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Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics
Albertina Dias
Bror Salmelin
David Pereira
Miguel Sales Dias Editors
Modeling
Innovation
Sustainability
and Technologies
Economic and Policy Perspectives
Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11960
Albertina Dias • Bror Salmelin • David Pereira •
Miguel Sales Dias
Editors
Modeling Innovation
Sustainability and
Technologies
Economic and Policy Perspectives
Editors
Albertina Dias Bror Salmelin
Business and Economics DG Communications Networks,
New Atlantic University Contents and Technology
Porto Salvo, Portugal European Commission
Brussels, Belgium
This is a most refreshing set of stories from the front line of innovation.
While the EU institutions review current policy and, I hope, increase the focus
on pro-innovation policies, the wide range of initiatives reported in these pages
show very clearly how fast open innovation practice spreads already across regions
and across sectors.
The cases coming from services promotion and from environmental policy are
particularly inspiring: whatever a community’s challenge, more and more creative
innovation will be part of the answer.
The focus on modeling reported here is a proof of the increasing maturity of our
understanding of innovation systems. But the self-developing (autopoietic) nature
of innovation systems means that modeling them is in itself a pioneering challenge,
where brute force and established practice must evolve toward new data analysis
approaches. More innovation is needed.
v
Foreword by the European Commission
vii
viii Foreword by the European Commission
Albertina Dias
ix
Contents
Editorial Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Albertina Dias, Bror Salmelin, David Pereira, and Miguel Sales Dias
xi
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xii Contents
xv
xvi About the Editors
Miguel Sales Dias José Miguel Sales Dias holds a B.Sc. (1985), a M.Sc. (1988),
both in Electrical and Computer Engineering (IST-UTL, Portugal), and a Ph.D.
(1998) in Computer Graphics and Multimedia from ISCTE-IUL, Portugal, where he
was an Associated Professor until 2005, currently holding an Invited Associated
Professor position, teaching and conducting research in Computer Graphics, Virtual
and Augmented reality, Ambient Assisted Living, and Human–Computer Interac-
tion (HCI). He coordinates the Digital Living Spaces group of ISTAR-IUL, an
R&D unit of ISCTE-IUL (http://istar.iscte-iul.pt/index.php/Digital_Living_
Spaces). From early 2017, he is as a member of the Board of Directors of
ADENE, the Portuguese Energy Agency. He has been involved in entrepreneurship
initiatives. He is past director of the first European R&D Centre in Speech and
natural HCI technologies of Microsoft Corporation, in Portugal (Microsoft Lan-
guage Development Center, MLDC), from 2005, and during 11 years, where he
collaborated closely with global product groups (USA, China, Europe) and local
teams of marketing, sales, and services. He is regularly commissioned by the
European Commission and Portuguese Ministry of Economy for R&D project
evaluations and reviews. He is the author of one patent and author, coauthor, or
editor of 11 scientific books or journal editions, 12 indexed papers in international
journals, 26 chapters in indexed international books, and 144 other publications,
workshops, or keynotes in international conferences. Since 1992, he participated or
participates in 33 International R&D projects (ESPRIT, RACE, ACTS,
TELEMATICS, TEN-IBC, EUREKA, INTERREG, FP5 IST-IPS, FP6 IST, ESA,
Marie Curie, AAL, ACP) and 15 Portuguese (FCT, QREN, NITEC, POSC, POCTI,
POSI, ICPME, TIT). He obtained five scientific prizes. He is member of ACM
SIGGRAPH, Eurographics, ISCA, and IEEE; editorial boards of several journals;
several Program Committees of National and International conferences in Com-
puter Graphics, Virtual and Augmented Reality, Speech technologies, Accessibil-
ity, and Ambient Assisted Living. He is past President of ADETTI, an ISCTE-IUL
R&D research center. He was past Vice-president of the Portuguese Group of
About the Editors xvii
David Pereira Civil and Sanitary Engineer, Ph.D., Born in 1956, with a profes-
sional career in very practical technology application and bestseller of Portuguese
innovative technical software, since 1977. He had a parallel career in both the
academic and the industry sides, being partner of a consulting engineering con-
glomerate and an environmental sustainability company. Core competencies
include water, wastewater, and solid waste systems modeling (simulation and
optimization); technology application in real life (water/wastewater transport and
treatment, solid waste management); and technical and economic planning of those
systems.
Bror Salmelin is the adviser for Innovation Systems at the European Commission,
Directorate General for Communications, Network, Content, and Technology (DG
CONNECT) where he is responsible for Open Innovation and Modern Innovation
systems.
He is currently managing the activities of the Open Innovation Strategy and
Policy Group (OISPG), an industry-led group which advises on strategic priorities
for open and service innovation.
As a head of unit, he developed the concept of European Network of Living
Labs, which is grown through EU presidencies to a 150+ sites innovation network
for ICT intense services. Previously, he held the position of Deputy of the ICT
Section in the Technology Development Centre and served as the Finnish repre-
sentative at the ESPRIT/IST program of the EU.
Bror Salmelin is a member of the New Club of Paris and the Advisory Board for
the Innovation Value Institute in Ireland. He has expertise in intangible economy
and value creation, related to policies like innovation policy, productivity, and
creativity in particular focused on new service innovation.
Editorial Introduction
Albertina Dias, Bror Salmelin, David Pereira, and Miguel Sales Dias
A. Dias (*)
GITICE-Reseach Group of Information Technology and Communication in Business,
Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
New Atlantic University, R. Nuno de Bragança, 6, 1 B, 2740-282 Porto Salvo, Portugal
e-mail: [email protected]
B. Salmelin
Innovation Systems, DG Communications Networks, Contents and Technology, European
Commission, Avenue de Beaulieu 25, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
e-mail: [email protected]
D. Pereira
FCT-UNL- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica,
Portugal
MARE-Centro de Ciência do Mar e do Ambiente, Rua Jo~ao de Freitas Branco, 32, 4 Direito,
1500-359 Lisboa, Portugal
e-mail: [email protected]
M.S. Dias
ISCTE-IUL - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Digital Living Spaces Lab, ISTAR-IUL/ISCTE-IUL – Information Sciences, Technologies and
Architecture Research Center, Av.ª das Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal
e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract The article elaborates the background thinking and path for Open Inno-
vation 2.0 conceptual innovation model. It is based on virtual enterprises, Holonic
enterprises and fractal enterprises theory, combined with MIT Living Lab concept
developed by Bill Mitchell (Meþþ: the cyborg self and the networked city. MIT
Press; 2003). Combining this with the internet/connectivity revolution the need to
have faster pace and more successful innovation rate led to the thinking of the
quadruple helix, including the citizens as active agents in the innovation process,
not only as verificators as they were used to be in the previous triple helix thinking.
Based on the work of New Club of Paris (Lin and Edvinsson. National intellec-
tual capital: a comparison of 40 countries. Springer; 2011) the structural intellectual
capital (IC) is a key for national prosperity. Open innovation integrating the crowd
into the innovation process seamlessly seems to increase the structural IC. Hence,
integrating all these components: quadruple helix, non-linear innovation, fractal
and dynamic organizations into innovation processes in real world with real market
creation with the users who become co-creators seem to be the key for future
success.
The new open innovation 2.0 paradigm seems to be serving the innovation needs
very well in time—if we dare to take it on board.
A. Dias (*)
European Commission, Brussels, Belgium
e-mail: [email protected]
B. Salmelin
Innovation Systems, European Commission, DG Communications Networks, Contents and
Technology, Brussels, Belgium
e-mail: [email protected]
1 Introduction
European Union has set innovation as high priority as part of the Europe 2020
strategy. Europe is focusing on jobs and growth through innovation. Innovation
Union is one of the key flagships to target this ambitious goal for Europe to become
a leading region in the world of modern innovation.
By focusing on both quantitative (3% of Gross Domestic Product) and qualita-
tive goals in innovation policy this has led to a good mix of instruments supporting
modern innovation systems.
In the Horizon 2020 (H2020) framework research and innovation are seamlessly
integrated, and entirely new instruments for funding are created. In the text we will
describe those in the context of European Innovation Ecosystem thinking, linking
that to the experiences we already have from Living Labs and Open Innovation,
since 10 years. This article also describes the background thinking and the devel-
oped Open Innovation 2.0 perspective on modern innovation Systems.
– Yet the opinion for the contextual definition and purpose of a Living Lab within
the South African context (rural area) is foreseen as “a real-time experimental
environment that enables different role players with some or other common
interest within a domain to collaborate in the use and development of innovative
ideas to solve current and real world problems in a unique and integrated way”
(van der Walt, J. S., Buitendag, A. A. K., Zaaiman, J. J. & van Vuuren, J. C. J.,
2009, p. 430)
– more recently Lucassen, I., Klievink, A. J., & Tavasszy, L. A. (2014, p. 5)
suggest that a Living Lab consists of a “Test environment for cyclical develop-
ment and evaluation of complex, innovative concepts and technology, as part of
a real-world, operational system, in which multiple stakeholders with different
background and interest work together towards a common goal, as part of
medium to long-term study”.
When discussing such variety of approaching Living Lab from European per-
spective it soon became evident that from innovation system perspective end-user
involvement could be THE key factor for renewing European Innovation System.
We have the most demanding but also very diverse user communities for our
products and services; the question stands for how to harness that to increase
success rate and speed of the innovation processes in Europe.
The work of Niitamo et al. (2006, pp. 26-28) cannot be enough appreciated when
developing the strategy but also practicing it in large and small scale, and again also
in practice. This vision still recalls to the linear innovation policy understanding
instead of more recent debate on Europe’s understanding and practice of an holistic
view of the innovation policy (Edquist 2014).
At the same time “Democratization of Innovation” driven by Von Hippel (2005)
triggered the thinking of co-creation and user involvement in the innovation
processes.
The industrially led think-tank for Living Labs strategy in Europe was
established in liaison with European Commission, DG Information Society and
Media Directorate (DG INFSO, currently DG CONNECT) in 2003 to conceptualize
the European approach. Further this Living Labs think-tank focused on Open
Innovation becoming the Open Innovation Strategy and Policy Group (OISPG).
Soon it became evident that the European approach should be focusing on
creation of innovation hubs which would build on the quadruple helix innovation
model, i.e. strong and seamless interaction of the industry, public sector, research
institutions and universities, and finally also the “people”.
The target was to create attractive environments, which would be attractive for
industrial and research investment due to better innovation dynamics. This dynam-
ics would be supported by the public sector and one of the focus areas would be
public sector service, which could be co-developed with the user communities, in
real world settings. Part of this thinking was based on the idea to stretch the
boundaries of societal behavior as well, as we saw the connectivity and ICT shared
environments (with emerging social media) to change the society as well. The quest
was to push the boundaries with real world projects including strong technological
development too. Only by doing the research and development with citizens we
10 A. Dias and B. Salmelin
could see what finally would be acceptable and thus scalable to products and
services.
This led to the first concept of Living Lab in European context; a real world site,
not an extension of laboratory. Important was also the scale as it was seen that for
scalability we needed the “sample users” to be large enough, at least in hundreds.
In Fig. 1 we have all the components needed for European Living Labs: Citizens,
application environments, technology infrastructure, organizations and experts.
Important to see is the later addition of societal capital into the picture as function-
ing Living Labs build strongly on the idea of spill-over effects back to the society,
giving motivation for all of the stakeholders, including citizens to contribute to the
common goal, making Living Lab a winning game.
Based on these conceptual thoughts European Commission and the Finnish EU
presidency launched in 2006 the first wave of European Living Labs which built a
network—European Network of Living Labs—which became later the ENoLL
movement. From the first wave the network grew fast under the following EU
presidencies to the substantial scale it has now, 340 sites even beyond European
borders (ENoLL 2015). And, the network is still growing. What we can say that the
Living Labs have now a strong foothold in all European regions, and is being
applied as important component in regional innovation systems too.
On European level the networking of Living Labs is of utmost importance.
Using Living Labs methodology to find common, scalable solutions with different
user environments is essential when driving to common European services based on
common architectural approaches. I am happy to see that the thematic cross border
networking of the sites is speeding up, enabling the most interesting Living Labs to
collaborate as partners e.g. in the H2020 projects, especially in smart city or public
services context.
Living Labs and Open Innovation in European Context 11
As starting point when developing Living Labs in the European way was openness;
in sharing platforms for services but also open mind set for collaboration amongst
all stakeholders. The thinking stems from the early 1990s when the hot topic was
virtual and holonic enterprises, which were as group creating both agile and
scalable structures for operations; by sharing common operating architectures and
by collaborating strongly on task-driven basis (Leit~ao 2004). Good examples of
holonic/fractal/virtual enterprise theory was developed e.g. in the IMS (Intelligent
Manufacturing Systems) initiative among the leading industrial economies in the
1990s (Tharumarajah, Wells & Nemes, 1996). Scaling up this thinking we come
very close to the foundations of Living Labs by adding the public and societal
components to it.
Combining the approach by von Hippel about the user-driven and co-creativity
in innovation processes with the approach Chesbrough introduced in 2003—open
innovation—we come to the two fundamental of modern innovation theory. The
definition of open innovation by von Hippel focuses on creation of public goods
whilst the one by Chesbrough builds on sharing, cross licensing and in that way
being a market and product driven approach.
Open platforms, sharing and seamless interaction of all stakeholders is essential
in Living Labs. Quadruple helix has thus been central as innovation model from the
very first beginning onwards.
Open Innovation Ecosystems are increasingly becoming the synthesis of Living
Labs and open innovation processes. We see real new paradigm evolving when
combining these. Open innovation has become much more than cross fertilization
of ideas between organizations, it has become a flow of colliding ideas, raising
sparks for new innovations in real world settings.
Following the research of Lin and Edvinsson (2011) there are clear indications that
intellectual capital, and especially structural intellectual capital drives competitive-
ness and innovation. This means in turn that from innovation policy perspective the
interaction fluidity is a critical feature of any successful innovation system.
Fluidity in this context means frictionless interaction, experimentation in real
world, and a lot of unexpected, non planned collisions of ideas, problems and of
course competencies to collide, giving the spark. It is not only about single
excellent components in the system, it is centrally about collisions and connectivity.
It was already shown in 2004 that the diversity of research teams increases
significantly the probability of breakthroughs, and actually we can also say that
mediocre inventions are not enough. We need to combine the best. Cross-
fertilization of ideas is nothing new as such, but what ecosystem thinking does is
12 A. Dias and B. Salmelin
Naturschutzgebiet Pfaueninsel
Auf Grund des Gesetzes vom 8. Juli 1920 (G.S. S. 437), betreffend
Abänderung des § 34 des Feld- und Forstpolizeigesetzes vom 1. April
1880 (G.S. S. 230) in Verbindung mit § 136 des Gesetzes über die
allgemeine Landesverwaltung vom 30. Juli 1883 (G.S. S. 195) wird
die im Stadtbezirk Berlin gelegene Pfaueninsel bei Potsdam zum
Naturschutzgebiet erklärt.
Diese Anordnung tritt mit der Veröffentlichung im Amtsblatt für den
Regierungsbezirk Potsdam und die Stadt Berlin in Kraft. U. IV 7873.
Berlin, den 28. Februar 1924.
Die Preuß. Minister für Wissenschaft, Kunst und Volksbildung, für
Landwirtschaft,
Domänen und Forsten.
Amtsbl. Stck. 13 vom 29. März 1924, S. 111.
Der Polizeipräsident von Berlin hat für das Naturschutzgebiet
Pfaueninsel mit Zustimmung des Magistrats von Berlin folgende
Polizeiverordnung erlassen:
§ 1. Innerhalb des Naturschutzgebietes ist das Roden von Bäumen
und das Ausgraben, Ausreißen, Abreißen oder Abschneiden von
Sträuchern und Pflanzen, besonders auch das Pflücken von Blumen
sowie Blüten oder Laubzweigen der Bäume und Sträucher verboten.
Auf die Nutzung von Bäumen, Sträuchern und Pflanzen durch die
Nutzungsberechtigten findet dieses Verbot keine Anwendung.
§ 2. Es ist untersagt, innerhalb des Naturschutzgebietes frei
lebenden Tieren nachzustellen, sie mutwillig zu beunruhigen, zu ihrem
Fang geeignete Vorrichtungen anzubringen, sie zu fangen oder zu
töten. Auch ist verboten, Eier, Nester und sonstige Brutstätten von
Vögeln wegzunehmen oder sie zu beschädigen. Insbesondere ist
untersagt, Insekten in ihren verschiedenen Entwicklungszuständen zu
töten oder sie einzutragen. Auf die notwendigen Maßnahmen der
Verfügungsberechtigten gegen Kulturschädlinge sowie auf die Abwehr
blutsaugender oder sonst lästiger Insekten bezieht sich dieses Verbot
nicht.
§ 3. Das Befahren der Ufergewässer innerhalb des Schilfgürtels,
das Baden, Angeln und Fischen sowie das Anlegen außerhalb der
Fähranlegestelle ist allen Unbefugten verboten; ebenso ist das
unbefugte Einfahren in den an der Westseite der Nordspitze der Insel
gelegenen »Parschenkessel« verboten.
§ 4. Den Besuchern ist das Betreten des Landes außerhalb der
vorhandenen Wege sowie das Lagern auf der Insel untersagt; unter
freiem Himmel darf kein Feuer gemacht oder abgekocht werden.
Hunde dürfen von den Besuchern auf die Insel nicht mitgebracht
werden.
§ 5. Das Wegwerfen von Papier und anderen Abfällen sowie jede
sonstige Verunreinigung des Geländes oder der baulichen Anlagen,
der Bänke oder Bildwerke, insbesondere durch Beschreiben mit
Namen, ist untersagt.
§ 6. Jedes Lärmen und Schreien sowie das Abschießen von
Feuerwaffen ist verboten.
§ 7. Zu wissenschaftlichen Zwecken kann die Krongutsverwaltung
(Berlin C 2, Schloß) im Einvernehmen mit der Staatlichen Stelle für
Naturdenkmalpflege in Preußen (Berlin-Schöneberg,
Grunewaldstraße 6–7) einzelne Personen von der Beachtung der
Vorschriften in den §§ 2, 3 und 4 dieser Polizeiverordnung befreien.
Hierüber sind Ausweise auszustellen, die in der Regel für ein
Kalenderjahr Gültigkeit haben und jederzeit widerruflich sind.
§ 8. Den Anordnungen der auf der Insel anwesenden und sich
durch schriftliche Ermächtigung ausweisenden Personen ist Folge zu
leisten.
§ 9. Übertretungen dieser Verordnung und der auf Grund derselben
ergehenden Anordnungen werden, soweit nicht weitergehende
Strafbestimmungen, insbesondere des § 368 Ziffer 3 und 4 R. St. G.
B. Platz greifen, nach Maßgabe des § 34 des Feld- und
Forstpolizeigesetzes bestraft.
§ 10. Die Polizeiverordnung des Amtsvorstehers der Pfaueninsel
vom 11. Mai 1914 wird hiermit aufgehoben.
§ 11. Die Polizeiverordnung tritt mit dem Tage der Verkündung im
Amtsblatt für den Regierungsbezirk Potsdam und die Stadt Berlin in
Kraft. (J. Nr. Allgem. 18 II e 24.)
Berlin, den 11. März 1924.
Der Polizeipräsident.
Amtsblatt für den Reg.-Bez. Potsdam und die Stadt Berlin. Stck. 13
vom 29. März 1924, S. 117.
Fußnote:
[12] S. Anhang zu diesen Zeilen.
Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Trappe
(Otis tarda)
Von stud. med. Ernst Mayer, Dresden