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Enhancement and Efficiency Improvement the Power Systems by using Unified

Power Flow Controller

Conference Paper · January 2020

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 Enhancement and Efficiency Improvement the Power
Systems by using Unified Power Flow Controller
Foad Sharafi

Khuzestan Regional Electric Co, [email protected]

Abstract
This paper deals with power quality improvement by using Unified Power Flow Controller,
which is one of the most effective devices to maintenance and reliability of the power.
The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is the most widely used FACTS device to
control the power flow and to optimize the system stability in the transmission line. It
is used to control the power flow in the transmission systems by controlling the active
power, reactive power, voltage’s magnitude and phase angle. A major aspect of this
study after introducing and describing the advantages of UPFC simulate the power
system that connected in a loop configuration, consists essentially of five buses B1 to
B5 interconnected through three transmission lines L1, L2, L3 and two 230 kV/500 kV
transformer banks Tr3 and Tr4 and two power plants located on the 230 kV system
generate a total of 1500 MW which is transmitted to a 230 kV, 15000 MVA equivalent
and to a 500 MW load connected at bus B3 also the 400 MW resistive load connected
to B2, by MATLAB/SIMULINK SIMPOWERSYSTEM software. Once after the
simulation the power system with and without UPFC and comparing a result of both
conditions, we can observe the improvement the active power, reactive power, and
voltage magnitude by using Unified Power Flow Controller that.

Keywords: FACTS devices, Unified Power Flow Controller, Objective function, Equality.

1. Introduction
In recent years, technological advances in power electronics have facilitated the
development of electronic equipment that offers the ability to handle large amounts of
power; consequently, the use and application of this technology into electrical power systems
have increased significantly. These electronic devices, called FACTS1, based on electronic
power converters and they provide the ability to make quick adjustments and to control the
electrical system. FACTS devices can be connect in series, in parallel, or in a combination
of both. The benefits they offer to the electrical grid are widely referenced in scientific
literature. These benefits include improvement of the stability of the grid, control of the flow

1- Flexible AC Transmission System

 of active and reactive power on the grid, loss minimization, and increased grid efficiency.
The UPFC 2 is the most versatile member of the FACTS family using power electronics to
control power flow on power grids [1].
At present, due to the rapid improvement of high power electronics technology and
computer control technology, FACTS technology comes into being [2]. UPFC is the third
generation of FACTS devices, of which function is very powerful that can control the line
impedance, voltage and power angle, and can also control the active and reactive power flow
of transmission line[3],[4]. It provides a new technical means to solve the problem of uneven
distribution of power flow and the lack of power flow control model. UPFC can be more
comprehensive and flexible to meet the control requirements, it can control many kinds of
steady-state characteristics of the system at the same time, such as power flow and bus
voltage, which can greatly improve the security and stability of the system and improve the
power quality and transmission efficiency.
When system structure parameters and load known by optimizing the control variables,
we can find the power flow, which can satisfy all the constraints and make the objective
function optimal. In addition, this power flow distribution is OPF3. UPFC hanging network
to operate adds new means to the optimal control of power system, therefore, it is of great
significance to study the OPF of the power system with UPFC [5]. Different steady-state
models of UPFC are discussed in [6], and the advantages and disadvantages of each model
are analyzed and compared. The static model of UPFC is established based on interior point
method and the lecture studies the reactive power optimization problem of the system with
UPFC [7]. The OPF problem with UPFC and the effect of UPFC on the network loss,
generation cost, node voltage and line load are analyzed in [8]. Taking system network loss
and static voltage stability margin as the objective function, multi reactive power
optimization model with UPFC is established to analyze the influence of UPFC on the
voltage stability of power system [9]. According to the load rate of transmission lines in the
power system, the concept of power grid operation equilibrium is proposed. The influence
of load rate distribution on self-organized criticality is analyzed. Although the OPF of power
system with UPFC and load rate are studied in above documents, the OPF problem which
takes load rate equalization as an objective function of power system has not been studied
[10], [11].
Based on the above discussion, this paper takes load rate equalization as the objective
function, calculates OPF of the power system with UPFC, and tests in a real high voltage
network system.

2
- Unified Power Flow Controller
3
- Optimal Power Flow
2. Steady state model of UPFC device
In steady state operation, UPFC is used as a passive component, which does not have an
active exchange with the system, and the DC capacitor voltage remains constant. Therefore,
it is necessary to ensure that the input active power of the parallel side is equal to the output
power of the series side, that is, UPFC does not inject active power to the power system or
absorb active power from the power system [12]. This is a constraint that must be considered
in the establishment of the UPFC steady-state model, and any steady-state model of UPFC
cannot violate it. In the analysis of electric power system, there are several steady models,
such as power injection model, independent branch model, and decoupled model. The power
injection model does not need to add a new bus and can achieve power flow calculation of
power system with UPFC simply. The independent branch model is able to consider
selflessness of UPFC, which can improve the accuracy of results. Because the independent
branch model is more accurate, this paper adopts this model, and it is introduced as follows.
3. Optimal power flow model with UPFC
The optimal power flow problem with UPFC can usually be expressed as equation (1):

( )
. ℎ( ) = 0 (1)
≤ ( )≤

This is a typical nonlinear programming problem, where f (x) is the objective function,
h(x) is equality constraint, and g(x) is inequality constraint.
3.1. Objective function
In order to ensure the economy, the optimal power flow problem usually uses generator
cost or system network loss as the objective function. However, in order to improve the
security of the system, make network have higher transmission capacity margin and meet
the requirements of the power load change, this paper selects load rate equalization as the
objective function. Here we can show the objective function as equation (2).
∑∈ ( , − ) (2)

, ,
Where: , = and =∑∈ And Nl represents the number of
,
system branches, Rl,ij represents the load rate of the branch, l, Pl,ij represents actual
transmission power of branch，l, Pl,ijmax represents transmission power limit of branch l
and µ is the average load rate of all branches.
3.2 Equality constraint
When UPFC is not installed in the system, the equality constraints are ordinary power
flow equations. While when UPFC is installed in the system, the power flow of the branch
with UPFC changes. Compared with the original power flow equation, the additional
 injection power of UPFC is increased. The power equation of UPFC connected buses can be
expressed as equations (3) to (6).

∆ = − − cos + sin − (3)

∆ = − − sin − cos − (4)

∆ = − − cos + sin − (5)

∆ = − − sin − cos − (6)

Where PGs, QGs represents the active and reactive power of generation connected to the
bus, PLs, QLs represents the active and reactive injection power of bus.
4. FACTS Controller Classification
FACTS controllers can be divided into four categories: series controllers, shunt
controllers, combined series-series controllers and combined series-shunt controllers. The
series controller could be variable impedance, such as a capacitor, reactor, etc., or a power
electronic based variable source of main frequency, subsynchronous and harmonic
frequencies to serve the desired need. They inject voltage in series with the line. As long as
the voltage is in phase quadrature with the line current, the series controller only supplies or
consumes variable reactive power. Any other phase relationship will involve handling of
real power as well. SSSC4 is one such series controller. Shunt controllers are also variable
impedance, variable source, or a combination of these. All shunt controllers inject current
into the system at the point of connection. As long as the injected current is in phase
quadrature with the line voltage, the shunt controller only supplies or consumes variable
reactive power. Any other phase relationship will involve handling of real power as well.
STATCOM5 is one such controller.
This could be a series combination of separate series controllers, which are controlled in
a coordinated manner, in a multiline transmission system. Or it could be a unified controller,
in which series controllers provide independent series reactive compensation for each line
but also transfer real power among the lines via the power link. Interline Power Flow
Controller comes in this category. This could be a combination of the separate shunt and
series controllers, which are controlled in a coordinated manner, or a unified power flow
controller with series and shunt elements. In principle, combined shunt and series controllers

4
- Static Synchronous Series Compensator
5
- Static Synchronous Compensator
 inject current into the system with shunt part of the controller voltage in series in the line
with the series part of the controller. However, when the shunt and series.
5. Advantages of FACTS devices
There are some Advantages of using FACTS devices that courage us to enhance and
apply these to obtaining better results and optimise transmission system and load flow. Here
we mentioned to some of the benefits of using FACTS devices:
Environmental benefits Better utilization of existing transmission system assets.
Increased transmission system by reliability and availability [13].
Better utilization of existing transmission system.
Increased dynamic and transient grid stability and reduction of loop flows.
Increased quality of supply.
TCPAR can alter the phase angle to control the power flow pattern. This component can
benefit the system operation in aspects like voltage control, power factor improvement and
reactive power compensation Next to the generating units, transformers consist the second
family major power transmission system apparatus [14],[15].
6. Unified Power Flow Controller
UPFC is a multifunctional FACTS device, which has multi-usage compensation
capability. UPFC is based on the back-to-back voltage source converter arrangement in
which one converter is in series, the other is in shunt with the transmission line, and both the
converters are operated from a common dc link provided by a dc storage capacitor. This
arrangement functions as an ideal ac-to-ac power converter in which the real power can
freely flow in either direction between the ac terminals of the two converters. Each converter
can independently generate or absorb reactive power at its own ac output terminal.
Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of UPFC. The function of converter 1 is to supply
or absorb the real power demanded by converter 2 at the common dc link to support the real
power exchange resulting from the series voltage injection. The dc link power demand of
converter 2 is converted back to ac by converter 1 and coupled to the transmission line via
shunt connected transformer.

High Voltage Transmission Line

Series
Transformer
Shunt
Transformer

VSC 1 VSC 2

CONTROL
Figure 1. The schematic diagram of UPFC
 Converter 1 can also generate or absorb controllable reactive power to provide
independent shunt reactive compensation for the line. The UPFC can be operated for reactive
shunt compensation, series compensation, and phase angle regulation to meet multiple
control objectives. The UPFC primarily injects a voltage in series with the line whose phase
angle can vary between 0 to 2π with respect to the terminal voltage and whose magnitude
can be varied from 0 to defined maximum value [16].
7. Description of the Power System
The main objective of this paper is to implement FACTS devices in a transmission line
for dynamic reactive power compensation to increase the line capacity. The example
described in this section illustrates the application of MATLAB software to study the steady
state and dynamic performance of a UPFC used to relieve power congestion in a
transmission system. The single line diagram of 230 kV/500 kV Transmission System is
shown in figure 2.

B1 B4
L1: 230 KV, 100km
Power Plant 1 Power Plant 2
13.8 kv,1000 MVA 13.8 kv,1200 MVA

TR1 13.8/400 KV TR2 13.8/400 KV

1000 MVA 800 MVA
TR3 TR4
230/500 KV 230/500 KV
1000 MVA 800 MVA

B2 B5

L2: 500 KV, 60 km L3: 500 KV, 60 km

Equival ent
UPFC 500 KV
15000 MVA
BLOCK

Load UPFC B3 Load

500 MW
400 MW BUS

Figure 2. Single line diagram of 230 kV/500 kV Transmission System

A UPFC is used to control the power flow and voltage magnitude in a 230kV/500 kV
transmission system. The system, connected in a loop configuration, consists essentially of
five buses B1 to B5 interconnected through three transmission lines L1, L2, L3 and two 230
kV/500 kV transformer banks Tr3 and Tr4. Two power plants located on the 230 kV system
generate a total of 1500 MW which is transmitted to a 230 kV, 15000 MVA equivalent and
to a 500 MW load connected at bus B3 also the 400 MW resistive load connected to B2.
Each plant model includes a speed regulator, an excitation system as well as PSS6. In normal
operation, most of the 1200 MW generation capacity of the power plant 2 is exported to the
230 kV equivalent through two 230 MVA transformers connected between buses B4 and
B5. For this example, we are considering a contingency case where only two transformers
out of three are available that Tr4= 2*400= 800 MVA. The load flow shows that most of the

6- Power System Stabilizer

 power generated by plant 2 is transmitted through the 800 MVA transformer bank 860 MW
out of 1000 MW. The example illustrates how a UPFC can relieve the power congestion.
The UPFC located at the right end of line L2 is used to control the active and reactive powers
at the 500 kV bus B3, as well as the voltage at bus B_UPFC. The UPFC consists of two 100
MVA, IGBT-based, converters which one shunt converter and one series converter
interconnected through a DC bus. The series converter can inject a maximum of 10% of
nominal line-to-ground voltage (28.87 kV) in series with line L2. Using the Machine
Initialization tool of the Powergui block, the model has been initialized with plants 1 and 2
generating respectively 500 MW and 1000 MW and with the UPFC out of service (Bypass
breaker closed). The power flow results obtained at buses B1 to B5 from the comparing
between corresponds of load flow with and without UPFC in the 230 kV/500 kV
Transmission System are shown in figures 3 and 4.

Figure 3. Control of Power Flow with Unified Power Flow Controller

Figure 4. Control of Power Flow without Unified Power Flow Controller

8. Power Flow Control with the UPFC

Parameters of the UPFC are given in the dialog box. Verify, in the Power data
parameters, that the series converter is rated 100 MVA with a maximum voltage injection of
0.1 pu. The shunt converter is also rated 100 MVA. Also verify, in the control parameters,
that the shunt converter is in Voltage regulation mode and that the series converter is in
Power flow control mode. The UPFC reference active and reactive powers are set in the
magenta blocks labeled Pref(pu) and Qref(pu). Initially, the Bypass breaker is closed and the
resulting natural power flow at bus B3 is 205.2 MW and 3.172 Mvar. The Pref block is
programmed with an initial active power of 2.052 pu corresponding to the natural power
flow. Then, at t=10s, Pref is increased by 1 pu, from 2.052 pu to 3.367 pu, and Qref is a
0.127 pu. After the running a simulation and look on the UPFC scope we can observe how
P and Q measured at bus B3 follow the reference values. Waveforms are reproduced in figure
5.

Figure 5: Waveforms measured Power Flow at bus B3

The results of Optimal power flow like voltage profile, active and reactive powers flow
in electrical transmission lines are evaluated and argued. The outcome of the occurrence of
UPFC and impact of positions of UPFC on buses of power grid system in voltage amplitude
and phase angle of voltage and active and reactive of power flow in transmission lines are
evaluated and performances are analyzed.
Table 1 depicts the active power flow in electrical transmission lines of the power system.
Performances of simulation for Real power flow B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5 of power system
have been demonstrated. To facilitate best realize the impact of positions of implementing
the UPFC device.

Table 1: Active power in buses with and without UPFC

Active power Active power
Bus (MW) Without (MW)
UPFC With UPFC
B1 112.2 244.9
B2 605.8 737.7
B3 205.2 336.7
B4 881.4 747.5
B5 880.4 878.9
 Table 2 depicts the reactive power flow in transmission lines of the power system.
Performances of simulation for reactive power flow at buses B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5 of
electrical power system have been demonstrated.

Table 2: Reactive power in buses with and without UPFC

Active power Active power
Bus (MW) Without (MW)
UPFC With UPFC
B1 -7.473 -28.36
B2 -65.43 -94.8
B3 3.172 -12.6
B4 15.18 -0.244
B5 -70.56 -61.25

Table 3 depicts the voltage magnitude at buses of electrical power grid system. The
amplitude of voltage at buses B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5 of power system has been
demonstrated.

Table 3: Voltage magnitude in buses with and without UPFC

Active power Active power
Bus (MW) Without (MW)
UPFC With UPFC
B1 0.997 0.995
B2 1 1
B3 1.002 1.002
B4 0.9925 0.9935
B5 0.9994 1

Conclusion
In this paper conclude that to facilitate the results of Unified Power Flow Controller
(UPFC) technique to maintaining the course of power in the electrical transmission line. In
power grid system transmission, it is enviable to control the voltage amplitude, active and
reactive powers. So to manage the power from one place to another place, this theory of
power flow adjustment and voltage injection is applicable. Analyzing the electrical system
and on taking the results have specified a hint that UPFC is extremely valuable when it
brings to arrange and control power system. In this revision, the impacts of UPFC positions
are examined on voltage profile and electrical transmission lines power course as active and
reactive power are examined. This research deals with simulation of a 5-bus power system
utilizing UPFC to enhance the power transfer ability and system stability by an electrical
transmission line by introduction of UPFC at the supplying terminal using modern
simulation. When no UPFC is installed, power transfer capability and system stability
through the transmission line cannot be improved. The network model of UPFC is made
 utilizing rectifier and inverter network. The technical software MATLAB simulation
performances are represented to authorize the model. The performance of the network with
utilized and without utilized UPFC are evaluated by means of real and reactive power flows
in the electrical transmission line and real and reactive power flows to the bus(particular
position) to examine the results of UPFC and got a better result with UPFC model as
compared to without UPFC model. In this paper, the ability to control power flow to a multi-
machine Infinite bus system utilizing UPFC device has been examined.
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