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Introduction To Parachor

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89 views2 pages

Introduction To Parachor

Uploaded by

Mushtaq Ahmad
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EXPERIMENT 02

Parachor and Surface Tension


Parachor is an empirical constant related to the surface tension of liquids and their molecular
structure. It is a useful quantity in understanding the relationship between molecular volume and
surface tension. The parachor is defined as the combination of surface tension and molar volume
raised to a specific power, which can be used to compare different liquids. Mathematically,
parachor (P) is expressed as:

P=γ1/4⋅M/ρ

where:

• P = parachor of the liquid


• γ = surface tension (N/m)
• M= molar mass of the liquid (g/mol)
• ρ = density of the liquid (kg/m³)

The parachor is approximately constant for a given liquid and can be used to compare different
substances or calculate unknown parameters like surface tension or molecular structure.

Surface Tension Measurement using a Stalagmometer

A stalagmometer is a device used to measure surface tension by counting the number of drops
formed by a liquid as it flows out of a capillary tube. The principle of the method is based on the
fact that the weight of each drop is proportional to the surface tension of the liquid. By
comparing the number of drops formed by a known liquid (typically water) and the unknown
liquid, the surface tension of the unknown liquid can be determined.

Calculations for Surface Tension Using a Stalagmometer

The surface tension of the unknown liquid can be calculated using the following equation, which
is derived from comparing the number of drops formed by the known and unknown liquids:

γ (unknown) = γ (known) × n (known) x ρ (unknown) / n (unknown) x ρ (known)

where:

• γ (unknown)= surface tension of the unknown liquid (dyne/cm)


• γ known = surface tension of the known liquid (dyne/cm)
• n known = number of drops of the known liquid
• n unknown = number of drops of the unknown liquid
• ρ known = density of the known liquid (g/ml)
• ρ unknown = density of the unknown liquid (g/ml)
Steps for Finding Surface Tension Using a Stalagmometer

1. Calibration with a Known Liquid:


o Fill the stalagmometer with a liquid of known surface tension, such as water.
o Count the number of drops that fall from the stalagmometer as the liquid flows
out.
o Measure the density of the known liquid if not provided.
2. Measurement with the Unknown Liquid:
o Fill the stalagmometer with the unknown liquid.
o Count the number of drops that fall as the unknown liquid flows out.
o Measure or look up the density of the unknown liquid
3. Surface Tension Calculation:
o Using the above formula, calculate the surface tension of the unknown liquid.

Steps for Measuring Density Using a Gravity Bottle

1. Weighing the Empty Bottle:


o First, weigh the dry, clean gravity bottle using a balance and record its mass as
W1
2. Weighing the Bottle Filled with Liquid:
o Fill the gravity bottle with the liquid whose density is to be measured.
o Weigh the bottle with the liquid and record the total mass as W3
3. Weighing the Bottle Filled with Water:
o Fill the gravity bottle with water (usually distilled water is used for accuracy).
o Weigh the bottle with water and record the total mass as W2
4. Calculating the Density of the Liquid:
o Now, the density of the liquid can be calculated using the formula:
o ρ (liquid) = (W3 – W1/ W2 – W1) x ρ (water)

Parachor Calculation

Once the surface tension and density of the unknown liquid are known, the parachor is calculated
using the formula:

P=γ1/4 x M /ρ

Reference:

Atkins, P. W., & de Paula, J. (2014). Atkins' Physical Chemistry (10th ed.). Oxford University
Press.

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