Monolithic
Monolithic
Monolithic
Key Characteristics:
1. Single codebase
2. Single database
3. Single deployment unit
4. Tightly coupled components
Examples:
1. WordPress (blogging platform)
2. Joomla (content management system)
3. Magento (e-commerce platform)
4. Older banking systems
5. Simple web applications (e.g., to-do list apps)
Advantages:
1. Simpler development: Easier to develop and understand, especially for small applications.
2. Faster deployment: Single deployment unit makes it quicker to roll out updates.
3. Easier testing: Less complex testing process due to fewer moving parts.
4. Better performance: Reduced overhead from inter-service communication.
5. Less overhead: No need for microservices infrastructure (e.g., service discovery).
6. Easier debugging: Single codebase makes it easier to identify issues.
Disadvantages:
1. Scalability limitations: Difficult to scale individual components.
2. Inflexibility: Hard to change technology stacks or update individual components.
3. Single point of failure: If one component fails, the entire system is affected.
4. Maintenance challenges: As the application grows, maintenance becomes more complex.
Real-World Analogies:
1. A single-story house (all rooms connected)
2. A single-engine car (all components integrated)
1. Single Codebase
In a monolithic architecture, the entire application is built within a single codebase. This means:
- All application logic, including presentation, business logic, and data access, is contained
within a single repository.
- Developers work on a single codebase, making it easier to understand and modify.
- Changes are made to the same codebase, reducing integration complexities.
Example:
Imagine an e-commerce application with a single codebase written in Java, containing:
- User authentication
- Product catalog
- Order processing
- Payment gateway
All features are developed, tested, and maintained within this single Java codebase.
2. Single Database
Monolithic architectures typically use a single database to store all application data. This means:
- All data is stored in a single database management system (DBMS), such as MySQL or Oracle.
- Data relationships are defined within the database schema.
- Data consistency is maintained within the database.
Example:
Continuing with the e-commerce example, the single database might contain:
- Customer information
- Product catalog
- Order history
- Payment records
All data is stored in a single MySQL database, with relationships defined between tables.
Example:
The e-commerce application is packaged into a single WAR file and deployed to a Java
application server.
Example:
In the e-commerce application:
- User authentication is tightly coupled with order processing, as authentication data is shared
directly.
- Product catalog is tightly coupled with payment gateway, as product information is used for
payment processing.
These tight couplings make it challenging to modify or replace individual components without
affecting the entire application.
Key Characteristics:
1. Small, independent services: Each microservice represents a business capability.
2. Loose Coupling: Microservices communicate via APIs, minimizing dependencies.
3. Autonomous: Each microservice manages its own behavior.
4. Organized Around Business Capabilities: Microservices align with business functions.
Benefits:
1. Scalability: Scale individual microservices as needed.
2. Flexibility: Use different programming languages and technologies.
3. Resilience: One microservice's failure won't bring down the entire system.
4. Easier Maintenance: Update microservices independently.
5. Faster Deployment: Deploy microservices separately
Example:
Real-World Analogies:
1. A city with multiple districts (microservices) connected by roads (APIs).
2. A team of specialists (microservices) working together.
Challenges:
1. Complexity: More moving parts to manage.
2. Communication Overhead: Microservices need to communicate.
3. Data Consistency: Ensure data consistency across microservices.
4. Security: Secure communication between microservices.
Examples:
1. User Authentication Service
2. Order Processing Service
3. Product Catalog Service
4. Payment Gateway Service
2. API Gateway: Handles incoming requests and routes to services
Definition: An API Gateway is an entry point for clients to access services.
Responsibilities:
1. Route incoming requests to appropriate services.
2. Handle authentication and authorization.
3. Provide rate limiting and caching.
4. Transform requests and responses.
Examples:
1. NGINX
2. Amazon API Gateway
3. Google Cloud Endpoints
4. Azure API Management
3. Service Registry: A service registry is a centralized database that stores a list of all
available services in a microservices architecture. It allows microservices to register
themselves and find and communicate with each other.
Registers and manages service instances
Definition: A Service Registry keeps track of available service instances.
Responsibilities:
Examples:
1. Netflix's Eureka
2. Apache ZooKeeper
3. etcd
4. Consul
5. Databases: Each service has its own database or shares with others
Definition: Databases store and manage data for services.
Patterns:
1. One database per service (micro-database)
2. Shared database among services
3. Database-per-team (aggregating services)
Benefits:
1. Data isolation
2. Scalability
3. Flexibility
4. Improved data management
Separation of Concerns is a design principle that divides a software system into distinct,
independent modules, each addressing a specific concern or functionality.
Benefits
1. Easier maintenance
2. Improved scalability
3. Reduced complexity
4. Reusability
5. Flexibility
Example: E-commerce Application
Suppose we're building an e-commerce application. Without SoC, the code might look like this:
# Single file with multiple concerns
class EcommerceApp:
def authenticate_user(username, password):
# Authentication logic
...
def get_product_details(product_id):
# Database query
...
def process_order(order_data):
# Payment gateway integration
...
def send_order_confirmation(email):
# Email service integration
...
This approach has several concerns mixed together:
1. Authentication
2. Product information
3. Order processing
4. Email service integration
Applying Separation of Concerns
Let's separate these concerns into independent modules:
# Module 1: Authentication
class Authenticator:
def authenticate_user(username, password):
# Authentication logic
...
Best practices
1. Identify concerns carefully
2. Balance granularity
3. Manage dependencies
4. Use interfaces and APIs for communication
By applying the Separation of Concerns principle, you can create more maintainable, scalable,
and flexible software systems.
Common Challenges:
1. Data Consistency: Ensuring data integrity during migrations
2. Downtime: Minimizing downtime during migrations
3. Compatibility: Ensuring compatibility with existing applications
Real-World Analogies
1. Moving to a new house (data migration)
2. Renovating a house (schema migration)
Example
Suppose we're adding a new column to an existing table:
-- Before migration
CREATE TABLE customers (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(255)
);
-- Migration script
ALTER TABLE customers ADD COLUMN email VARCHAR(255);
-- After migration
CREATE TABLE customers (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(255),
email VARCHAR(255)
);
Here are explanations with examples for each reason why database migrations are necessary:
1. Schema Changes
Adding tables:
Suppose you have an e-commerce database with a customers table:
CREATE TABLE customers (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(255),
email VARCHAR(255)
);
You want to add a orders table to track customer orders:
CREATE TABLE orders (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
customer_id INT,
order_date DATE,
FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES customers(id)
);
Adding columns:
3. Performance Optimization
Indexing:
You want to improve query performance by adding an index on the email column:
CREATE INDEX idx_email ON customers(email);
Partitioning:
You want to partition a large orders table by date to improve query performance:
CREATE TABLE orders_partitioned (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
customer_id INT,
order_date DATE,
...
) PARTITION BY RANGE (order_date);
-- MySQL
CREATE TABLE customers (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(255)
);
-- PostgreSQL
CREATE TABLE customers (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(255)
);
-- On-premises MySQL
CREATE TABLE customers (
id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(255)
);
In summary, source code control is a critical component of DevOps practices, as it enables teams
to collaborate, manage changes to code, and automate the delivery of software. History of source
code management
The history of source code management (SCM) in DevOps dates back to the early days of software
development. Early SCM systems were simple and focused on tracking changes to source code over time.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the open-source movement and the rise of the internet led to a
proliferation of new SCM tools, including CVS (Concurrent Versions System), Subversion, and Git.
These systems made it easier for developers to collaborate on projects, manage multiple versions of code,
and automate the build, test, and deployment process.
As DevOps emerged as a software development methodology in the mid-2000s, SCM became an integral
part of the DevOps toolchain. DevOps teams adopted Git as their SCM tool of choice, leveraging its
distributed nature, branch and merge capabilities, and integration with CI/CD pipelines.
Today, Git is the most widely used SCM system in the world, and is a critical component of DevOps
practices. With the rise of cloud-based platforms, modern SCM systems also offer features like
collaboration, code reviews, and integrated issue tracking.