Power Electronics Applications in Power Systems

Course Instructor: Dr. Sanjib Ganguly

Associate professor,
Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, IIT Guwahati
Week 10 : Lecture Notes
❖ TCSC Reactance and Harmonics
As we know, the instantaneous voltage across the capacitor can be written as:
𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝐶 𝜆𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽)
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = [−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜆𝜔𝑡)], 𝜔𝑡𝜖[−𝛽, 𝛽] ⟸TCR is conducting, 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) ≠ 0
𝜆2 −1

𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑐′ + 𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝑐 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽] ⟸TCR is non-conducting, 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) = 0

𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝐶
Where, 𝑉𝑐′ = [−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 + 𝜆𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜆𝛽)] ⟸ Time-invariant
𝜆2 −1

The fundamental component of the voltage across the capacitor can be obtained as,
𝜋
4
𝑉𝑐1 = 𝜋 ∫02 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝜔𝑡 (1)
𝜋
4 𝛽 4 2
= ∫ 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + ∫ 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋 0 𝜋 𝛽

TCR is conducting TCR is non-conducting

𝜋
4 𝛽 𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝐶 𝜆𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽) 4
= 𝜋 ∫0 [−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜆𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜆𝜔𝑡)] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋 ∫𝛽2 [𝑉𝑐′ + 𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝑐 {𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 −
𝜆2 −1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽}]𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝜔𝑡

𝑋𝐶2 2𝛽+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽 4𝑋𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 𝜆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆𝛽−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽

⇒ 𝑉𝑐1 = 𝐼𝑚 [𝑋𝐶 − (𝑋 )( ) + (𝑋 ) ( 𝜆2 −1 ) ( )] (2)
𝐶 −𝑋𝐿 𝜋 𝐶 −𝑋𝐿 𝜋

The impedance (Reactance) of TCSC is 𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶

𝑉
𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = 𝐼𝑐1
𝑚
𝑋𝐶2 2𝛽+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽 4𝑋𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 𝜆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆𝛽−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
⇒ 𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶 − ( )( )+( )( )( )
𝑋𝐶 −𝑋𝐿 𝜋 𝑋𝐶 −𝑋𝐿 𝜆2 −1 𝜋
𝑋𝐶 2𝛽+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽 4𝑋𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 𝜆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆𝛽−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
= 𝑋𝐶 [1 − (𝑋 )( ) + (𝑋 ) ( 𝜆2 −1 ) ( )]
𝐶 −𝑋𝐿 𝜋 𝐶 −𝑋𝐿 𝜋
𝑋𝐶 2𝛽+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽 4𝑋𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 𝜆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆𝛽−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
= 1 − (𝑋 )( ) + (𝑋 ) ( 𝜆2 −1 ) ( )
𝐶 −𝑋𝐿 𝜋 𝐶 −𝑋𝐿 𝜋
𝑋𝐶 𝑋
2𝛽+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽 4 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 𝜆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆𝛽−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿
=1−( 𝑋𝐶 )( )+( 𝑋𝐶 ) ( 𝜆2 −1 ) ( )
−1 𝜋 −1 𝜋
𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿

𝜔𝑟 1
Now, λ = , 𝜔𝑟 =
𝜔 √𝐿𝐶
1
⇒ λ = 𝜔√𝐿𝐶 ⇒ λ2 𝜔2 𝐿𝐶 = 1 ⇒ λ2 (𝜔𝐿)(𝜔𝐶) = 1

1
 1
2 (𝜔𝐿) 1 2 (𝜔𝐶) 𝑋
⇒λ = (𝜔𝐶)
⇒λ = (𝜔𝐿)
⇒ λ2 = 𝑋𝐶
𝐿
λ2 2𝛽+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽 4λ2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 𝜆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆𝛽−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
⇒ 𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = 1 − (λ2 −1) ( ) + (λ2 −1) ( 𝜆2 −1 ) ( )
𝜋 𝜋

2 λ2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽 2 λ2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽
= 1 − (𝜋) (λ2 −1) (𝛽 + 2
) + (𝜋
) ( 2
λ −1
) ( 𝜆2 −1
) (𝜆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆𝛽 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽)
2 𝜆2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽
= 1 + 𝜋 (𝜆2 −1) [ (𝜆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆𝛽 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽) − 𝛽 − ]
𝜆2 −1 2

𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 2 𝜆2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽

⇒ = 1 + 𝜋 (𝜆2 −1) [ (𝜆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆𝛽 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽) − 𝛽 − ] (3)
𝑋𝐶 𝜆2 −1 2
⇓
Ratio of TCSC impedance to the reactance of the fixed capacitor.
𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶
= 𝑓(𝜆, 𝛽)
𝑋𝐶
𝜆 =Design parameter and constant for a particular TCSC

Case study:

(i) 𝛽 = 0 [ TCR is fully OFF]: Fixed capacitor mode of operation

𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 2 𝜆2
= 1 + 𝜋 (𝜆2 −1) × 0 = 1 ⇒ 𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶
𝑋𝐶

𝜋
(ii) 𝛽 = [ TCR is fully ON]: Inductive mode of operation
2
𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 2 𝜆2 −𝜋 𝜆2 −1
= 1 + 𝜋 (𝜆2 −1) ( 2 ) = 1 − 𝜆2 −1 = 𝜆2 −1
𝑋𝐶
𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 1 −1
𝜆 = 3, = − 9−1 = = −0.125
𝑋𝐶 8

𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶
(iii) 𝛽 = 𝛽𝐶 for which →∞
𝑋𝐶

From equation (3) :

𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 2 𝜆2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽
= 1 + 𝜋 (𝜆2 −1) [( ) 𝜆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆𝛽 − ( ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 − 𝛽 − ]
𝑋𝐶 𝜆2 −1 𝜆2 −1 2

2 𝜆2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽

= 1 + 𝜋 (𝜆2 −1) [( ) 𝜆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆𝛽 − ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝛽 − ]
𝜆2 −1 𝜆2 −1 2
2 𝜆2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 𝜆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽
= 1 + 𝜋 (𝜆2 −1) [ − −𝛽− ]
𝜆2 −1 𝜆2 −1 2

2 𝜆2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 𝜆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆𝛽 1 1
= 1 + 𝜋 (𝜆2 −1) [ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽 {𝜆2 −1 + 2} − 𝛽]
𝜆2 −1

2 𝜆2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 𝜆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆𝛽 2+𝜆2 −1

= 1 + 𝜋 (𝜆2 −1) [ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽 {2(𝜆2 −1)} − 𝛽]
𝜆2 −1

𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 2 𝜆2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛽 𝜆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜆𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽 𝜆2 +1

⇒ = 1 + 𝜋 (𝜆2 −1) [ − {(𝜆2 −1)} − 𝛽] (4)
𝑋𝐶 𝜆2 −1 2

𝜋
The only variable in the above expression is 𝛽 and 𝛽 ∈ [0, 2 ]

2
 𝜋 𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶
𝑖𝑓 (𝜆𝛽 = 2 ) ⇒ ≈∞
𝑋𝐶
𝜋
⇒ 𝛽𝐶 = 2𝜆

𝒁𝑻𝑪𝑺𝑪
Plot of ( ) 𝒗𝒔 𝜷 :
𝑿𝑪

 ZTCSC 
 
 XC 
X C  X TCR
4
Capacitive
3
mode
2

1 (βC )max (βL )min β
2
 = C
−1

−2
Inductive
−3 mode
X C  X TCR
−4

Fig..1 Variation of (𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 ⁄𝑋𝐶 ) as a function of 𝛽

𝑋𝐶 < 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 : Capacitive operation
𝑋𝐶 > 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 : Inductive operation

From Fig.1, it is observed that with the increase in 𝛽, TCSC is slowly moving from capacitive
Vernier control mode of operation to inductive Vernier control mode of operation.
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)
𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 =
𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡)
When, 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) ≈ 0 ⇒ 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 = 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
When, 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) ↑ ⇒ 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 ↓
The variation of 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 with 𝛽 is shown in Fig.2.
𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 value is higher near to 𝛽 = 0
𝜋
𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 value is lower near to 𝛽 = 2

3
 X TCR ( t )

Fig.2. Variation of 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑅 with respect to 𝛽

𝒗𝒄 (𝒕) waveforms for capacitive and inductive mode of operations:

i (t ) iC ( t ) C
Transmission Line
vC ( t ) sw
L
iTCR ( t )

Fig.3. Equivalent circuit diagram of TCSC

From Fig.3, 𝑖(𝑡) − 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) = Current flowing through the capacitor

ic ( t ) vc ( t ) ( with offset )

-β β -β β
t
σ

iTCR ( t )
i (t )

Fig.4. Waveforms of 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡), 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡), 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) for capacitive mode of TCSC operation

4
 vc ( t ) ( with offset )
ic ( t )

-β β
t
-β β σ
iTCR ( t )

i (t )

Fig.5. Waveforms of 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡), 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡), 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) for inductive mode of TCSC operation

The waveforms of 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡), 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡), 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) for capacitive and inductive mode of TCSC operation
are shown in Fig.4 and Fig.5 respectively.
Harmonics in TCSC
The harmonics in TCSC is generated due to partial conduction of switches in TCR.
Fundamental TCR current
𝜋
4 2
(𝐼𝑇𝐶𝑅 )1 = ∫ 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
𝜋 0
2 𝜆2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜆+1)𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜆−1)𝛽
(𝐼𝑇𝐶𝑅 )1 = ( 2 ) 𝐼𝑚 [𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽 − { + }] (5)
𝜋 𝜆 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜆𝛽 𝜆+1 𝜆−1

𝑛𝑡ℎ harmonics of TCR current

𝜋
4 2
(𝐼𝑇𝐶𝑅 )𝑛 = ∫ 𝑖 𝑇𝐶𝑅 (𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
𝜋 0
2 𝜆2 sin(𝑛 + 1)𝛽 sin(𝑛 − 1)𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛 + 𝜆)𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛 − 𝜆)𝛽
(𝐼𝑇𝐶𝑅 )1 = ( 2 ) 𝐼𝑚 [{ + }− { + }]
𝜋 𝜆 −1 𝑛+1 𝑛−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜆𝛽 𝑛+𝜆 𝑛−𝜆

𝑛 = 3,5,7, … … (6)

5
❖ Applications and Control of TCSC
The control of TCSC is explained by the following tree diagram.

Application of TCSC in
power systems

Common Level Module Level

(to all the module)

Power Power swing Transient Subsynchronus

Scheduling damping Stability damping
control control control control

Subsynchronus
Reactance Bypass
damping
control Protection
control

Line Arrester Energy

Overcurrent Overcurrent Protection

➢ Power Scheduling control

• To adjust the TCSC reactance (𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 ) to meet the required steady-state power flow
through the power transmission line.
• There are two types of power scheduling control i.e.,
1. Constant current control
2. Constant angular difference control
1. Constant current control mode:
• TCSC maintains a constant power flow through TCSC-compensated line.
• It is not modular level control rather it is a common level control.

I
TCSC
ZTCSC

Fig.6. Single line diagram of TCSC connected in transmission line

Consider a system with a TCSC connected in series with the transmission line, as shown in
Fig. 6.

6
Control characteristics of CC mode

I
C

B
Iref A

O
Control range VTCSC
Fig.7. Constant current control mode

In Fig.7, AB: Control range within which the TCSC would be able to maintain a constant
current flow through the transmission line
OA: Minimum slope [Maximum value of 𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 ]
BC: Maximum slope [Minimum value of 𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 ]
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑉𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 [𝑚: slope of the straight line]
𝐼 1 1
⇒𝑚=𝑉 = 𝑉𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = 𝑍
𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 ( ) 𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶
𝐼

2. Constant angular difference control mode:

• TCSC maintains a constant power flow through the line parallel to the TCSC compensated
line as shown in Fig. 8.
• TCSC maintains a constant voltage drop within its control range.
• During a transient, the line in which TCSC is situated carries the required power so that the
power flow in parallel paths is kept constant.
V  V 0
L1
TCSC
L2
I

Fig.8. TCSC in constant angular difference control mode

• This equivalent to maintaining the angular difference across the line a constant. This is
called as constant angle control.
• If 𝛿 becomes constant, constant P and I could be obtained.
𝑉𝑡𝑐𝑠𝑐
𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = 𝐼𝐿

7
The max and minimum limits decided by OA and BC
𝐼𝑋 − 𝑉𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝐾 [𝐾 = constant and 𝑋 = line reactance]

⇒ 𝑉𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = 𝐼𝑋 − 𝐾
⇒ 𝐼𝑋 = 𝑉𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 + 𝐾
𝑉𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 𝐾
⇒𝐼= +
𝑋 𝑋
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑉𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶
Control characteristics of CA mode

B ( ZTCSC )max

( ZTCSC )min
O
Control range V TCSC

Fig.9. Constant angular difference (CA) control

In Fig.9, AB: Control range within which the TCSC would be able to maintain constant
power flow through the line parallel to the TCSC compensated line
OA: Maximum slope [Minimum value of 𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 ]
BC: Minimum slope [Maximum value of 𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 ]

TCSC in enhancement of steady-state power transmission capacity

TCSC can enhance the steady state power transfer capacity. To understand this let us
consider two systems; one without TCSC and one with TCSC as shown in Fig. 10.
Assumption: Lossless system

8
 V  V 0 V  V 0
X X
TCSC
I ZTCSC I

Fig.10. Single line diagram of transmission line without and with TCSC

Without TCSC the steady state power flow through the line can be given as:
𝑉2
𝑃 = (𝑋−𝑍 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 )

𝑉2
With TCSC, when 𝑍𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 is capacitive, 𝑃 = (𝑋−𝑍 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 )

TCSC with capacitive Vernier control can enhance the steady state power transfer capacity of
a power transmission line which can be observed from the 𝑃 − 𝛿 characteristics as shown in
Fig 11.

P
2
V
X − ZTCSC
withTCSC
V2
X without TCSC

 =0  = 2  = 

Fig.11. 𝑃 − 𝛿 characteristics of system with and without TCSC

Advantages of TCSC placement over SVC

(i) TCSC with lower rating can enhance equal amount of power transfer capacity as compared
to SVC.
(ii) TCSC can be placed anywhere in a transmission line and will have the same impact unlike
the placement of SVC.
Application of TCSC in transient stability enhancement
• Transient stability problem majorly occurs due to the faults and it is a large signal stability
problem.
• Transient stability control is generally a discrete control in response to the detection of a
major system disturbance.
• The controller is activated immediately after a major disturbance such as clearing of a fault
and is deactivated when the magnitude of frequency deviation is below threshold.
• This type of control is beneficial not only in reducing the first swing but also for damping
subsequent swings.

9
 P with TCSC
P
without TCSC

Pmax Pmax

Amargin Amargin

Pmech Pmech

f c  f c 

Fig.12. 𝑃 − 𝛿 characteristics of the system with and without TCSC

From Fig.12, it is observed that (𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 ) > (𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 )

𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶

i.e., Marginal area of 𝑃 − 𝛿 curve with TCSC is higher.

Application of TCSC power swing damping control:
• Power system oscillations create disturbance in the operation of power system.
• These oscillations are small signal stability problem.
• These oscillations are of three types
• Local mode of oscillations
• Intra area mode of oscillations
• Inter area mode of oscillations
• Power swing damping control is designed to modulate the TCSC reactance in response to
an appropriately chosen control signal derived from local measurements.
• The objective is to damp low frequency swing modes (corresponding to oscillation of
generator rotors) of frequencies in the range of 0.2 to 2.0 Hz.
• One of the signals that is easily accessible is the line current magnitude. Alternatively, the
signal corresponding to the frequency of Thevenin voltage of the system across the TCSC
can be used.
• This signal can be synthesized from the knowledge of voltage and current measurements.
𝜕∆𝛿
( 𝜕𝑡 ) ↑ ⇒ Mechanical power is higher than the electrical power, TCSC with capacitive mode
of operation can suddenly increase the electrical power.
𝜕∆𝛿
( 𝜕𝑡 ) ↓ ⇒ Mechanical power is lower than the electrical power, TCSC with inductive mode
of operation can suddenly reduce the electrical power.
Sub-synchronous damping control:
• Any frequency that is less than the synchronous frequency (usually 20 to 30Hz) is called
sub-synchronous frequency.
• Sub-synchronous resonance appears due to the line reactance of several devices and
capacitance. Due to this vibration can be observed in generation unit (shaft of generator).

10
• TCSC modulates its reactance to sufficiently damp the sub-synchronous oscillations.
• The use of Vernier control mode at the module level by setting the reactance setpoint at the
requisite(minimum) level is often adequate to damp sub-synchronous oscillations caused
by series resonance in the line and sustained due to torsional interaction.
• However, in some cases, the constant reactance control may not be adequate. In such cases,
a damping control is added.
• The control signal is based on the synthesis of speed of remote turbo-generators. The
control signal can be derived from the locally measured current and voltage signals.
Modelling of TCSC in power scheduling control:
The block diagram of TCSC is shown in Fig.13.

• 𝑋𝑟𝑒𝑓 is determined by the power scheduling controller or in its absence, by manual

control based on order from load dispatch.
• 𝑋𝑚𝑜𝑑 is required to improve the transient stability.
X aux

X max
VTCSC Power X ref 1
X TCSC
Scheduling 1 + sTm
I Block
X min
X mod

Fig.13. Block diagram of TCSC

Block diagram for CC and CA control

The block diagram of constant current (CC) or constant angle (CA) controller is shown in
Fig.14.
• 𝑇𝑚 is the time constant of first order low pass filter associated with the measurement of
line current 𝐼 and the TCSC voltage.
• For constant current control, 𝑢 = 0.
• For constant angle control, 𝑢 = 1
max
Iref Ierror
+ Regulator X ref
−
Im min
1
1+sTm u VTCSC
Binary
Variable
I u=0 ; for CC mode
u=1; for CA mode
[Here 𝐼𝑚 : Measured signal]
Fig.14. Block diagram of Constant current or constant angular control mode of operation

11
Regulator block diagram (PI control)
• The regulator block diagram is given in Fig.15. This consists mainly PI controller and
phase lead circuit if required.
• The proportional gain 𝐾𝑃 , can be set to zero if only integral control is used.
• The gain 𝐾𝐼 is positive in case of the current control and negative in case of constant
angle control.
• In case of constant angle control, 𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑓 is actually the voltage reference divided by 𝑋 .
Hence positive error signal implies the net voltage drop in the line is less than the
reference and 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 (assumed to be positive in capacitive region) is to be reduced.
• In case of constant current control, if the error is positive, the controller has to increase
𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 to raise the line current to reduce the error.
Ierror 1+sT1 KI +
s Xref
1+sT2
+
Phase lead/lag
compensator KP
1+sTP

Fig.15. Block diagram of the regulator

12