SHOP TOOLS AND

EQUIPMENT
by

Engr. Alexis T. Belonio, PAE

Department of Agricultural Engineering and
Environmental Management
College of Agriculture
Central Philippine University
Iloilo City
 Introduction
Tools and equipment plays a vita role in
the fabrication and construction of
agricultural machines.
It can make the machine fabrication
accurately, easily, and can finish it in a
shorter period.
Knowledge of the different tools and
equipment can provide engineers an edge
in designing and fabricating agricultural
machines.
 Layout Tools
These are the tools used for marking lines,
circles, and arcs on metal surfaces.
This includes the following:
 Surface plate
 Steel rules
 Combination set
 Solid steel square
 Scribers
 Dividers
 Trammels
 Outside and inside Calipers
 Punches
 Surface Gauge
 Angle Plate
Surface Plate – This is a large iron plate
with a very flat surface where the work
piece are placed for accurate marking.
Steel Rules – These are used for making
measurements. They are available in
many lengths, width, and thicknesses.
Combination Set –
This is the most
common set of
layout tools. This
includes square
head, center head,
bevel protractor,
spirit level, rule, and
scriber.
Solid Steel Square –
They have a fixed
blade and accurate
tan the combination
square.
Scribers – They are marking tools that
have sharp needle-like points a made of
hardened steel. They are held like a pencil
to scratch line on metal.
Dividers –They are
two legged steel
instrument with
hardened points. They
are used to scribes
circles and parts of
circles and to
measures distances.
Trammels - It is used
to scribe large circle or
an arc. The are
sometime used in
measuring distances
in the same way the
dividers are used.
Calipers – It is used to measure the diameter
of round objects and to measure width and
thicknesses of materials. The outside caliper
is where the leg is bent inward while the
inside caliper is here the legs are bent
outward.
Punches – It is used to accurately define
points to be centered punch as well as to put
a small punch mark on layout line so that they
may last longer. The prick punch is for
making small point on the piece of metal
while the center punch is make large points.
 Layouting Punching

Video Presentation on Metal Fabrication

(Click picture to view)
 Assembly Tools

Tools used for putting machine parts

together.
Assembly tools includes the following:
 Screw drivers
 Pliers
 Wrenches (adjustable and non-adjustable)
 Punches
 Hammers and Mallets
 Arbor Press
 Machinist’s Vise
 Clamps
Screw Drivers –
They are used to
turn or drive
screws. They are
classified into the
square head
(negative tip) and
Philip head
(positive tip).
Offset screw
driver has a bent
handle and is
used where the
straight screw
driver do not
reach the screw.
Screw Driver Tips and Screw Recesses
Pliers – They are useful for
cutting small wires and for
holding, twisting, turning,
pushing and pulling an
object.
 Slip joint pliers – They are used
for gripping and cutting small
wire. They are possible to grip
large parts.
 Side Cutting Pliers – They are
useful for cutting wire and
nails. The flat square jaws are
useful for bending corners of
thin metal.
 Round Nose Pliers –They are
used to bend small wires and
thin metal and to hold small
parts. The long-nose pliers are
used for handling small parts
where space are limited.
Wrenches – They are used to tighten or
loosen bolts and nuts together as well as to
remove pipes from fittings.
 They are classified into:
 Adjustable
 Adjustable end wrench
 Adjustable S-wrench
 Monkey wrench
 Vise-grip wrench
 Pipe wrench
 non-adjustable
 Open-end wrench
 Box wrench
 Socket wrench
 Spanner wrench
 Hexagonal wrench
Adjustable Wrenches
 Adjustable end wrench –
It is a strong tool used for
general work in the shop.
It jaws are pointed at
such an angle that it can
be use in close corners
and unhandy places.
 Adjustable S-Wrench – It
is useful in many places
where straight handled
wrench can not be used.
 Monkey Wrench –
It is used for
tightening or
loosening bolts
and nuts, and can
be set to fit many
sizes.
 Vise-Grip Wrench
– It works in close
places and the
strong steel jaws
lock to the work
and will not slip.
 Pipe Wrench – It is
used to hold or
turn pipes or other
round pieces of
metal.
 Open Wrenches – They
are available on a single
end and double end for
tightening and loosening
bolts and nut. Heads are
15 deg or 22-1/2 deg
where narrow space
cannot make by straight
wrench.
 Box Wrenches – It has a
close ends and their
handles are usually
offset 15 deg to provide
clearance for nearby
obstacle.
 Socket
Wrenches

Open and Box

Wrenches
 Socket Wrenches – They
are used to turn nuts and
bolts that are in hard-to-
reach places or below the
surface of the work. The
sockets is the one that
engage the nut or the bolt
head. An extension bar
and breaker arm for
loosening difficult nuts
and bolts. A reversible
ratchet for normal
loosening and tightening,
a speed handle for rapid
assembly or disassembly
of threaded parts, and a
universal joint which is
used when the wrench
handles cannot be
positioned at right angles
to the nut or bolt
centerline.
 Spanner Wrenches –
It has a hook or one
or two pins to fit a
slots. The pin
spanner wrench is
used to fit into holes
in threaded collars
and are used to
loosen or tighten
them.
 Hexagonal Wrenches
– They are also called
hex keys or Allen
wrenches and are
used for socket cap
screw or socket set-
screws.
Torque Wrenches – It is used when
several bolts or nuts must be all tighten
a uniform amount to prevent over
tightening of a single nut.
Powered
Wrenches –
They are
electric and air-
powered
wrenches
enable workers
to rapidly
assemble and
disassemble
parts with
minimum
physical effort.
Punches – The drift
punch has a smooth
and tapered end used
to arrange holes in a
straight line, to drive
out pins or rivets. A
pin punch has straight
end is used to drive
out cotter pins and
tapered pins. A
transfer punch is a
pinch punch with a
point at its end like a
center punch used to
transfer the location
of the center of a hole
on one part to another
part.
Machinist Hammer –
They are also called the
ball peen hammer. They
are used mostly for
striking punches and
driving pins used to
position or assemble
parts.
 Lead hammer – It is used
for striking finished
surfaces where a harder
hammer would dent or
nick the surface.
 Mallets – they are made
of wood, leather, plastic,
and rubber. They are
used for soft metal work.
Arbor Press - It is a
machine that is used for
pressing parts of
machinery together or
forcing them apart. An
example of this is
pressing a shaft in or out
of a pulley or gear.
Machinist Vise – It is
often used to clamp
parts together while they
are being assembled.
The size of the vise is
determined by the width
of the jaws.
Clamps – They are used to
temporarily hold parts of
machine together while being
assembled.
 C-Clamps – They are shaped like
letter C for general purpose use.
 Toolmaker’s Parallel Clamps – The
are best suited for holding small
parts together.
 Toggle clamps –They are widely
used for special work holding
fixtures. They are design for quick
clamping and release of piece of
material being work.
 Spring Clamp – They are useful
where only light holding power is
needed. They can be quickly
applied and released because of
their spring action.
 Other Applications
Hand Hacksaw – It is
a basic tools used for
cutting small pieces
of unhardened metal
that cannot be cut in
a more efficient way.
Cold Chisel – They
are used to cut cold
metal by striking with
a hammer.
Files – They are hardened
pieces of too steel with
slanting rows of teeth used
to cut, smooth, or fit metal
parts.
Riveter – It is a tool used
for setting to fit a blind rivet
on pieces of metal to be
joined.
Anvil – It is used on
hand forging where
metal is hammered
into shape.
Tongs – They are
used to hold and
handle hot metal in
most hot working
operation.
Grinding Wheels – They
are abrassive tool used
for shaping and finishing
metals
Power Hacksaw – This
is a cutting tool which is
used when manual hand
hacksaw can not
operate.
Drill Press – This is
a small powered
hand-fed machine
used for making
holes on a metals.
Taps – The are
tools used to form
screw threads on
the inside of a hole
such as threads in a
nut.
Sheet Metal and Wire
Gauge – It is a tool
with slots that
correspond to the
different gauge sizes
of metal sheets or
wires.
Hand Seamer - This is
a tool used for making
hem, seams, and
other straight line
bends in a thin sheet
of metal.
Tin Snip – It is a tool like a
scissors used to cut tin
and soft metal (gauge 20
and below). An aviation
snip is similar to tin snip
except that there are right,
left, and straight versions
with serrated blades.
Square Shear – This is an
equipment used to cut
metal no thicker than
gauge 16 mild steel.
Notcher – It is a hand or
power operated operated
machine that makes a 90
deg cut or notch in a work
piece.
Electrically
Powered Nibbler –
This is a power
operated hand tool
used to cut thin-
gauge sheet metal
rapidly.
Brakes – This is a
machine for
bending and
folding metal.
Turning Machine –
It is used to make
the round edge on
a cylinder for a
wired edge.
Milling Machine –
They are machines
that are used for
cutting metal with a
multiple-tooth cutting
tool.
Lathe – This is the
basic of all the metal
working machine
tools used to make
cylindrical and conical
parts such as axles,
pistons, pulleys, gear
blanks, pins, and
threaded fittings.
 References
Kazanas H. C. and L. Hannah.
Manufacturing Processes: Metals. Printice-
Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
120pp.
McCarthy, W. J. and V. E. Repp. 1979.
Machine Technology. McKnight Publishing
Company. Bloomington, Illinois, USA. 624pp.
Repp, V. E. et. al. 1982. Metalwork.
Technology and Practice. McKnight
Publishing Company. Bloomington, Illinois.
598pp.
Thanks and God Bless!!!