Based on structural system, types

of buildings

 Load bearing structure

 Framed structure

 Composite structure

Load bearing structure

Contents
 Type of Structures
 Foundations
 Loads
 Drawing Scales
 Conventions
 Pencils
 Lettering
 Symbols
 Doors & Windows

Building Load bearing wall

 It is defined as any structure for whatsoever purpose
and of whatsoever materials constructed and every
part thereof whether used as human habitation or not
and includes foundations , plinth, walls, floors, roofs
chimneys, plumbing and building services , fixed
platform , verandah, balcony cornice or projection,
part of a building or anything affixed thereto or any
wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or
space and signs and outdoor display structures.

Source: National building code of India

1
Framed structure Comparison of Load Bearing
Structure With Framed Structure
Load bearing structure Framed structure
 Load bearing walls  Partition walls or screen walls
 Shallow or deep foundation  Walls rests on plinth beam
 Load bearing walls are taken  Only columns are taken deep
deep in to the subsoil for in to the subsoil and are
foundation provided with footing
 Load bearing walls are  Columns, beams and slabs
constructed of bricks or
are constructed of R.C.C.
stones .
 Thickness of load bearing  Exterior walls = 200mm and
walls in any case is not less interior walls = 100mm or
than 200mm. less.

Load bearing structure Framed structure

Framed structure  A load bearing wall shall  Walls of framed structure can
remain in position and never be shifted to any place.
be dismantled
 Too many openings for doors,  There is no such restriction in
windows, ventilators etc. are framed structure.
not possible.
 Plans for different floors  Planning for each floor is
remains same
independent
 It requires soil of good  Soil of good bearing capacity
bearing capacity like rocks, is not necessary.
sandy soil, gravelly soil etc.
 Best suited for high rise
 Best suited for small
buildings, commercial
residential houses , rural complexes, public buildings
houses and houses up to etc.
three storey.

Composite structure

Components of a building

2
 Types of Foundations
Foundation Wall Footing

Reinforced
 The lowest artificially prepared part of the structure Spread footing
Concrete Footing

which are in direct contact with the ground and which Inverted Arch
Footing

transmit the loads of the structures to the ground are Grillage foundation RCC Column

known as foundation or substructure.

Footing

Eccentrically loaded
Shallow foundation
 The solid ground on which the foundation rest is footing

called the foundation bed or foundation soil. Combined footing

 The lowermost portion of the foundation which is in Mat or Raft

direct contact with the subsoil is called footing foundation

Pile foundation

Deep foundation
Cofferdams

Spread Footing
Necessity of Foundation
 To distribute the total load coming on the structure on a Various footing described under this classification are as follows
larger area.

 To load the substratum evenly and thus prevent unequal  Wall footings
settlement.
 Reinforced concrete footings
 To give enough lateral stability to the structure against
various disturbing horizontal forces such as wind, rain,
earthquake etc.  Inverted arch footings

 To provide a level surface for building operation.

 Column footings

Wall Footings
 To transmit the superimposed load through side
friction and end bearing in case of deep foundation.

 To provide structural safety against undermining or

scouring due to animals, flood water etc.

 To take the structure deep in to the ground and thus

increase its stability, preventing overturning.

 To prevent or minimize cracks due to movement of

moisture in case of weak or poor soil etc.

3
Stone Wall Footing
Column Footing (Independent Footing)

Reinforced Concrete Footings

Types of Column Footings

Types of Foundations
Inverted Arch Footing Wall Footing

Reinforced
Concrete Footing
Spread footing
Inverted Arch
Footing

Grillage foundation RCC Column

Footing

Eccentrically loaded
Shallow foundation footing

Combined footing

Mat or Raft
foundation

Pile foundation

Deep foundation
Cofferdams

4
Grillage foundation Grillage foundation for a timber post

Types of Foundations
Steel grillage Wall Footing

Reinforced
Concrete Footing
Spread footing
Inverted Arch
Footing

Grillage foundation RCC Column

Footing

Eccentrically loaded
Shallow foundation footing

Combined footing

Mat or Raft
foundation

Pile foundation

Deep foundation
Cofferdams

Timber grillage Eccentrically loaded footings

5
Types of Foundations Types of Foundations
Wall Footing Wall Footing

Reinforced Reinforced
Concrete Footing Concrete Footing
Spread footing Spread footing
Inverted Arch Inverted Arch
Footing Footing

Grillage foundation RCC Column

Grillage foundation RCC Column
Footing Footing

Eccentrically loaded Eccentrically loaded

Shallow foundation footing
Shallow foundation footing

Combined footing Combined footing

Mat or Raft Mat or Raft

foundation foundation

Pile foundation Pile foundation

Deep foundation Deep foundation

Cofferdams Cofferdams

Raft or mat foundation

Combined footing

Combined rectangular & trapezoidal

Raft or mat foundation
footing

6
Raft/mat foundation Pile Foundation

Bearing capacity of soils

 The maximum load per unit area which the soil or
rock can carry without yielding or displacement is
termed as bearing capacity of soil.

 The supporting power of a soil or rock is referred to as

its bearing capacity.

Types of Foundations Pile Foundation

Wall Footing

Reinforced
Concrete Footing
Spread footing
Inverted Arch
Footing

Grillage foundation RCC Column

Footing

Eccentrically loaded
Shallow foundation footing

Combined footing

Mat or Raft
foundation

Pile foundation

Deep foundation
Cofferdams

7
Types of Foundations Cofferdam
Wall Footing

Reinforced
Concrete Footing
Spread footing
Inverted Arch
Footing

Grillage foundation RCC Column

Footing

Eccentrically loaded
Shallow foundation footing

Combined footing

Mat or Raft
foundation

Pile foundation

Deep foundation
Cofferdams

Cofferdam
Loads on foundation
 Dead load

 Live load

 Wind load

 Seismic forces

Cofferdam
Dead load
 It is the sum of loads comprising of the self weight of
the structure (weight of all walls, partitions, floors,
roof etc.) weight of its footings, foundation and loads
of all other permanent construction in the building.

 Provision for future construction of a partition wall is

made by allowing a dead load of 0.10 kN/m2 of the
floor area.

8
Dead load and Live load Live load/superimposed load
 It includes the load of a person standing on the floor,
articles of furniture, weight of a material temporarily
stored on a floor, weight of snow on a roof etc.

 This is a movable load on the floor and hence it is a

variable.

 The roofs are also subjected to the live load.

 Flat roofs of a building should be designed for a load of

400 kg/m2 or 4 KN/m2 or higher.

 Sloping and curved roofs should be designed for snow load

and rainwater load.

Dead load and Live load Snow load

Dead load and Live load Wind load

 In case of tall buildings, effect due to wind should be
considered.

 The exposed sides and roofs of such buildings are

subjected to wind pressure and its effect is to reduce
the pressure on the foundation on the windward side
and to increase the pressure on foundation on leeward
side.

9
Wind load Following important points in
connection with wind load
 The wind pressure will depend on the
 Velocity of wind
 Location of structure
 Other local meteorological data.
In the absence of any following relationship may be
adopted
p=kV2

Where , p= wind pressure in kg/m2

V= velocity of wind in Km/h
k= coefficient

Windward slope and leeward slope Important points

 For the design purpose bye-laws mentions a wind pressure of 1 kN/m2
in any horizontal direction.

 For roofs inclined at an angle of 20o with the horizontal wind pressure =
Leeward slope 1kN/m2 acting inwards in a normal direction on a windward side and as 0.5
Windward slope kN/m2 acting outwards in a normal direction on the leeward side.

 If the height of a building is less than twice of its effective width and
further if a building is sufficiently stiffened in addition by cross wall and
floor slab wind pressure in that case may be neglected.

 If the amount of bearing pressure due to wind < 25 per cent of that due to
dead loads and live loads, the wind pressure may be neglected in the
design. If ratio exceeds 25 per cent the design of foundation should be
made in such a way that the bearing pressure due to combined effects of
dead load, live and wind loads does not exceed the allowable bearing
pressure by more than 25 per cent.

Seismic forces

10
 Example: If, 1cm on drawing represents 100cm on ground

The scale is 1:100

DRAWING SCALES Which means that for every 1cm on the scale drawing the
length will be 100 cm in real life

What is Scale Drawing? Example:

 A scale drawing is a proportional two-dimensional
drawing of an object.  In real life the average height of a door is 2m. Our page
measures about 30cm therefore we cannot draw the
whole door in real size on our page.
 When an object is too big to fit on a page we need to
draw it to scale.
 We measure the height of the door and the width of
the door.
 To do this we need to measure the object and then
divide all measurements by the same number to keep
our diagram in scale.  We divide the height and width by the same amount.

Height of door = 2m which is 200cm

Width of door = 70cm
All scale drawings must have a scale written
on them. Scales are usually expressed as Divide each measurement by 10.
ratios. Height of door = 20cm
Width of door = 7cm
Normally for maps and buildings the ratio is
written as-
Now the image will fit on your page
Drawing length: Actual length Scale is 1:10

11
 Additional Example 1: Finding a Scale Factor

Identify the scale factor

Room Drawing
Length (in.) 144 18
Width (in.) 108 13.5

Drawing length = 18 Write a ratio using one of the

Room length 144 dimensions.
= 1 Simplify.
8
Caution!
The scale factor is 1:8
A scale factor is always the ratio of the
model’s dimensions to the actual
object’s dimensions.

Check It Out: Example 1

Actual Scale Identify the scale factor.
Model Aircraft Drawing
Length (in.) 12 2
Wing span (in.) 18 3
Drawing length = 2 Write a ratio using one of
Aircraft length 12 the dimensions.
= 1 Simplify.
6
The scale factor is 1:6

1:1 Drawing

Actual Scale Reduced Scale

Additional Example 2: Using Scale Factors to Find
1:1 1:2 Unknown Lengths
A photograph was enlarged and made into a
poster. The poster is 20.5 inches by 36 inches.
5
The scale factor is . Find the size of the
1
photograph.
poster = 5
Think:
photo 1
36 = 5 Write a proportion to find the
L 1 length L.

5L = 36 Find the cross products.

L = 7.2 Divide.
Enlarged Scale
2:1

12
 UNDERSTANDING SCALES
Additional Example 2 Continued • If we have to draw a scale drawing of VNIT Campus
A photograph was enlarged and made into a • Say, campus boundary is 2km x 1km
poster. The poster is 20.5 inches by 36 inches.
• Your A4 sheet is 30cm x 20cm (approx.)
The scale factor is 5 . Find the size of the
1 • Which is 0.003km x 0.002km in kilo-meters
photograph.
• Assuming you will leave margins, you can draw 2km length
poster = 5
Think: in 0.002km (20cm) length of paper
photo 1
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟐
20.5 = 5 Write a proportion to find • Scale will be = 1:1000
𝟐
w 1 the width w.
• Width of 1km, for 1:1000 scale, on A4 sheet it will be shown
5w = 20.5 Find the cross products. in 1/1000 = 0.001km = 10cm

w = 4.1 Divide. • Drawing Fits!

The photo is 7.2 in. long and 4.1 in. wide.

UNDERSTANDING SCALES
Additional Example 3: Measurement Application
On a road map, the distance between Nagpur
and Bhopal is 7.5 inches. What is the actual
distance between the cities if the map scale is
1.5 inches = 60 km? 1:100 is a LARGER SCALE than 1:1000
Let d be the actual distance between the cities.
1:1000 is a SMALLER SCLAE than 1:100
1.5 = 7.5(in) Write a proportion.
60 d (km)
1.5 · d = 60 · 7.5 Find the cross products.
1.5d = 450 Multiply.
1.5d = 450 Divide both sides by 1.5.
1.5 1.5
d = 300 km
The distance between the cities is 300 km.

UNDERSTANDING SCALES
• If we have to draw a detailed drawing of one
bedroom
• Say, bedroom size is 20m x 10m
• Your A4 sheet is 30cm x 20cm (approx.)
• Which is 0.3m x 0.2m in meters
• Assuming you will leave margins, you can draw 20m CONVENTIONS
bedroom length in 0.2m length of paper
𝟎.𝟐
• Scale will be = 1:100
𝟐𝟎
• Width of room is 10m, for 1:100 scale, on A4 sheet it will be
shown in 10/100m = 0.1m = 10cm
• Drawing Fits!

13
 Numbering of Drawings

Purpose & importance of

IS-962
Click Here

Scale is Must on Sheet

Numbering of Drawings Folding of Sheets

 A system on consecutive numbering is must
 Date is must
 Title is must
 Designer Name
 In case of multiple sheets for a same building use
format “Sheet 4 of 12”
 In case of continued sheet of a same component (like
longitudinal section of long roads) use format
“Sheet S5-16”

14
PENCILS

15
LINES

LETTERING SIZES

16
Lettering Size
The following sizes of letters or text used in Building
Drawing
1. For main title:- 6mm x 6mm to 10mmx10mm

2. For subtitle and headings:- 4mmx4mm to 5mmx5mm

3. For notes, dimension, construction details, schedule:-

2mmx2mm to 3mmx3mm

SYMBOLS MATERIAL SYMBOLS

(Section Views)

17
DOORS

18
WINDOWS

ELECTRIC FIXTURES

19
ABBREVIATIONS

20
Scale used for different drawings given as follows.
 Plan ______________1:100 or 1:50
 Elevation __________1:100 or 1:50
 Section ____________1:100 or 1:50
 Site Plan ___________1:200
 Location plan _______1:1000 or 1:500
 For Showing detailed drawing __1:10 or 1:25

Thank you

21