from a bank account jointly held with the spouse or peer.
The term embezzlement is often used in informal speech to mean
theft of money, usually from an organization or company such as
an employer.
Embezzlement is usually a premeditated crime, performed
methodically, with precautions that conceal the criminal
conversion of the property, which occurs without the knowledge
or consent of the victim. Often it involves the trusted individual
embezzling only a small proportion of the total of the funds or
resources they receive or control, in an attempt to minimize the
risk of the detection of the misallocation of the funds or resources.
When successful, embezzlement may continue for many years
without detection.

Preventions from Embezzlement

Internal controls such as separation of duties are common
defences against embezzlement. For example, at a movie theatre
(cinema), the task of accepting money and admitting customers
into the theatre is typically broken up into two jobs. One
employee sells the ticket, and another employee takes the ticket
and lets the customer into the theatre. Because a ticket cannot be
printed without entering the sale into the computer (or, in earlier
times, without using up a serial-numbered printed ticket), and the
customer cannot enter the theatre without a ticket, both of these
employees would have to collude in order for embezzlement to
go undetected. This significantly reduces the chance of theft,
because of the added difficulty in arranging such a conspiracy and
the likely need to split the proceeds between the two employees,
which reduces the payoff for each.
Another obvious method to deter embezzlement is to regularly
and unexpectedly move funds from one advisor or entrusted
person to another when the funds are supposed to be available for
withdrawal or use, to ensure that the full amount of the funds is
available and no fraction of the savings has been embezzled by
the person to whom the funds or savings have been entrusted.

Motor vehicle theft

Motor vehicle theft (also known as a car theft and, in the United
States, grand theft auto) is the criminal act of stealing or
attempting to steal a motor vehicle.
Some methods used by criminals to steal motor vehicles:

 Theft of an unattended vehicle without a key: the removal of a

parked vehicle either by breaking and entry, followed
by hotwiring or other tampering methods to start the vehicle,
or else towing. In London, the police say that 50% of the annual
20,000 car thefts are now from high-tech OBD (Onboard
Diagnostic Port) key-cloning kits (available online) and bypass
immobilizer simulators.
 Taking without owner's consent (TWOC): the unauthorized
use of a car short of theft. This term is used in the United
Kingdom, as is the derivative "twocking".
 Opportunistic theft: either the removal of a vehicle that is
unattended with the keys visible and sometimes the
engine idling, or theft of a vehicle offered for sale during what
the thief represents as a test drive. A "test drive" may also give
a potential thief insight into where the vehicle keys are stored,
so that the thief may return later to steal the vehicle.
 Carjacking: taking a vehicle by force, or threat of force, against
its owner or operator. In most places, this is the most serious
form of vehicle theft, because assault also occurs and the
method of taking over the vehicle is essentially a robbery, a
more serious form of theft. In some car jacking’s, the operators
and passengers are forced from the vehicle while the thief is
driving it. In other incidents, the operator and/or passenger(s)
are held hostage in it. In still others, which are less common,
the assailant forces the lawful operator to drive in accordance
with the demands of the assailant, who rides as a passenger.
 Fraudulent theft: illegal acquisition of a vehicle from a seller
through fraudulent transfer of funds that the seller will
ultimately not receive (such as by identity
theft or counterfeiting a cashier's check), or through the use of
a loan obtained under false pretenses. Many vehicles stolen via
fraud are soon resold, by the thieves. Using this approach, the
thief can quietly evade detection and continue stealing vehicles
in different jurisdictions. Car rental companies and car
 dealerships are also defrauded by car thieves into renting,
selling, financing, or leasing them cars with fake identification,
checks, and credit cards. This is a common practice near
national borders, where tracking devices are less effective
because the victims may lack jurisdiction in the countries into
which the vehicles quickly are removed.
 Frosting: Occurring in winter, which involves an opportunist
thief stealing a vehicle with its engine running whilst the owner
de-ices it.
 "Hanoi burglary", where a vehicle is taken during a
house burglary, often done with the explicit purpose of
obtaining car keys. Named after the first police operation
targeting the method.
 Joyriding: refers to driving or riding in a stolen vehicle, most
commonly a car, with no particular goal other than the pleasure
or thrill of doing so.
 Keyless system theft: The risk of cars with keyless entry being
stolen is high. These are cars where the owner does not have to
even press a button to unlock as long as the key is located at a
certain distance from the vehicle. In theory, the key's signal
should no longer reach the car when the driver moves away,
making it impossible to unlock the car. Car thieves extend the
signal from the owner's key with the help of simple signal
amplifiers and then all they have to do is open the door, hit the
start button and drive away unnoticed. The car's alarm system
is totally blind to this.
 Auto-theft tools and paraphernalia

 A thin metal strap or rod that slips inside a door's cavity at the
base of the window, to manipulate an internal locking
mechanism or linkage. A famously known tool is called the
"slim jim".
 A long rod with a hooked end that slips between door and
frame, or through an opened window, that can reach and
manipulate the door handle or lock from inside the vehicle cab.
(A primary technique used professionally.)
 Broken pieces of ceramic, often from a spark plug insulator,
used for throwing at car door windows so they shatter quietly.
 Specially cut or filed-down car keys, numerous tryout keys,
jugglers and other lock picking tools.
 Slide hammer puller to break apart door locks, steering-wheel
locks, and ignition switch locks by forced removal of the
cylinder core.
 Multi meter or electrician's test lamp to locate a power source,
for disabling alarms and jump starting vehicles.
 Spare wires and/or a screwdriver to connect a power source to
the ignition and starter wires.
 Unusual looking electronics gear that may include; laptop or
tablet, radio antennas, cables, battery packs, and other
modified computer components that look homemade.
 Many keyless ignition/lock cars have weak cryptographic
protection of their unlock radio signal or are susceptible to
some form of record-and-playback or range extending attack.
 While proof-of-concept "thefts" of top-of-the-line luxury
cars have been demonstrated by academic researchers using
commercially available tools, such as RFID microreaders,
examples of actual car theft using these methods are not very
prevalent.
 A firearm, knife or other weapon used to break a window.
 OBD key cloning kit.

Prevention of Motor Vehicle Thefts

There are various methods of prevention to reduce the likelihood
of a vehicle getting stolen. These include physical barriers, which
make the effort of stealing the vehicle more difficult. Some of
these include:

 Devices used to lock a part of the vehicle necessary in its

operation, such as the wheel, steering wheel, or brake pedal. A
commonly used device of this kind is the steering-wheel
lock (also known as a crook lock or club lock).
 Immobilizers allow the vehicle to start only if a key containing
the correct chip is present in the ignition. These work by
locking the steering wheel and disabling the ignition.
 Hidden kill switches cut electric current to the ignition
coil, fuel pump, or other system to frustrate or slow down a
thief.
 Deterrents tell the thief they are more likely to get caught if the
vehicle is stolen. These include:
 o Car alarm systems are triggered by breaking and entry into
the vehicle.
o Microdot identification tags allow individual parts of a
vehicle to be identified.
o Signs on windows warning of other deterrents, sometimes
as a bluff.
o VIN etching may reduce the resale value of parts or increase
risk of resale.

Recovery of Stolen Vehicles

Abandoned vehicle left in deep snow after
a joyride in Edmonton, Alberta
Recovery rates for stolen vehicles vary, depending on the effort a
jurisdiction's police department puts into recovery, and devices a
vehicle has installed to assist in the process.
Police departments use various methods of recovering stolen
vehicles, such as random checks of vehicles that come in front of
a patrol unit, checks of all vehicles parked along a street or within
a parking lot using automatic number plate recognition (ANPR)
or keeping a watch list of all the vehicles reported stolen by their
owners. Police departments also receive tips on the location of
stolen vehicles through StolenCar.com or isitnicked.com in
the United Kingdom.
In the UK, the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA)
provides information on the registration of vehicles to certain
companies for consumer protection and anti-fraud purposes. The
information may be added by companies with details from the
police, finance and insurance companies. Such companies
include Carfax in the US, Auto Check and Car Check in
the United Kingdom, Gapless in Germany and Car tell in Ireland,
VinCheckFree Worldwide which then provide online car check
services for the public and motor trade.
Vehicle tracking systems, such as Lo Jack, automatic vehicle
location, or OnStar, may enable the location of the vehicle to be
tracked by local law enforcement or a private company. Other
security devices such as microdot identification allow individual
parts of a vehicle to also be identified and potentially returned.

Effects of Common Crimes on Society

Crime is a major part of every society. Its costs and effects touch
just about everyone to some degree. The types of costs and effects
are widely varied. In addition, some costs are short-term while
others last a lifetime. Of course the ultimate cost is loss of life.
Other costs to victims can include medical costs, property losses,
and loss of income.
Losses to both victims and non - victims can also come in the
form of increased security expenses including stronger locks,
extra lighting, parking in more expensive secure lots, security
alarms for homes and cars, and maintaining guard dogs.
Considerable money is spent to avoid being victimized. Other
types of expenses can include a victim or person fearful of crime
moving to a new neighborhood, funeral expenses, legal fees, and
loss of school days.
Some costs of crime are less tangible (not easily or precisely
identified). These kinds of costs can include pain and suffering,
and a lower quality of life. There are also the traumatic impacts
on friends and the disruption of family. Behavior can be forever
changed and shaped by crime, whether it be weighing the risks of
going to certain places or even the fear of making new friends.
Crime not only affects economic productivity when victims miss
work, but communities also are affected through loss of tourism
and retail sales. Even the so-called victimless crimes of
prostitution, drug abuse, and gambling have major social
consequences. Drug abuse affects worker productivity, uses
public funds for drug treatment programs and medical attention,
and leads to criminal activity to support the expenses of a drug
habit.
Communities and governments spend public funds for police
departments, prisons and jails, courts, and treatment programs,
including the salaries of prosecutors, judges, public defenders,
social workers, security guards, and probation officers. The
amount of time spent by victims, offenders, their families, and
juries during court trials also take away from community
productivity.
Determining costs
Estimating the costs and effects of crime is important to
authorities in the criminal justice system. Policymakers weigh the
various costs posed by different crimes to determine which crime
prevention measures have the highest priority. Researchers have
tried different approaches in assessing the costs of crime. One
approach has been to look at jury awards in civil suits. Juries in
civil trials are often asked to determine the amount of money to
be awarded to victims of crime. They consider medical expenses
and property loss as well as compensation for pain and suffering.

Another source is insurance and government claims. When a

victim suffers losses from crime, he may receive compensation
from insurance companies or government relief agencies. These
figures can also be used in determining the costs of crime. A third
source in measuring the cost of crime is to study how much a
person is willing to pay to avoid crime through such actions as
purchasing expensive security devices.
Using these various sources, studies have estimated the cost
associated with various types of crime.

Who crime affects most

The social effects of crime vary among the various segments of
the general population. Statistics show that men are far more
likely to be victims of crime than women. Studies show that
women, however, fear crime far more than men. Other patterns
reveal that the elderly fear crime more than younger adults, and
children fear crime more than adults.
While women have less chance of being a victim, the crimes they
suffer are more violent including rape and domestic abuse.
Another factor is that women, the elderly, and the very young are
physically weaker than the common offender making them feel
more susceptible to crime.
Regarding factors of race and ethnicity (people who share a
common culture), minorities, particularly black Americans, fear
crime far more than whites. Studies show blacks are much more
likely to be a victim or witness a crime. An exception to this rule
is that whites commonly fear young black males. Based on these
two patterns, it is evident that a strong racial distrust is another
social consequence of crime in the United States. Race and
ethnicity also strongly influence people's perception of crime in
particular areas, which in turn influences their daily behavior
patterns.
Difference between professional and ordinary criminals

Professional criminals differ from ordinary or conventional criminals. The

difference may be discussed at several levels:

(1) Professional criminals are skilled in their criminal activity but not the
conventional criminals.

(2) Professional criminals depend on crime as a main source of earning

their livelihood but not the ordinary criminals.

(3) Professional criminals are habitual criminals but not ordinary

criminals.

(4) Professional criminals not only regard themselves as criminals but are
also known to others as criminals, while many ordinary criminals think
that they are not criminals but are the victims of circumstances. Others
also may or may not regard them as criminals.

(5) Professional criminals get status and recognition only in the

underworld while the ordinary criminals have status in the conventional
world too.
(6) Professional criminals avoid other types of criminals and associate
primarily with one another but ordinary criminals associate with other
criminals too.

(7) Professional criminals have their own philosophy of life but this is not
true of ordinary criminals.

(8) Professional criminals tend to come from better economic backgrounds

than do ordinary criminals.

(9) Professional criminals begin their career in crime at a relatively late

age as compared to ordinary criminals.

(10) Professional criminals tend to continue in crime for most part of their
lives but not ordinary criminals.

Control and Preventions on Crime Control

The word of prevention nowadays in its common sense has two
dimensions: Prevention or Prevention means “Prevent, Overtake
and Prevent Something”, and also “Warn Awareness”. In
preventive criminology, prevention is used in its first meaning,
that is, by using different techniques to prevent delinquency, the
purpose is to prevent the crime of going and overcoming
delinquency.
Studies and research findings on the history of the rights of
criminals show that human societies mainly used punishment to
combat crime, including its severe forms (ie, criminal
prosecution), but the findings of criminal law and various
schools of philosophy- The criminality of this intensity and the
criminal system has not been able to curtail or eliminate the
curve of the crime as expected. Such offenses have undermined
the quality of life of the people, ultimately hindering the
cultural, economic and social spheres of society, which means
that the progress of the society is unreliable and disrupted.
Violence and harassment are one of the most prevalent crimes,
given the importance of the matter and the high degree of
attention Criminal cases in this regard are urgently needed to
take preventive measures. If social behavior is not compatible
with the common expectations of community members or a
group or social organization and is considered by many to be
inappropriate or inaccurate, social exclusion is considered.
An organization or any community of its own members expects
its own values and norms to follow. But it’s natural that people
in the community are always found to be “non-social” and
“incompatible”. The factors causing distortion and distortion are
not the same in different societies, and areas are different in
terms of type of crime, severity and weakness, number, and also
in terms of factors. Raymond Gessen argues that criminology is
a branch of applied criminology whose purpose is to determine
the most effective means to provide crime prevention on a
community-wide scale or in a more restrictive direction, such as
a city, a district of a city, etc., from public intimidation by threat
is criminal.
The oldest type of prevention is the prevention of child crime
and the prevention of public delinquency. According to this
distinction, children and adolescent juvenile offenders whose
personality is in the process of being educated and rehabilitated
should be used; while adult offenders should be used as
frightening and threatening punishment because their personality
is shaped.
But so far in the field of crime prevention, a number of species
have been proposed by criminologists. For example, a number
of criminologists, inspired by medical knowledge, have outlined
the triple prevention pattern, namely, the first, second, and third
of the delinquency, and others have classified delinquency
prevention into two types of actions: Nowadays, recent division
is more criminologist’s point of view .
Of course, there are other divisions that are referred to below.
However, this diversification of preventive methods suggests
that delinquency is out of range of legal, judicial and police
forces and effectively tackles it, on the one hand, requires
cooperation and participation of state institutions and popular
organizations, and on the other hand, It requires the
development and development of traditional strategies and tools
for combating crime.
Different Types of Crime Prevention are as follows:
1) Primary Prevention
The primary prevention is to protect individuals from fighting all
areas of crime that fall within the framework of social
development. At this stage of prevention, people are trying not to
commit crime. At this level of prevention, the goal is to improve
living conditions in order not to offend people, and to produce
values that improve healthy relationships. In primary prevention,
more attention is paid to the crime event than to the instigated
offender. This approach has also been linked to Hendel Lang’s
lifestyle theory.
2) Secondary Prevention
The secondary prevention is to use methods to protect people at
risk. Like: addicts, street vagabonds and street children. In this
type of prevention, the goal is to prevent the occurrence of crime
by people who are in critical condition and likely to be victimized
by the use of appropriate and early measures. For example, in the
prevention of addiction, the focus is on those who entertain in the
form of recreation and have not yet reached the level of addiction.
Also, children living in disadvantaged families and poorer
neighborhoods in poor conditions, or young people who have
experienced violence in their homes, are more likely to commit
criminal misconduct than others.
3) Tertiary Prevention
This kind of prevention includes programs such as counseling for
women and children, criminal interventions, and various groups.
Preventive efforts at this stage are to prevent criminal behavior so
that criminals can adapt and adapt to their social environment and
not re-commit crimes.
The third prevention is used as a result of detecting or detecting
or detecting operations for arresting the offender, imprisoning a
convicted person, or sentencing and rehabilitating a prisoner. This
division is done by Caplan.
4) Short -Term Prevention
Short-term prevention is a set of short-term solutions. Such as:
providing more illumination of streets, alleys and public places,
tailor-made and deterrent penal laws, setting up work institutions,
providing decent leisure facilities, protecting children who are
harassed and abused by the family Closing neighborhoods and
crime areas, preventing the broadcasting of violent programs on
television, and equipping the police and law enforcement forces
to reduce the chance of occurrence of deviance or crime
In dealing with social and cultural issues, due to systematic and
long-term planning, one cannot overlook preventive measures in
the short and long term. This prevention includes “community-
based prevention” or “social prevention” and “early prevention”.
5) Social Prevention
This kind of prevention includes measures and interventions that
seek to eliminate or reduce the causes of crime and thereby
prevent delinquency by intervening in the development process
of individuals, improving their living conditions and normalizing
the social and natural. According to Gessen , this kind of
prevention is said to be social prevention as a result of social
worker prevention experiences without interfering with police
and justice discussions, and focusing on the inadequacies of
juvenile delinquents and their growth environment .
One of the goals of this type of prevention is to reduce or
eliminate the causes of crime in the social environment and is
essentially designed to help change the situation of delinquency
in local and residential communities. Establishment of
recreational areas and parks for recreation, the establishment of
educational, educational, cultural centers, creating income
generation and job creation in neighborhoods, strengthening
religious beliefs through effective and appropriate activation of
local religious centers, the formation of local police , the
development of equipment and measures such as youth sports
clubs and activity-based projects to dissuade actual and potential
offenders from future mistakes are examples of this type of
prevention.
Another goal in social prevention is to coordinate community
members with social rules, and the focus of this prevention is
“individual.” In other words, social prevention is the same as
criminal prevention, offender and individual, and through
education, persuasion, education and punishment, it seeks to
induce the criterion of recognizing good and bad deeds for the
individual, and the power of evaluating their performance Give
him The basic point in this model of prevention is the specialty,
thought and duplication of effort, because of the scale and
complexity of the subject, despite the huge and massive
investments, the desired result in the reduction of crime is not
achieved.
Followers of this type of prevention believe that by knowing the
causes of committing a crime, such as: individual and social, and
eliminating them by carrying out individual and social reforms
such as: treating diseases and physical and mental failings and
enhancing social values and Social institutions and the excellence
of economic, educational, recreational, housing and other
opportunities can prevent criminal tendencies in individuals.
In fact, social prevention is a series of measures that control
factors affecting the formation of crime, and since, in addition to
the social environment, it affects one’s personality and motives,
some also call it Individual-Based Prevention. Another of the
goals of social prevention is to strengthen the foundations that
contribute to socialization by influencing groups at risk. In other
words, social prevention seeks to harmonize the individual with
social rules through education.
What those involved in this type of prevention should do is to
expel as many people as possible from the criminal system. In
general, social prevention is an attempt to resolve criminal
behavior issues by addressing the roots of crime and includes
measures that affect the crime context through social, economic
and cultural issues. For this reason, social prevention is the best
description of primary prevention.
6) Developmental prevention
This kind of prevention attempts to prevent a child from
continuing his criminal misery in the future if a child for any
reason manifests itself as a criminal offense, with early
intervention in him and his environment. Early prevention, early
psychosocial intervention, in the process of children’s
development, to prevent risk factors that increase the likelihood
of admitting and mimicking persistent criminal behavior in the
future.
Risk factors in this prevention are a combination of individual and
social conditions that have the appearance, continuity and
sustainability of future criminal behavior in children and
adolescents. The features of this type of prevention are:
Behavioral, personal, general, and its founders include:
identification of individual and social risk factors and,
consequently, the utilization of supportive factors through early
psycho-social interventions at the levels School, family, and
social environment, and it is based on the idea that early
intervention can be prevented from delinquency and persistence
of criminal offenses against those who are exposed to specific
circumstances because of specific situations.
7) Long term prevention
Long-term prevention refers to mechanisms that take place in a
time-consuming process to reduce crime opportunities in the
future. Such as: Providing appropriate platforms for individuals
to access appropriate education opportunities; Developing and
implementing general policies for community members’
engagement; Developing family education classes to enhance life
skills; Strengthening the preventive role of schools through
content promotion. And the quality of education and training
programs, efforts to reduce the economic gap among different
classes of society and achieve social justice
Police stations and police stations are required to use these types
of planning to prevent various crimes such as theft, street

eliminate or suppress offenders takes into account policies that

are structured, process-driven and focused on individual and
general crime factors in a broad and inclusive manner, and
include social, economic, cultural, Political and legal .
8) Shame prevention
In passive prevention, some routine preventive measures are not
of a precautionary or deterrent nature, such as police warnings,
but remain in a passive way to influence these actions. In this kind
of prevention, social factors (social prevention) have no effect,
and in the meanwhile, they do not play the smallest role. The role
of preventative institutions such as the police and the judicial
authorities is also very low.
9) Active prevention
In this kind of prevention, police force is the main focus of
prevention that is activated to avoid and avoid crime and is also
active at the social level. That is, the police take charge of leisure
planning and guidance for a group of young people who are
exposed to crime or deviation at a specific time and place.
Meanwhile, the role of deterrent institutions is of crime or
deviation at a specific time and place.
Meanwhile, the role of deterrents of crime is also evident. In
active prevention, long-term planning is planned to prevent
delinquency and reduce it. Government officials have a major role
in their social function, and they take independent action.
10) Non penal prevention
Non-Penal prevention is “Preventing the outcome of thought and
criminal intent by changing the circumstances and in which a
series of similar crimes have occurred or may be committed in
those circumstances.” In other words, non-criminal prevention
aims at eliminating the root causes and causes of crime and
delinquency by addressing the issue of social control and the
impact on criminal thought, so that human beings are raised to
stay away from crime. In this kind of prevention, it is important
to pay attention to the environmental, cultural, economic and
social factors that lead the person to crime.
Noncustodial prevention is, in fact, the root cause of crime before
crime, in which remedies are out of context within the justice
system. This prevention against criminal prevention is also
sometimes called “new prevention.” In fact, non-penal prevention
is a non-criminal act that seeks to prevent the occurrence of crime
and crime by reducing or eliminating criminal and inappropriate
means of showing off crime situations. Therefore, preventive
action features include: - Effects on the factors or processes that
play a decisive role in delinquency; - Collective; in the sense that
it targets the whole population or a certain group - Lack of
coherence and action.
In this way, non-criminal prevention includes prevention by
eliminating and neutralizing delinquents and preventing by
eliminating or changing victim positions. Non-penal prevention
is virtually a priori interfering with the process of transition from
thought into a criminal act.
11) Penal prevention
Penal Prevention, in essence, is the next step, and applied to
criminal justice through criminal justice through criminal justice.
This prevention is divided into two types of “general reaction
prevention” and “specific reaction prevention” based on the effect
on society or the offender. General reaction prevention is a
collective or group-based reactive prevention that seeks to
prevent the perpetration of criminal delinquency by addressing
citizens through horrific and collective learning.
A specific reaction prevention is a reactive prevention of a
criminal offender who, by committing a punishment against a
criminal, with a terrible and personalized training, seeks to
prevent delinquent individuals. In general, reactive or criminal
prevention involves criminal proceedings before and after the
crime, which seeks to reduce the rate of crime by taking
advantage of the criminal justice system’s mechanisms.
The reactive prevention approach is a frightening, individual,
collective, and educational tool to prevent early delinquency and
redress among people. This kind of prevention, although it is not
a response to the social and security needs of the community
alone, can provide an important factor in reducing crime in the
community by combining noncriminal preventive areas of crime
and the use of both elements. . Criminal prevention, as it has many
disadvantages and disadvantages, and the impact of criminals and
their future lives in society, should be used as the last resort
against crime. In general, the objectives of criminal prevention
are: criminal reform, protection of the community, intimidation
and general prevention by intimidating others.
12) Judicial prevention
Judicial prevention is a type of crime prevention based on the
efforts of the government and the responsible institutions to
reduce crime and eliminate its roots. This policy is examined in
the context of judicial prevention, in which the ruling apparatus
or the state acts as the first institution against crime and
delinquents and by reforming it through the application of law and
legislative policies against the perpetrator. In policy-making,
crime prevention is one of the ways to prevent crime.
This method is “a process in which actions that are in conflict with
their interests are prohibited and penalized”. But this limitation in
the lives of individuals should not be beyond the scope and
purpose of social ends. The use of judicial prevention in order to
reduce crimes is one of the important elements in the criminal
system, and its existence in the criminal system is necessary and
necessary because judicial and legal prevention in the executive
and legal system leads to intimidation and criminality of
criminals, especially potential criminals, and until It largely
prevents crimes from committing crimes and repeating offenses.
Drawing up appropriate bills for correcting criminal policy and
reforming the law with a wise and religious education perspective
such as: victimization, decriminalization, punishment and
disadvantages of penalties for legalizing can be part of the actions
of the judiciary in the prevention of crime.
13) Disciplinary prevention
The existence of weaknesses in each society makes the sense of
security safe by the people. Since a group of unhealthy people in
the community are behaving in an unconventional manner and in
conflict with social values, they create conditions of weakness
and instability in parts of society based on their thoughts and
intentions, for this reason In order to prevent insecurity and
increase social security, governments and authorities have sought
to control and reduce crimes through the implementation of crime
prevention programs.
Police and law enforcement are one of the public security guards,
whose main task is to prevent law enforcement. Police prevention
includes: “Inhibition and control of crime through police actions,
such as: increasing police patrols and the concrete and effective
presence of police at the city level in order to prevent criminal
acts and reduce the repetition of crime within the framework of
the law.
Also, investigate the process of delinquency and the causes of its
occurrence in order to take measures against the perpetrator and
to take immediate action in the fight against delinquency and
crimes and to work with the responsible bodies in reducing crime.
“Regulatory prevention is important because it is the guardian of
order and social security. In the prevention of law enforcement,
the government and the responsible institutions play the most
important role in establishing and maintaining security and their
field of work is within the law.
14) Common prevention
The prevention of delinquency in the general sense includes those
measures and measures that prevent the commission of crime. In
this way, any criminal or non-criminal proceeding according to
this definition will be placed within the scope of prevention of
delinquency. General prevention is a crime based prevention that
focuses on deterrence, intimidation and criminal education on the
general public.
In this type of prevention, attempts are made to prevent the
perpetration of crimes by individuals by establishing rules,
determining punishment and enforcing them for criminals. In
public prevention, creating fears, intimidation, threats,
punishments, and fears of losing credibility to all who are
potentially prepared to commit crimes. This level of prevention
places the general public at the heart of people who are potentially
willing to commit a crime, thus attempting to prevent public
crime through public awareness.
15) Special prevention
The effect of punishment in deterring the offender from
recommitting a crime is called special prevention. In this type of
prevention, try to avoid reprisals of the same crime or other
crimes by imposing punishment on the perpetrator and his
punishment and suffering from punishment. Therefore,
preventing recurrence of crime and creating fears for those who
committed a crime earlier is the most important objective of the
specific prevention, which is taking place in the form of measures
for the training, rehabilitation and rehabilitation of criminals.
This kind of prevention is usually useful in the short term, such
as: combating addiction and collecting children without a
guardian from the street level. Therefore, special prevention
includes “a set of measures and actions aimed at combating
delinquency by reducing or eliminating criminal causes and
influencing prospective opportunities, so that it can be exploited
by means of action mechanisms Personality of individuals and
positions before crime was committed” .
16) Situational prevention
Situational prevention includes a set of non-criminal measures
and measures that prevent the commission of crime through the
elimination or reduction of appropriate opportunities for crime
and improper prosecution. The strategies of this method, focusing
on environmental changes, are part of controlling the perpetrators
and partly on protecting the victims.
Situational Prevention was introduced as Clark, Cornish, and
Heeur, as a scientific theory to reduce delinquency in the 1980s.
In their works, they always have to take appropriate measures and
take the necessary measures to reduce the opportunities and
situations that lead to criminal behavior, as well as to change the
relationship between the perpetrator and the victim.
This method is a method of prevention that, by changing the
person’s situation of crime and victimization or changing
environmental conditions such as time and place, seeks to prevent
a person from committing a crime by committing a crime. In this
way, someone is sometimes exposed to victimization and is
prevented from realizing a criminal act by supporting him or what
is at risk of crime. In some cases, changing environmental
conditions, such as location and time, makes it more difficult to
realize the crime of deprivation or occurrence.
Situational prevention includes eliminating some of the hazards,
reducing some of the risks by reducing the extent of the damage,
reducing some of the risks by taking security measures such as:
installing CCTV cameras or increasing the number of policemen
to scare and prevent the offense. Crime, the transmission of some
of the hazards by means of facilitating insurance and the like, and
accepting some of the risks that are inevitable or removing them
from imposition of unwarranted costs. This type of prevention,
based on the circumstances of the crime, the type of crime, the
goals and issues of crime and the characteristics of the victim, will
take measures that will destroy or weaken the situations and
opportunities for committing the crime.
Reducing opportunities and crime situations is accompanied by
the development of physical security or the design of buildings
and neighborhoods, which ultimately leads to dangerous and
costly criminal acts. In this method of prevention, crime
prevention management, by modifying the way of life of
individuals and their environment, seeks to neutralize criminal
operations, which in fact are such complementary measures of
police work. Therefore, forecasting, recognizing and assessing
the crime risk and taking actions to eliminate or reduce it is a
conditional prevention, sometimes referred to as “crime risk
management”.
Sexual crime seems to be more effective in preventing crime,
because in this category of crimes, firstly, increasing the victim’s
safety factor is much easier than dissuading the offender from
committing a crime that is influenced by uncontrolled natural
instincts and intrusions. Sexual assault; secondly, because of the
very negative consequences of this crime on the morale and
psychological tragedy and the concern of potential victims,
especially women, it can be more actively used as a potential
victim for prevention.