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30 views28 pages

Group 1

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gwemeowen
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NAME REG NUMBER

TANATSWA MUTOMBWERA F R193726P

ROBSON HUCHU T R201881G

TAFADZWA MABONGA N J R213413C

TINOTENDA MACHAPA

MUKUDZEI MACHISI R201876B

CHRISTOPHER MUCHEREGWA

PRIDE RUZANDE T R213399T


DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Control systems - a network that seeks to influence the behaviour of a dynamic system in pursuit of
specified objectives or desired response.
• Process/Plant - it is the component whose output is to be controlled
• Controller- an algorithm or mechanism that takes error signal and generate the control signal required
to drive the actuator
• Actuator - the device that is used to physically influence the process
• Sensor - A device that measures the actual system output and produces the measured output
Open loop control system
Open loop control system gain
Definition
Characteristics
CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS

• BLOCK DIAGRAM:

input ERROR OPEN LOOP output


CONTROLLER
DETECTION SYSTEM

FEEDBACK ELEMENT
EXPLANATION

• Closed loop control systems are also known as feedback control systems.

• In a closed loop control system the output is affected by both the output and the input.

• A fraction of the output is fed back as feedback which will be compared with the reference input to produce
an error signal.

• The error signal is fed to the controller to reduce the error and the desired output is obtained.

• In simpler terms a closed loop system is just an open loop system with a feedback element.

• For example, traffic lights that use traffic density to control traffic are in a closed loop control system since
they will be using the output from the traffic to decide which side should they give more time.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CLOSED
LOOP SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES OF CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM

• Accurate

• Less affected by noise

• Optimization is possible

DISADVANTAGES OF CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM


• Complex and costly

• Reduces the overall gain of the system

• Stability is a major problem


FEEDBACK CONTROL PRINCIPLES
• Feedback control system is system that maintains a prescribed relationship between the
output and the reference input by comparing them and using the difference as a means of
control.
• A feedback signal is a measurement of actual output which is then added (positive feedback)
or subtracted (negative feedback) from the desired output (reference signal) producing the
system’s error signal to be fed into the controller.
• A component known as a comparator is used to take the desired output and the measured
output and generate an error signal.
• The diagram below shows the basic components required in a feedback control system:
TYPES OF FEEDBACK CONTROL
• There are two types of feedback control system: negative and
positive.
• Negative feedback is when a change in some variable results in
an opposite change in a second variable.
• Positive feedback is when a change in some variable results in
subsequently similar change in a second variable.
• The negative feedback is the most useful control type since it
typically helps a system converge towards an equilibrium state.
• On the other hand, the positive feedback can lead a system away
from equilibrium state thus rendering it unstable
EXAMPLE OF FEEDBACK CONTROL
• Room Temperature control system

Desired output Output


heating and cooling Temperature
(Temp Setting) +
controller thermostat equipment
-

Temperature
Sensor

• By measuring the actual room temperature and comparing it with the reference temperature,
the thermostat turns the heating or cooling equipment on/off in such a way that the room
temperature remains at a comfortable level regardless of outside conditions.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
• The control takes into account unforeseen disturbances such as frictional and pressure
losses
• unstable processes may be stabilised
• feedback control does not require detailed knowledge of the system
• It can easily be duplicated from one system to another.
• ability to track the system’s overall performance
DISADVANTAGES
• Time lagging which may results in the possibility of substantial deviation throughout the
entire system or missed disturbance
• Does not take predictive control action towards the effects of known disturbances
CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM

Time invariant vs Time variant control systems


• Time invariant system is a system with parameters that are constant with
respect to time during the operation of the system.
• In time variant system, the output response depends on the moments of
observation and input signal application.
Linear and Non-linear control systems
• A linear control system is a system whose magnitudes of signals are limited
to ranges in which system components exhibit linear characteristics.
• When the magnitudes of signals are extended beyond that range, the system
is considered non-linear.
Application of Control System
Definition: Control systems manage and regulate dynamic processes.
- Importance:Enhance efficiency, safety, and performance across various fields.
---
1. Manufacturing and Production
- Automated Assembly Lines:Precision in product assembly.
- Process Control: Regulation of temperature and pressure in chemical
processes.
2.Aerospace Engineering
- Flight Control Systems:Stabilize aircraft and manage navigation.
- Spacecraft Attitude Control: Maintain orientation of satellites.
3. Automotive Systems
Engine Control Units (ECUs):Optimize engine performance and
emissions.
Active Suspension Systems:Adjust for better handling and comfort.
4.Robotics
-Motion Control:Guide robotic movements for accuracy.
-Autonomous Vehicles:Navigation and obstacle avoidance
systems.

.
5 Electrical and Power Systems
- Smart Grids:Monitor and control electricity distribution.
- Power Plant Control:Regulate turbines and generators for
efficiency.
6.Biomedical Engineering
-Patient Monitoring Systems:Control and monitor vital signs.
- Medical Imaging:Regulate parameters in imaging devices.
7.Environmental Control
- Climate Control Systems:Maintain temperature and air quality.
- **Water Treatment: Automated monitoring and control of water quality.
---
8.Telecommunications
- Network Control: Manage data flow and quality of service.
- Signal Processing:Enhance clarity of transmitted signals.
9.Consumer Electronics
- Smart Home Devices:Control systems for convenience (e.g.,
thermostats).
- Audio/Video Systems:Automatic adjustments for optimal performance.
10.Agriculture
- Precision Farming: Optimize irrigation and fertilization.
- Automated Harvesting:Efficient management of harvest processes.
Summary: Control systems play a crucial role in various sectors,
improving efficiency and functionality
.
LAPLACE TRASFORM
• In laplace transform method, the differential equation in the time
domain is tranformed into s-plane (frequency domain).
• It converts a time function into a function of a complex frequency
variable, s
• This method is very useful in establishing and analysing system
responses of linear dynamic systems by using relatively easily
solved algebraic equations instead of more difficult differential
equations.
• The laplace tranform gives a total solution, for example, when
solving differential equations, both transient and steady state
component of the solution can be obtained simultaneously.
DEFINITION OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM
• In most applications, only one-sided Laplace Transform is
essential, and it is given by:

where f(t) is the time function


s is the complex frequency variable
£[f(t)]=F(s) = the Laplace tranform of f(t)
LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF SOME TIME
FUNCTIONS
NAME OF THE FUNCTION f(t) F(s)
EXPONENTIAL e-at 1 .
s+a
STEP a a.
s
UNIT STEP 1 1.
s
RAMP bt b.
s2
SINUSOIDAL sinωt ω .
s2+ω2
tn tn n! .
sn+1
IMPULSE δ(t) 1
PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE
TRANSFORM
q If ‘a’ is a constant:
£[ af (t)] = a £ [f (t)] = aF(s)
q if f1(t) and f2(t) are time functions and F1(s) and F2(s) are their Laplace Transforms then:
£ [f1(t) ±f2(t)] = £[f1(t)] ± £[f2(t)] = F1(s) + F2(s)
q if ‘a’ is a positive real number and F(s) is the Laplace tranform of f(t) then:
£[f (t - a)] =e-asF(s)
• This is known as the time shift property
q Frequency Shift Property, if F(s) is the Laplace transform of f(t), then:
£[ eatf(t)] = F (s - a)
£[ e-atf (t)] = F(s + a)
q Real differentiation theorem:
£[df(t)/dt)] = sF(s) - f(0)
q Laplace transform of integral of f(t) :
PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE
TRANSFORM
q Complex differentiation theorem:

qComplex integration :

q Initial value theorem: If the initial value of f(t) is required


then;

qFinal value theorem : If the final value of f(t) is required


then;
INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

• Once the system model has been solved in the s-domain, it is


converted back into the time domain to give the system response.
• The inverse transform is a complex integral given by:
PARTIAL FRACTION EXPANSION (PFE)
• If F(s) is a rational function, the partial fraction is obtained and the inverse Laplace is taken with the
help of Laplace Transform Tables
• The PFE is simply a technique for splitting a rational transform up into a sum of simpler terms.
Complex Pole Pair

• This is an alternative way of expressing a Laplace function that has complex roots in partial
fractions.
• For any function with a complex conjugate pair of poles, it can be shown that the two
constants C3 and C2 are also complex conjugates, hence only one of them needs to be
determined.
EXAMPLE 1

USING PFE, WE YIELD:

USING LAPLACE TRANSFORM TABLES:


EXAMPLE 2
THE END

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