GROUP 1

What are Dilemmas ?

 A dilemma is when your stuck between two or more tough choices, and no matter what you pick
something important is at risk .
 It's often a situation where there is no answer, making the decision particularly challenging.
THREE LEVELS OF MORAL DELIMMAS
1. Personal dilemma
 These are though decisions that mainly affect you and the people close to you.
2. Organizational dilemma
 These happen at work or in a group setting, where your choice could impact your job , co-workers,or
the whole company.
3. Societal dilemma
 This are big decisions that can affect everyone in society.

GROUP 2

THE MORAL AGENT

1. CULTURE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR
 Culture appears to be an actual part of our social life as well as our personality. It is a quality that
some people have more than others how “cultured” somebody is depends on some factors like status,
class, education, taste in music or film and speech habits.
CULTURE
• The term culture is so complex that it is not easy to define. In one sense, culture is used to denote
that which is related to the arts and humanities. But in a broader sense, culture denotes the
practices, beliefs and perceptions of a given society.
CULTURE ROLE IN BEHAVIOR
• A culture is a “way of life” of a group of people and this so called “way of life” actually includes
moral values and behaviour, along with knowledge, beliefs, symbols that they accept, “generally
without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from
generation to the next.
• Cultures is learned as children grow up in society and discover how their parents and others around
them interpret the wold. • Many aspects of morality are taught. People learn moral aspect of right
or wrong from transmitters of culture
• Social learning is the process by which individuals acquire knowledge from others in the group to
which they belong, as a normal part of a childhood. The process by which infants and children
socially learn the culture, including morality, of those around them is called enculturation or
socialization.
A. CULTURAL RELATIVISM
 Cultural relativism is the ability to understand a culture on its own terms and not to make judgments
using the standards of one’s own culture. The goal of this is promote understanding of cultural
practices that are not typically part of one’s own culture. Using the perspective of cultural relativism
leads to the view that no one culture is superior than another culture when compared to systems of
morality, law, politics, etc1 .
 • It is a concept that cultural norms and values derive their meaning within a specific social context.
This is also based on the idea that there is no absolute standard of good or evil; therefore, every
decision and judgment of what is right and wrong is individually decided in each society. The
concept of cultural relativism also means that any opinion on ethics is subject to the perspective of
each person within their particular culture. Overall, there is no right or wrong ethical system.

B. THE FILIPINO CHARACTER

Filipino characteristics refer to the unique traits and qualities that are commonly associated with the
people of the Philippines.
CHARACTER OF FILIPINOS
1. HOSPITALITY 6. SENSE OF HUMOR
2. RESILIENCE 7. RESPECT TO ELDERS
3. STRONG FAMILY TIES 8. STRONG FAITH
4. BAYANIHAN SPIRIT 9. FILIPINO TIME
5. ADAPTABILITY

2. THE MORAL AGENT

 Moral agent is an individual or entity that has the capacity to make ethical decisions and is
accountable for their actions.
• DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL CHARACTER
 The development of moral character is a process that occurs over time and is influenced by a variety
of factors, including family, culture, education, experiences, and personal reflection. This process
involves the formation of values, virtues, and ethical principles that guide a person’s decisions and
actions. Here’s a breakdown of how moral character typically develops:
FAMILY INFLUENCE
• During early childhood, the family plays a crucial role in shaping a child's moral character.
Children learn values such as honesty, respect, kindness, and fairness by observing and interacting
with family members.
SOCIALIZATION
• The child begins to understand social norms and expectations. This is often reinforced through
parental discipline and reward systems that emphasize certain behaviors as good or bad.
• The child begins to understand social norms and expectations. This is often reinforced through
parental discipline and reward systems that emphasize certain behaviors as good or bad.
• The development of moral character is a lifelong process that requires continuous learning,
reflection, and growth. It is influenced by both external factors, such as family, education, and
culture, and internal factors, such as personal experiences and reflection. As individuals navigate
life, they have the opportunity to refine their moral character and strive toward becoming
virtuous, ethical, and compassionate people.
• MORAL DEVELOPMENT
 is about how people learn what’s right and wrong as they grow up. It’s a process that shapes our
values, how we treat others, and how we make decisions. Different psychologists have come up with
theories to explain how this happens.
KEY THEORIES O MORAL DEVELOPMENT
1. Kohlberg’s Theory
• Early Stages (Pre-conventional)
 When we’re young, we follow rules to avoid getting into trouble. We might also do things to get
rewards.
• Middle Stages (Conventional)
  As we get older, we start caring about what others think of us. We follow rules because we want to fit
in and keep society running smoothly.
• Advanced Stages (Post-conventional)
 Some people reach a point where they follow their own principles, even if it means breaking the law
because they believe in a higher sense of justice.

GROUP 3
THE ACT
HUMAN ACT VS. ACT OF MAN
HUMAN ACTS
 Human acts are actions done intentionally, free, and deliberate of a person.
 These are actions that a man properly master for he does them with full knowledge and his own
will.
 Acts which proceed from a deliberate freewill.
 A man is fully responsible with the consequences of his acts.
 Involves and man’s accountability of the results of his/her actions.
ACT OF MAN
 Acts of man are instinctive, such as physiological in nature. These are actions done under the
circumstances of ignorance, passion, fear, violence, and habits.
 Acts that are performed by men without being master of them through his intellect and will,
therefore acts of man are involuntary actions.
 Acts of persons without the proper use of reason. For example, children or innate persons.
 Acts of people asleep or under the influence or other drugs. The loss of direct responsibility is
voluntary, however, the power of will might still be present.

ACCOUNTABILITY OF MORAL ACT

BASES OF MORAL ACCOUNTABILITY
“When I perform a free act-one which able to do or not to do, as I choose-the act is evidently imputable
to me: if the thing is blameworthy, the blame belongs to me: if it is praiseworthy, I am entitled to praise.
Every human act therefore, since it is a free act, is imputable to him who performs it.”
-Fr. Coppens (2017)

THREE BASES OS MORAL ACCOUNTABILITY

KNOWLEDGE
 Human act must be done knowingly.
FREEDOM
 Human act must be done freely.
VOLUNTARINESS
 Human act must be done voluntarily (intentional or negligent)
FEELINGS AND MORAL-DECISION MAKING
FEELINGS
• Feeling is the normalization of the verb to feel.
• The word was first used in the English language to describe the physical sensation of touch through
either experience or perception.
• In psychology, the word is usually reserved for the conscious subjective experience of emotion.
MORAL DECISION- MAKING
• It is the having the ability to decide which is the right course of action once we have spotted the
ethical issue. Sometimes this can be very difficult, as multiple options may seem morally
defensible( or, perhaps, no options seem morally acceptable).

REASON AND IMPARTIALITY AS MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR MORALITY

Core Idea
 Reason and Impartiality are the MINIMUM requirements of morality. The seven-step moral
reasoning model serves as a guide in ensuring fair and ethical decisions.
REASONING
• The use of rationality, rather than emotion, tradition, or authority, to justify and evaluate moral
judgements. Assumptions and premises both factual and inferred used to make judgments should
be accurate, relevant, and complete.
IMPARTIALITY
• Impartiality if often associated with fairness, unbiased, just, and equal treatment.
• Becoming impartial means that one should detach from ones own biases and prejudices to be
able to see things holistically without any form of restrictions.
• Impartiality is the principle of justice that requires decisions to be based on an objective
criterion that does not discriminate nor benefit one type of person over another.
MORAL COURAGE
• Is the courage to take action for moral reasons despite the risk of adverse consequences.
• “doing the right thing even at the risk of inconvenience, ridicule, punishment, loss of job or
security or social status, etc.”
 GROUP 4

FRAMEWORKS AND PRINCIPLES BEHIND FRAMEWORKS

I. VIRTUE ETHICS
 Virtue-based ethics focuses more on the intrinsic character of a person rather than specific actions. It
is often about character development: becoming a good person with such virtues as courage, honestly,
and compassion.
 Virtue theory is the view that the foundation of morality is in the development of good character
traits, or virtues, not good acts.

Four forms of virtue ethics

1. Eudaimonist Virtue Ethics – A ‘’virtue’’ is a trait that contributes to or is a constituent of
eudaimonia and we ought to develop virtues, precisely because they contribute to eudaimonia.

2. Agent-based and Exemplarist Virtue Ethics – Agent based virtue ethicists argue that rather than
deriving the normativity, including ‘’eudaimonia’’ , are traced back to and ultimately explained in terms
of the motivational and dispositional qualities of moral agents.

3. Target-centered Virtue Ethics – For agent-based virtue ethicist is an exemplary agent’s

motivations, The starting point for the eudaimonist virtue ethicists is a flourishing human life.

4. Platonic Virtue Ethics – This fourth form of a virtue ethics takes its inspiration from Plato. The
Socrates of Plato’s dialogues devotes a great deal a time to asking his fellow Athenians to expound the
nature of virtues like piety, wisdom, courage, and justice.

II. NATURAL LAW ETHICS

 The theory holds that morality stems from human’s nature and the nature of the world. It infers that
morality is universal and can be discovered through reason in order to understand the natural order.
 “Do good and avoid evil.” actions are morally right if they conform to the natural purposes and ends of
human beings.
FOUR PRIMARY PRECEPTS

1. Preservation of Life – The protection and preservation of life is a fundamental good.

2. Procreation and Education – Continuation of the species and proper upbringing of children is
essential.

3. Living in Society – Humans are social beings, so living in community and promoting social harmony
is vital.

4. Worshiping God – Recognizing and respecting a higher order or divine being is crucial, tough
interpretations may vary.

III. DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS

 Based on the principle that actions are morally required, permitted, or forbidden depending on rules or
duties. The rightness or wrongness of an action depends upon its compliance with some rule,
independent of any consequences ensuing from that act.
  It is concerned with the inherent morality of the actions themselves.

Forms of deontological ethics

1. Kantian Deontology(Immanuel Kant) – This ethics is often applied in situations that require strict
adherence to moral principles, such as in discussions on Human Rights and Justice.
2. Divine Command Theory – This theory is commonly applied in religious contexts, guiding moral
decisions for believers by appealing to sacred texts and religious authorities.
3. Rossian Deontology(W.D. Ross) – This ethics is applied in situations requiring judgement aout
competing moral obligations, such as ethical dilemmas in medicine or business where different duties
must be weighed.
4. Contractualism (T.M. Scanlon) – Contractualism is often applied in discussions about social justice,
law, and public policy, where the fairness and justifiability of principles are cruicial.

IV. UTILITARIANISM
 Argues that an action is morally right if its consequences lead to the greatest happiness or utility. The
highest action is that which creates the highest good for the largest number.
ACT AND RULE OF UTILITARIANISM
 Act Utilitarianism – Looks at the consequences of each individual act and calculates utility each time
the act is performed.
 Rule Utilitarianism – Looks at the consequences of having everyone follow a particular rule and
calculates the overall utility of accepting or rejecting the rule.
LOVE AND JUSTICE FRAMEWORK
 The ethical concerns for the morality of love and justice, often through the use of Christian ethics. Love,
especially agape or selfless love, must be a prevailing factor in making any moral decision with a
counterbalancing emphasis on the principle of justice.
LOVE FRAMEWORKS:
1. Storage (Affection): The love between family members, such as natural bond between parents and
children. It's based on familiarity and is often found in long-term relationships where affection grows
over time.
2. Philia (Friendship): This refers to deep friendship or camaraderie. Philia is the love shared between
friends who share mutual respect, care, and shared values or interests.
3. Eros (Romantic Love): Eros represents passionate, often fierce love, imbued with romance and longing.
It is the form of love from which a strong emotional bond can result between two individuals, in part
because of physical attraction.
4. Agape (Unconditional Love): This can be considered the highest level of love, deemed selfless,
unconditional, or sacrificial. It is that kind of love given with no strings attached and mostly associated
with divine or spiritual love.
JUSTICE FRAMEWORKS:
 1. Distributive Justice: It is a framework that deals with the just distribution of resources and wealth in
society. This looks into how goods, services, and opportunities must be allocated to all to achieve equity
and fairness.
2. Procedural Justice: This sets into perspective the fairness of the processes and procedures resorted to
in making decisions and carrying out laws. It concerns the methods in which the process of decision-
making is made impersonal, transparent, and constant.
3. Restorative Justice: This model of justice pursues the repair of harm from the criminal act through the
reconciliation of offender and victim. It is focused on healing, making amends, and restoration rather
than punishment of the offender.
4. Retributive Justice: Based on the idea that offenders should pay for the extent of their crime, it deals
with trying to make sure that justice is done, where they pay sufficiently for the crime committed.

GROUP 5

ETHICS THROUGH THICK AND THIN, AND ETHICS AND

RELIGION
GLOBALIZATION AND PLURALISM
GLOBALIZATION
 The process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and government of different
nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology
(Globalization101,n.d.)
PLURALISM
 The belief that people of different social classes, religions, races, etc., should live together in a society.
(Merriam Webster)

CHALLENGES OF MILLINIALS AND FELLINIALS

FILINNIALS
 Filipino millennials
 They are open to seeking global opportunity, demand flexible work schedules, and value work-life
balance, Fr. Armand Robleza (2016).
 They are also hardworking, ambitious, socially and virtually connected.

CHALLENGES OF MILLINIALS
A. ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY
Millennials entered the workforce during the Great Recession (2008), leading to job insecurity, stagnant
wages, and delayed financial independence.
B. STUDENT LOAN DEBT
Many Millennials are burdened with significant student loan debt, impacting their ability to buy homes,
start families, and save for retirement.

C. WORK-LIFE BALANCE
Millennials often struggle with maintaining a healthy work-life balance due to the expectation of being
constantly available, especially with the rise of digital communication tools.

CHALLENGES OF FILINNIALS
A. DIGITAL OVERLOAD
Having grown up with the internet, social media, and smartphones, Filinnials face challenges related to
mental health, including anxiety, depression, and cyberbullying, stemming from constant connectivity.
B. EMPLOYMENT OPPURTUNITIES
High competition for jobs, underemployment, and job insecurity are common concerns.
C. LOW WAGES
Despite rising living costs, many filinnials earn low wages, making it difficult to save or invest.
THE RELIGIOUS RESPONSE

Ethics refers to the philosophical concept of morality, endeavors to understand moral concepts
and justify moral principles. On the other hand, religion is a symbolic system which confers
identity and marks out social and ethnic and other boundaries (Lehmann, n.d).
As the religious domain remains to be multi-domainal, encompassing attitudes, beliefs,
emotions, experiences, rituals and ties bind the community of believers and a deep sense of
belonging, it is by no means that the power of religion can be deprecated (Anceschi,
et.al.,2011).