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Padri War
Padri War
Part of Dutch Colonial campaigns

Battle engagements between Padri and the Dutch,

1830s

Date 1803–1837
Location West Sumatra, North Sumatra, and Riau
Result 1st Padri War (1803–25):
Padri victory

Treaty of Masang

2nd Padri War (1831–37):

Dutch victory

Imam Bonjol was exiled to Cianjur in

West Java, then to Ambon, and later
to Manado in Sulawesi
Territorial Dutch conquest of West Sumatra
changes

Belligerents
Pagaruyung Pagaruyung
Adat (1803-33) Padri (Ulama of
Netherlands Minangkabau)
Dutch East Indies Adat (1833-
37)
Commanders and leaders
Sultan Arifin Muningsyah Tuanku Imam Bonjol
Sultan Tangkal Alam Tuanku Rao †
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Bagagar Tuanku Tambusai

(exiled to Batavia in 1833) Tuanku Nan Renceh
Major General Cochius Tuanku Lintau
Colonel Stuers Tuanku Pasaman
Lieutenant Colonel Raaff Tuanku Nan Alahan
Lieutenant Colonel Elout
Lieutenant Colonel Krieger
Lieutenant Colonel Bauer
Lieutenant Colonel Michiels
Major Laemlin †
Major Prager
Major du Bus
Captain Poland
Captain Lange

The Padri War (also called the Minangkabau War) was fought from 1803 until 1837 in West
Sumatra, Indonesia between the Padri and the Adat. The Padri were Muslim clerics from Sumatra
who wanted to impose Sharia in Minangkabau in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The Adat comprised
the Minangkabau nobility and traditional chiefs. They asked for the help of the Dutch, who
intervened in 1821 and helped the nobility defeat the Padri faction.

Background
It can be considered that the Padri War began in 1803, before Dutch intervention, and was a
conflict that had broken out in Minangkabau country when the Padri started to suppress what they
saw as unIslamic customs, i.e. the adat. But after the occupation of the Pagaruyung Kingdom by
Tuanku Pasaman, one of the Padri leaders in 1815, on 21 February 1821, the Minangkabau nobility
made a deal with the Dutch in Padang to help them fight the Padri.[1]

Adat, as customary law is called in Indonesia, includes indigenous, pre-Islamic religious practices
and social traditions in local customs. The Padri, like contemporaneous jihadists in the Sokoto
Caliphate of West Africa, were Islamist purists who had made the hajj to Mecca and returned[2]
inspired to bring the Qur'an and shariah to a position of greater influence in Sumatra. The Padri
movement had formed during the early 19th century and sought to purge the culture of traditions
and beliefs its partisans viewed as un-Islamic.

In the 1820s, the Dutch had yet to consolidate their possessions in some parts of the Dutch East
Indies (later Indonesia) after re-acquiring it from the British. This was especially true on the island
of Sumatra, where some areas would not come under Dutch rule until the 20th century.

Padri
From c.1692, Islam was propagated to the Minangkabau areas of West Sumatra by Sheikh
Burhanuddin Ulakan in the Shattari school of Sufism. In 1784, the Sufi ulama called Tuanku Nan
Tuo was appointed as the religious head of the Koto Tuo region. He appointed a large number of
his students to head various surau surrounding the region. A great number of his students were
Hajj returnees and were influenced by the ideals of the Wahabi movement. They called themselves

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Padri.[3]The Padri movement is considered one of the major precursors of the Salafiyya
movement of the 19th century; and influenced the Salafi reformist Muhammadiyyah movement of
South East Asia.[4]

The Padri had their extremist version of Sharia law which they would implement through violent
upheaval to replace the existing Adat. Historical accounts of the Padri War reveal several different
ideologies. The most influential were by Tuanku Nan Tuo, Tuan Ku Nan Renceh, and Imam Bonjol.

Tuanku Nan Tuo was a Shattari Sufi leader and reformist, not a Padri. He would convince villagers
to rid their society of vices like cock-fighting, gambling, and opium. His methods would be through
discussion, education, and also public protest. All the Padri leaders were once his students and he
continuously disagreed with their extremist fanaticism and militant violence. In revenge for this
insolence, the Padri attacked and burnt down numerous villages which were Shattari centers;
instigated mass murder of the ulama and rang cerdek (intelligentsia) as well as rape and plunder.
The Padri waged war against Nan Tuo's village of Koto Tuo from 1815. Nan Tuo's sons died in
battle. Koto Tuo held on until the Dutch arrived in 1821.[3]

Tuanku Nan Renceh was an extremist Wahabbi puritan. Nan Renceh with Tuan Ku Lintau and
Tuan Ku Pasaman were at war with the Adat and would forbid cock-fighting, gambling, and sireh;
and forced women to cover up. Any that disagreed with their interpretation of Islam were
punishable by death. They grew wealthy by enslaving the population to grow coffee and other
agriculture. While forcing residents to wear white and grow beards, they would wear red.[3]

Imam Bonjol was a mystic, strategist, and visionary. Imam Bonjol with Tuan Ku Rao and Tuan Ku
Tambusai were based in the northern areas where the Padri War evolved differently. Many in the
north were early Padri sympathisers. While they were as militant and extremist as Nan Renceh
initially, their roles were quite different. While Nan Renceh was punishing the Adat population,
Imam Bonjol and Rao were developing trading routes and fortresses against the Dutch. He also
enslaved the Batak people. In January 1824, he signed a peace treaty with the Dutch but a new
commander arrived and dishonoured it. In 1831, Imam Bonjol attacked a Dutch garrison killing off
2 thirds of the soldiers. Later, as Imam Bonjol met numerous Hajj returnees who contested the
Padri and Wahabbi extremism, he began to have misgivings, doubts, and regrets. By September
1832, Imam Bonjol was disillusioned and, perhaps seeking repentance, he walked out of his village
fort and left the Padri.[3]

First Padri War 1803–1825

Beginning 1803-1821
Upon the return of three alim ulama from Mecca around 1803, namely Haji Miskin, Haji Sumanik
and Haji Piobang, they expressed their wish to perfecting the application of Islamic law in
Minangkabau society.[5] Knowing this, Tuanku Nan Renceh was very interested and supported the
wishes of the three scholars. Together with other scholars, these eight figures are known as
Harimau Nan Salapan (Tigers of Eight).[6]

Harimau Nan Salapan then asked Tuanku Lintau who has closeness and kinship with Yang
Dipertuan Pagaruyung Sultan Arifin Muningsyah to invite the Indigenous People to abandon
several habits that are contrary to the teachings Islam. In several negotiations there was no

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agreement between the Padri and the Indigenous People. This conflict led to turmoil among
several nagari in the Pagaruyung Kingdom, until in 1815, the Padri under the leadership of Tuanku
Lintau attacked the Pagaruyung Kingdom and war broke out in Koto Tangah. This attack caused
Sultan Arifin Muningsyah to be forced to step aside and flee the royal capital.[7] Notes of Thomas
Stamford Raffles who visited Pagaruyung in 1818, stated that he only found the remains of
Pagaruyung Royal Palace which was burned down.[8] As part of the Dutch aid agreement, the
Indigenous People surrendered the areas of Simawang and Sulit Air, by order of resident James du
Puy in Padang.[9] Then on 8 December 1821 additional troops arrived led by Lieutenant Colonel
Raaff to strengthen the position in the area that had been controlled.

On 4 March 1822, Dutch troops under the command of

Lieutenant Colonel Raaff succeeded in pushing the Padri
people out of Pagaruyung. Then the Dutch built a defensive fort
in Batusangkar with the name Fort Van der Capellen, while the
Padri gathered strength and defended themselves in Lintau.[10]

Battle of Baso (1822)

On 14 August 1822 Padri Ulama forces faced battle with Dutch Fort van der Capellen
forces, the Padri Ulama succeeded in defeating the Dutch and
their commander was wounded in action.[11]

Battle of Batusangkar (1822)

Defeated by Padri Ulama Forces, the Dutch suffered heavy casualties and their commander was
killed in action[12]

Battle of Lintau (1823)

After the Dutch obtained support they attacked Lintau but the Padri Ulama forces successfully
defended, defeating the Dutch forces, causing them to withdraw to Batusangkar.[13]

Battle of Bukittinggi (1824)

Padri troops carried out a well-planned frontal attack, surprising the Dutch troops who were not
fully prepared for a large-scale attack.

Battle of Sulit Air (1825)

The Battle of Sulit Air was also one of the Padri's victories, where they succeeded in expelling the
Dutch troops from the area

Treaty of Masang

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Dutch involvement in the war came about because it was "in ited" by the Adat faction, and in April
1821, Dutch troops attacked Simawang and Sulit Air under captains Goffinet and Dienema on the
orders of James du Puy, the Dutch Resident in Padang. Between 1821 and 1824, skirmishes broke
out throughout the region, ended only by the Treaty of Masang. The war cooled down during the
next six years, as the Dutch faced larger-scale uprisings in Java.[14]

Second Padri War 1831–1838

The Fall of Luhak Nan Tigo 1831–1833

After the end of the Diponegoro War and the restoration of Dutch East Indies power in Java, the
Dutch East Indies government again tried to subdue the Padri. This is very much based on a strong
desire to control coffee cultivation which is expanding in the interior of Minangkabau (the Darek
region). Until the 19th century, coffee was one of the mainstay products of the Dutch in Europe.
Christine Dobbin calls it more of a trade war, this is in line with the dynamics of social change in
Minangkabau society in the twists and turns of trade in the interior and on the west coast or east
coast. Meanwhile, on the one hand, the Dutch wanted to take over or have a monopoly.[3]

Furthermore, to weaken the opposing forces, the Dutch violated the ceasefire agreement by
attacking the nagari Pandai Sikek which was one of the areas capable of producing gunpowder and
firearms. Then to strengthen its position, the Dutch built a fort in Bukittinggi which was known as
Fort de Kock. At the beginning of August 1831, Lintau was successfully conquered and put Luhak
Tanah Datar under Dutch control. However, Tuanku Lintau still continued to fight from the Luhak
Limo Puluah area.

Meanwhile, when Lieutenant Colonel Elout carried out various

attacks against The Padri between 1831 and 1832, he obtained
additional strength from the troops of Sentot Prawirodirdjo,
one of the commanders of Prince Diponegoro who had defected
and served in the Dutch East Indies government after the war
in Java ended. However, then Lieutenant Colonel Elout argued
that the presence of Sentot who was stationed in Lintau
actually created new problems. Several official Dutch
documents prove that Sentot was guilty of conspiring with the Preparations of Dutch troops at Fort
Padri so that Sentot and his legions were then returned to Java. de Kock
In Java, Sentot also failed to dispel Dutch suspicions about him
and sent him back to Sumatra. Sentot was exiled and detained
in Bengkulu, while his troops were disbanded and then recruited back into the Dutch army.

In July 1832, from Batavia a large infantry force was sent under the leadership of Lieutenant
Colonel Ferdinand P. Vermeulen Krieger, to speed up the completion of the war. In October 1832,
Luhak Limo Puluah was under Dutch rule at the same time as Tuanku Lintau died.[15] Then The
Padri continued to consolidate and entrench themselves in Kamang, but the entire strength of the

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Padri in Luhak Agam also was conquered by the Dutch after the fall of
Kamang Magek, Agam Kamang at the end of 1832, so that the Padri
were again forced to withdraw from Luak Luhak area and defend
themselves in Bonjol.

Consolidation of Indigenous Peoples and Padri 1833

Since 1833 a compromise began to
emerge between Indigenous People
and Padri People.[16] On 11 January
Sentot Prawirodirdjo,
1833, several strongholds of the
illustrated by Justus Pieter
de Veer.
Dutch garrison were suddenly
attacked, making the situation
chaotic;[17] mentioned there were
around 139 European soldiers and hundreds of native soldiers
were killed. Sultan nggul Alam Bagagar who was previously
appointed by the Dutch as Regent of Tanah Datar, was captured
by the troops of Lieutenant Colonel Elout on 2 May 1833 in Indigenous People
Batusangkar on charges of treason and exiled to Batavia. In Dutch
records Sultan nggul Alam Bagagar denied his involvement in the
attack on several Dutch posts, but the Dutch Indies government also did not want to take the risk
of rejecting the reports from its officers. The position of Regent of Tanah Datar was then given to
Tuan Gadang in Batipuh.[18] Then the Dutch troops began conducting searches in several areas
which were still the base of the Padri tribe. In January 1833, Dutch troops built a fortification in
Padang Matinggi, but before they could strengthen their position, the fortification was attacked by
the Padri under the leadership of Tuanku Rao which resulted in many Dutch casualties.[19]
However, in the battle at Air Bangis, on 29 January 1833, Tuanku Rao suffered serious injuries as a
result of being hit by bullets. Then he was put on board the ship for exile. Not long after he was on
the ship, Tuanku Rao met his death. It is suspected that his body was then thrown into the sea by
Dutch soldiers.[20] Realizing this, now the Dutch are not only facing the Padri but the entire
Minangkabau community. So the Dutch East Indies Government in 1833 issued an announcement
called "Long Plaque" containing a statement that the arrival of the Dutch to Minangkabau did not
intend to control the country, they only came to trade and maintain security, the Minangkabau
population would continue to be ruled by the Dutch East Indies, their chief and are not required to
pay tax. Then the Dutch argued that to maintain security, build roads, open schools, and so on
required money, so the people were obliged to grow coffee and had to sell it to the Dutch.

Attack on Bonjol 1833–1835

This war took a long time to complete, forcing Governor General of the Dutch East Indies
Johannes van den Bosch on 23 August 1833 to go to Padang to see up close the process of military
operations carried out by Dutch troops .[21] Arriving in Padang, he held negotiations with
Commissioner Pesisir Barat Sumatra, Major General Riesz and Lieutenant Colonel Elout to
immediately conquer Fort Bonjol, the command center of the Padri troops. Riesz and Elout
explained that the right time had not yet come to carry out a general attack on Fort Bonjol, because
of the loyalty of the people of Luhak Agam is still doubtful and it is very possible that they will
attack the Dutch troops from behind. But van den Bosch insisted on immediately conquering Fort
Bonjol no later than 10 September 1833, the two officers asked for a six-day delay so that the fall of
Bonjol was expected on 16 September 1833. Even though the movement of Dutch troops towards
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Bonjol was still very slow, it took almost a month to approach

the area Alahan Panjang Valley. As the leading front of Alahan
Panjang is the area Padang Lawas which is still fully controlled
by The Padri. However, on 8 June 1835, Dutch troops
succeeded in controlling this area. The very dense bushes and
forests around Bonjol made it difficult for the Dutch troops to
see the Padri strongholds. This situation was put to good use by
the Padri to build a strategic stronghold, as well as being the
Lieutenant Colonel Raaff and his
main headquarters of Tuanku Imam Bonjol. The tactics of troops, depicted by Justus Pieter de
guerilla attacks applied by The Padri succeeded in slowing Veer. Raaff died before the end of
down the Dutch attack on Fort Bonjol, even in several the Padri War.
resistances almost all of the Dutch troops' war equipment such
as cannons and their supplies were able to recover. confiscated.
Dutch troops could only carry weapons and clothing attached
to their hands and bodies. So on 21 September 1833, before the
Governor General of the Dutch East Indies was replaced by
Jean Chrétien Baud, van den Bosch made a report that the
attack on Bonjol had failed and efforts were being made to
consolidate for the next attack. During 1834, the Dutch focused
on building roads and bridges leading to Bonjol,
Pasaman|Bonjol by mobilizing thousands of forced laborers.
This was done to facilitate the mobility of his troops in
conquering Bonjol. Apart from that, the Dutch also continued
to try to exert influence in several areas close to their Romanticism of heroism in the Padri
strongholds. Then, on 11 June 1835, the Dutch troops moved War, illustrated by Justus Pieter de
again to the east of Batang Alahan Panjang and built a Veer.

fortification there, while the Padri troops remained on standby

on the other side. Dutch troops managed to approach Bonjol, Pasaman|Bonjol] within a distance of
approximately only 250 steps at midnight on 16 June 1835, then they tried to build a fortification.
Next, using houwitsers, mortars and cannons, the Dutch troops fired at Fort Bonjol. However, the
Padri did not remain silent by firing cannons from Tajadi Hill. So with a less favorable position, the
Dutch troops suffered many casualties.

Fort Bonjol
Fort Bonjol is located on a hill which is almost straight up,
known as Bukit Tajadi. Not so far from this fort flows Batang
Alahan Panjang, a river in the middle of the valley with a fast
flow, winding from north to south. This fort is shaped like a
long rectangle, surrounded on three sides by two layers of
defensive walls approximately 3 meters high. Between the two
layers of wall a deep trench was made with a width of 4 meters. Painting of Bonjol in 1839.
The outer wall consists of large stones with almost the same
construction technique as fortresses in Europe and on top of it
is planted bamboo with long thorns which are planted very close together so that the Padri can
observed and even fired cannons at the Dutch troops. The very dense bushes and forests around

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Bonjol made it difficult for the Dutch troops to see the Padri strongholds. This situation was put to
good use by the Padri to build a strategic stronghold, as well as being the main headquarters of
Tuanku Imam Bonjol.

Siege of Bonjol 1835–1837

Seeing the strength of Fort Bonjol, the Dutch troops tried to
carry out a blockade against Bonjol with the aim of paralyzing
the supply of food and weapons for the Padri troops. . This
blockade turned out to be ineffective, because it was the Dutch
troops' strongholds and supplies that were attacked by Padri
troops in a guerilla manner. At the same time, all Padri troops
began to arrive from areas that had been conquered by Dutch
troops, namely from various countries in Minangkabau and
surrounding areas. Everyone is determined to defend the The Fall of Tajadi Hill, illustrated by
Justus Pieter de Veer.
Bonjol headquarters until the last drop of blood, live a noble
life or die martyrdom. Efforts to carry out an offensive attack
on Bonjol were only made again after army reinforcements consisting of Bugis troops arrived, so in
mid-August 1835 attacks began to be carried out against the Padri strongholds in Fort Fort. Bukit
Tajadi, and these Bugis troops were at the front of the Dutch troops in capturing one by one the
strategic strongholds of the Padri people around Bukit Tajadi.[22] However, until early September
1835, the Dutch troops had not succeeded in controlling Mount Tajadi, instead on 5 September
1835, The Padri came out of their strongholds and stormed outside the fort destroying the Dutch
fortifications built around Mount Tajadi. After the attack, the Padri troops immediately returned to
Bonjol Fort. On 9 September 1835, Dutch troops tried to attack from the direction of Luhak Limo
Puluah and Padang Bubus, but the results failed, even causing many losses to the Dutch troops.
Lieutenant Colonel Bauer, one of the commanders of the Dutch troops, suffered from illness and
was forced to be sent to Bukittinggi and then his position was replaced by Major Prager. The
protracted blockade and the courage of the Padri, aroused the courage of the surrounding people to
rebel and attack the Dutch troops, so that on 11 December 1835, the people of Simpang and Alahan
Mati took up arms and attacked the strongholds. Dutch defense.

The Dutch troops were unable to overcome this resistance. However, after assistance arrived from
Madura soldiers who served in the Dutch troops, this resistance was overcome.

Almost a year after besieging Bonjol, on 3 December 1836, Dutch troops again carried out a large-
scale attack on Fort Bonjol, as a final attempt to conquer Bonjol. This powerful attack was able to
breach part of Fort Bonjol, so that Dutch troops could invade and succeed in killing several families
of Tuanku Imam Bonjol. However, with tenacity and high fighting spirit, the Padri again managed
to ravage the enemy so that the Dutch were expelled and forced to leave the fort again, leaving
behind many casualties on each side. The failure of this conquest really hit the policy of the
Governor General of the Dutch East Indies in Batavia which at that time had been held by
Dominique Jacques de Eerens, then at the beginning of 1837 he sent a warlord named Major
General Cochius to directly lead a massive attack on Fort Bonjol for the umpteenth time.[23]
Cochius was a high-ranking Dutch officer who had expertise in the war strategy of Fort Stelsel.
Next, the Dutch intensively surrounded Bonjol from all directions for about six months (16 March–
17 August 1837)[24] led by a general and several officers. This joint army mostly consisted of
various tribes, such as Java, Madura, Bugis and Ambon. There were 148 officers European, 36
officers indigenous, 1,103 soldiers European, 4,130 soldiers indigenous, including Sumenapsche

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hulptroepen hieronder begrepen (auxiliary troops of Sumenap aka

Madura). In the list of names of Dutch troop officers include Majjen
Cochius, Lieutenant Colonel Bauer, Major Sous, Major Prager, Captain
MacLean, Lieutenant van der Tak, Peltu Steinmetz, etc. Then there are
also "Inlandsche" (indigenous) names such as Kapitein Noto Prawiro,
Indlandsche Lieutenant Prawiro di Logo, Karto Wongso Wiro Redjo,
Prawiro Sentiko, Prawiro Brotto, Merto Poero and others. From
Batavia, additional Dutch troops were imported, who arrived on 20
July 1837 on the Perle Ship in Padang, a number of Europeans and
Sepoys, soldiers from Africa who served in the Dutch army, recruited
from Ghana and Mali, consisting of 1 sergeant, 4 corporaals and 112
flankeurs, and led by Kapitein Sinninghe. Waves and continuous Frans David Cochius,
attacks and rain of bullets from artillery troops armed with large commander conquest of
cannons, for approximately 6 months, as well as infantry and cavalry Fort Bonjol.
troops who continued to arrive. On 3 August 1837, led by Lieutenant
Colonel Michiels as the foremost field commander, he began to control
the situation little by little, and finally on 15 August 1837, Tajadi Hill fell, and on 16 August 1837,
Fort Bonjol was completely conquered. However, Tuanku Imam Bonjol was able to withdraw from
the fort accompanied by several of his followers and continued towards the Marapak area.

Impact
With the victory, the Dutch tightened their hold on West Sumatra. Yet, the traditional and religious
leaders increasingly reconciled their visions after the war. This helped promulgating the new view
of "adat basandi syara', syara' basandi Kitabullah" ("tradition founded upon Islamic law, Islamic
law founded upon the Qur'an").

See also
Ruit van Bonjol
Tuanku Imam Bonjol, leader in the Padri movement

Notes
1. Sjafnir Aboe Nain, 2004, Memorie Tuanku Imam Bonjol (MTIB), transl., Padang: PPIM.
2. The port where they embarked and disembarked, Pedir, Sumatra, gave them their name.
3. Dobbin, Christine (1983). Islamic Revivalism in a Changing Peasant Economy : Central
Sumatra, 1784-1847 (https://archive.org/details/islamicrevivalism/page/n145/mode/2up).
Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies : Monograph Series. Vol. 47. Wellingborough,
Northamptonshire, UK: Curzon Press. pp. 117–192. ISBN 0700701559.
4. Bennett, Clinton (2013). The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies. London, UK:
Bloomsbury. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-4411-2788-4.
5. Azra, Azyumardi (2004). The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia: Networks of
Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern 'Ulama' in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.
University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2848-8.
6. Ampera Salim, Zulkifli (2005). Minangkabau in Scattered Historical Records. Indonesian
Cultural Image. ISBN 979-3458-03-8.

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11/28/24, 4:59 PM Padri War - Wikipedia

7. Nain, Sjafnir Aboe (2004). Memorie Tuanku Imam Bonjol. Padang: PPIM.
8. Raffles, Sophia (1830). Memoir of the Life and Public Service of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles.
London: J. Murray
9. Episoden Uit Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Krigsverrigtingen op Sumatra's Westkus.
Indisch Magazijn 12/1, No. 7. 1844:116.
10. H. M. Lange (1852). Het Nederlandsch Oost-Indisch leger ter Westkust van Sumatra (1819-
1845). ‘S Hertogenbosch: Gebroeder Muller. I: 20-1
11. "Sejarah Perang Padri: Tokoh, Penyebab, Kronologi, dan Dampak" (https://regional.kompas.co
m/read/2022/07/20/183104878/sejarah-perang-padri-tokoh-penyebab-kronologi-dan-dampak?
page=all). Kompas - jernih melihat dunia (in Indonesian). 20 June 2022. Retrieved 25 April
2024.
12. "Sejarah Perang Padri: Tokoh, Penyebab, Kronologi, dan Dampak" (https://regional.kompas.co
m/read/2022/07/20/183104878/sejarah-perang-padri-tokoh-penyebab-kronologi-dan-dampak?
page=all). Kompas - Jernih melihat dunia (in Indonesian). 20 June 2022. Retrieved 25 April
2024.
13. "PERANG PADRI SEBAGAI REVOLUSI RAKYAT MINANG KABAU DALAM MEMELUK
AGAMA ISLAM" (https://www.agamkab.go.id/Agamkab/detailkarya/667/perang-padri-sebagai-r
evolusi-rakyat-minang-kabau--dalam-memeluk-agama-islam.html). Pemerintah Kabupaten
Agam (in Indonesian). 22 June 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
14. G. Kepper, 1900, Wapenfeiten van het Nederlands Indische Leger; 1816-1900, M.M. Cuvee,
Den Haag.
15. Zakariya, Hafiz (2006). Islamic reform in colonial Malaya: Shaykh Tahir Jalaluddin and Sayyid
Shaykh al-Hadi. ProQuest. ISBN 0-542-86357-X.
16. Abdullah, Taufik (1966). Tradition and Islam: an Examination of Conflict in Minangkabau.
Indonesia. No. 2, 1-24.
17. Nederlandse Staatscourant (29-05-1833).
18. Amran, Rusli (1981). Sumatera Barat hingga Plakat Panjang. Penerbit Sinar Harapan.
19. Nederlandse Staatscourant (17 -06-1833).
20. Said, Mohammad (1961). From the detached pages in the notes about the character
Singamangaradja XII. Alert.
21. Indonesian Army Military History Center (1964). A Brief History of the Armed Struggle of the
Indonesian Nation. Armed Forces Staff.
22. Journaal van de Expeditie Naar Padang Onder de Generaal-Majoor Cochius in 1837
Gehouden Door de Majoor Sous-Chief van Den Generaal-Staf Jonkher C.P.A. de Salis. p. 59-
183.
23. Tate, D. J. M. (1971). The Making of Modern South-East Asia: The European conquest. Oxford
University Press.
24. G. Teitler (2004). Het Einde Padri Oorlog: Het Beleg en de Vermeestering van Bondjol 1834-
1837: Een Bronnenpublicatie. Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw. p. 59-183.

Further reading
Dobbin, Christine (1983). Islamic Revivalism in a Changing Peasant Economy: Central
Sumatra, 1784-1847. Curzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-0155-9.
Ricklefs, M. C. (1993) A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300. 2d ed. (London:
Macmillan), 1993.
Tarling, Nicholas, (ed.) The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia,, vol. II " The Nineteenth and
Twentieth Centuries" (Cambridge University Press) 1992.

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