Scribd
Upload
2 views

Lecture 2

Uploaded by

imohamedeldawy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Lecture 2

Uploaded by

imohamedeldawy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Faculty of Engineering

Alexandria University
Mechanical Engineering Department
Heat Transfer Branch

Lecture (2)
Reference, thermodynamics 5th edition (Yunus A. Cengel)

Dr. Mohamed A. Qassem

Spring 2016
PROCESSES AND CYCLES
• Process:
Any change that a system undergoes from one state to another is called a
process.

• Path:
the series of states through which a system
passes during a process is called the path
of the process.
PROCESSES AND CYCLES
• Thermodynamic processes:

Constant volume (isochoric) process: In this process the system volume


is kept constant.
Constant pressure (isobaric) process: In this process the pressure is kept
constant.
Constant temperature (isothermal) process: In this process the
temperature is kept constant.
Constant entropy (isentropic or reversible adiabatic) process: In this
process the system entropy is constant. Isentropic process is the ideal process.
(Entropy is referred the inability to do work for a given heat transferred)

V=c P=c T=c S=c


PROCESSES AND CYCLES
• Reversible Process
A reversible process for a system is defined as a process that, once having taken
place, can be reversed, and in so doing leaves no change in either the system or
surroundings. In other words the system and surroundings are returned to
their original condition before the process took place.

• Irreversible Process
An irreversible process is a process that cannot return both the system and the
surroundings to their original conditions.
PROCESSES AND CYCLES
• The Steady-Flow Process:

The term steady implies no change with time.


The opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient.

the steady-flow process can be defined as;


a process during which a fluid flows through
a control volume steadily.

That is, the fluid properties can change from point to point within the control
volume, but at any fixed point they remain the same during the entire process.

Steady-flow conditions can be closely approximated by devices operate for long


periods of time under the same condition such as turbines, pumps, boilers,
condensers, and heat exchangers or power plants or refrigeration systems.
PROCESSES AND CYCLES
• Thermodynamic cycle:
A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to its initial state at the
end of the processes.

That is, for a cycle the initial and final states are identical.
Working substance
The medium inside the system is called the working medium (all the processes are
done on it). So, it is the material that carrying out the thermodynamics process by
changing its properties as; temperature, pressure or volume etc.

• PURE SUBSTANCE:
A substance that has a fixed chemical composition. Water, nitrogen, helium, and
carbon dioxide, for example, are all pure substances.

A mixture of various chemical elements or compounds also qualifies as a pure


substance as long as the mixture is homogeneous. Air, for example, is a mixture of
several gases, but it is often considered to be a pure substance because it has a
uniform chemical composition. However, a mixture of oil and water is not a pure
substance. Since oil is not soluble in water, it will collect on top of the water,
forming two chemically dissimilar regions.
Working substance

• THE IDEAL-GAS:
An ideal or perfect gas consist of very small, and round molecules that have
negligible volume and do not exert forces on one another. This is almost true
for gases at low densities which means low pressure and high temperature.

Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature, and specific volume of a
substance is called an equation of state.

• In 1662, R. Boyle, observed during his experiments that the pressure of


gases is inversely proportional to their volume.
𝟏
𝑷∝( ) (at constant T)
𝒗
• In 1802, J. Charles, determined that the volume of a gas is proportional
to its temperature.
𝒗∝(𝑻) (at constant P)
Working substance
• That is,
𝑻
𝑷 = 𝑹( )
𝒗

or 𝑷𝒗=𝑹𝑻
Ideal-gas equation
of state
𝑷𝑽=𝒎𝑹𝑻

where,
P = the absolute pressure (kPa).
v = the specific volume (m3/kg).
R = the gas constant (kJ/kg. K).
T = the absolute temperature (K).
V = the total gas volume (m3).
m = the total gas mass (kg).
Working substance
• The gas constant R is different for each gas and is determined from;
𝑹
𝑹=
𝑴
where,
𝑅 = the universal gas constant (8.314 kJ/kmol K)
M = the molecular weight of the gas (kg/kmol).

The molecular weight M can be defined as the mass


of one kmol in kilograms.

For example, when we say the molecular weight of nitrogen


is 28, it means the mass of 1 kmol of nitrogen is 28 kg. Different substances have
(M = 28 kg/kmol) different gas constants.

The mass of a system is equal to the product of its molecular weight M and the mole
number N:
𝒎=𝑴𝑵 (kg)
Working substance
Specific Heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a
unit mass of the substance 1 degree.

For ideal gas;

• Cp = Specific heat at constant pressure (kJ/kg K).


• Cv = Specific heat at constant volume (kJ/kg K).

𝐶𝑝
𝜸 = Specific heat ratio. 𝛾=
𝐶𝑣
R = gas constant. 𝑅 = 𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣

• For air at 1 atmospheric pressure and 25 °C temperature:


Ideal Gas Properties

For closed system:


• Constant pressure (Isobaric) process, P=C:

• Apply the ideal gas law from 1 to 2:


Ideal Gas Properties

For closed system:


• Constant volume (Isochoric) process, V=C:

• Apply the ideal gas law from 1 to 2:


Ideal Gas Properties

For closed system:


• Constant temperature (Isothermal) process, T=C:

• Apply the ideal gas law from 1 to 2:

𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
Ideal Gas Properties

For closed system:


• Isentropic process, 𝑷 𝑽𝜸 = 𝑪:
𝜸 = adiabatic index

• Apply the ideal gas law from 1 to 2:

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝛾 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝛾
Ideal Gas Properties

For closed system:


• General (Polytropic) process, 𝑷 𝑽𝒏 = 𝑪:

• Apply the ideal gas law from 1 to 2:

• n = Polytropic index.

n = 0 (P=C) n = γ (S=C)

n = 1 (T=C) n = ∞ (V=C)
Steam Properties
• PHASE-CHANGE PROCESS

1. Compressed Liquid water


(Sub-cooled liquid water)
2. Saturated Liquid
3. Saturated Liquid and
saturated vapor
4. Saturated Vapor
5. Superheated Vapor
Steam Properties
• PHASE-CHANGE PROCESS
Steam Properties
• PHASE-CHANGE PROCESS
Thank you

You might also like