Chapter 1.

Complex Numbers

Dr.Rehab Alsultan

Umm AlQura University

[email protected]

June 23, 2024

Dr.Rehab Alsultan (UQU) Chapter 1. Complex Numbers June 23, 2024 1 / 44

Overview

1 Introduction:Numbers System

2 Complex Numbers
Sum and Product
Basic Algebraic Properties
Further Properties
Vectors and Moduli
Complex Conjugates
Exponential Form
Products and Powers in Exponential Form
Arguments of Products and Quotients
Roots of Complex Numbers
Regions in the Complex Plane

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Numbers System

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Numbers System

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SUMS AND PRODUCTS

Definition: Complex numbers can be defined as ordered pairs (x, y )

of real numbers that are to be interpreted as points in the complex
plane

Note: The set of complex numbers Includes the real numbers as a subset
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Sums and Products

Notation It is customary to denote a complex number (x, y ) by z,

x = Rez (Real part);

y = Imz (Imaginary part)

z1 = z2 iff Rez1 = Rez2 , Imz1 = Imz2 ; Q: z1 < z2 ?

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Sums and Products
Two Basic Operations
Sum
(x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
Product
(x1 , y1 )(x2 , y2 ) = (x1 x2 − y1 y2 , y1 x2 + x1 y2 )
Note:
1. when y1 = 0, y2 = 0, the above operations reduce to the usual
operations of addition and multiplication for real numbers.

2. Any complex number z = (x, y ) can be written z = (x, 0) + (0, y )

3. Let i be the pure imaginary number (0, 1), then

z = x(1, 0) + y (0, 1) = x + iy , x & y are real numbers

i 2 = (0, 1)(0, 1) = (−1, 0) → i 2 = −1

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2. Basic Algebraic Properties
Various properties of addition and multiplication of complex numbers are
the same as for real numbers

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Basic Algebraic Properties

Example:

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Further Properties

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Vectors and Moduli
It is natural to associate any nonzero complex number z = x + iy
with the directed line segment, or vector, from the origin to the point
(x, y ) that represents z in the complex plane.
In fact, we often refer to z as the point z or the vector z.

The modulus, or absolute value, of a complex

p number z = x + iy is
defined as the nonnegative real number x 2 + y 2 and is denoted by
p
|z|; that is, |z| = x2 + y2

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 The complex numbers z corresponding to the points lying on the
circle with center z0 and radius R thus satisfy the equation
|z − z0 | = R, and conversely. We refer to this set of points simply as
the circle |z − z0 | = R.

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Some important inequations

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Complex Conjugates

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Complex Conjugates

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Complex Conjugates

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Exponential Form
Polar coordinate and Euler’s Formula
Let r and θ be polar coordinates of the point (x, y ) that corresponds
to a nonzero complex number z = x + iy ,
since
x = rcosθ
y = rsinθ,
the number z can be written in polar form as

z = r (cosθ + isinθ), r > 0

if z=0 the coordinate θ is undefined;

r = |z| the real number r is not allowed to be negative and is the
length of the radius vector for z
The real number θ represents the angle, measured in radians, it has
has an infinite number of possible values,
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 Each value of θ is called an argument of z, and the set of all such
values is denoted by arg z
The principal value of arg z, denoted by Arg z, is that unique value Θ
such that −π ≤ Θ ≤ π. Evidently, then,

argz = Argz + 2nπ (n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · )

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 Using Euler’s formula e iθ = cosθ + isinθ, then z = re iθ
Two non-zero complex numbers

z1 = r1 e iθ1 z2 = r2 e iθ2

are equal iff r1 = r2 and θ1 = θ2 + 2nπ, (n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · )

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Modulus and Argument

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Modulus and Argument

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Modulus and Argument

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Modulus and Argument

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Modulus and Argument

Example: Find the modulus and argument of complex number

(a) z = −1 − 2i p √
modulus z = r = (−1)2 + (−2)2 = 5

argument α = tan−1 ( 12 )
π
α ≈ 68.43494( 180 ) ≈ 1.107
θ = π − 1.107 ≈ 2.0344
arg (z) ≈ −2.03

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Products and Powers in Exponential Form

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Arguments of products and quotients
Arguments of products

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Products and Powers in Exponential Form

Arguments of Quotients

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Arguments of products and quotients
Examples: √
Put ( 3 + i)7 in rectangular form.
√
Solution: need
q√ to find the Modulus and Argument of ( 3 + i)7
√ √
Modulus = ( 3)2 + (1)2 = 3 + 1 = 4 = 2
√
Argument ( 3 + i)7 → θ = tan−1 ( √13 ) = 30◦ or 30 × 180
π
= π6

√
In order to put ( 3 + i)7 in rectangular form, one need only write
√ π 7π 7π 7π
( 3 + i)7 = (2e i 6 )7 = 27 e i 6 = 27 (cos + i sin )
6 6
6 iπ i π6
√
= (2 e )(2e ) = −64( 3 + i)
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Arguments of products and quotients

Examples:

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Arguments of products and quotients

Example
When z1 = −1 and z2 = i, then

π
Arg (z1 z2 ) = Arg (−i) = −
2
but
6=

π 3π
=
Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 ) = π +
2 2
Note: Arg (z1 z2 ) = Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 ) is not always true.

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Example

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Roots of Complex Numbers

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Example

◦
√ √
−π
k = 0, θ = 6
= 30◦ ; c0 = 2[cos(−30 ) + i sin(−30◦ )] = 2[ 23 + −1 2
]= 3−i
π ◦
k = 1, θ = 2
= 90◦ ; c1 = 2[cos(90 ) + i sin(90◦ )] = 2[0 + 1i] = 2i
√ √
−7π ◦
k = 2, θ = 6
= 210◦ ; c2 = 2[cos(210 ) + i sin(210◦ )] = 2[ −2 3
+ −1
2
] =− 3−i

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Regions in the Complex Plane

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Regions in the Complex Plane

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Regions in the Complex Plane

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Regions in the Complex Plane

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 The End

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