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Taylor's theorem for function of two variables
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views7 pagesTaylor's Theorem
Taylor's theorem for function of two variables
Uploaded by
pawanjeetkaurbk0110Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Seen cea
paneriAt DERIVATIVES :
0,19. Taylor's Theorem for Functions of Two Variables
At tower level, we have leamt Taylor's Theorem for function of one variable in fu, a * Ji} 08
forme sea ny cays rots sa) +
Jo some problems
for's Theorem for finctions of two ¥
Now we will state and prove 1
‘on the expansions of such fimetions wil its help.
9.20. Taylor’s Theorem
itement. Iff(x, ») and all its. partial derivatives upto order # be continuous in all neighbourhoods
ofthe point (x,99, then
or p2L, pes
cenys De seasy+ (9
fore hytD=Fey) (< el poh
3 2
EE +3hk
a
Note. Taylor’s Theorem can also be written as
2
wee =f + (rel 1, 2p A 2. »2) +
Serhy+h rene gud aed) Ble a
Note. State Taylor's Theorem for functions of two variables
Remark : Taylor's Theorem about a point (a, 6) can be put as :
1f/(z, ») is a real valued function of two independent real variables x and y which has continuous
partiel derivatives of nth order in a neighbourhood (a + h, b ~ 4) of a point (a, b), then there exists a real
number f,0<1<1 such that
ferro n-fe.d+(t2r2 ran
r2an2) Flas)
poe 2) F (qb) + ot
vals
+ pkg y S(a+thb+tk)
Here the operation notations are
[oge2|rem=hy,tad+es (ar,
a
aay a ah ae
(+242) f (4,6) = [rs +2hk—— eat PE }eo
=H hes (@ 0) 4 2HK fey (a,b) + ® fay (a, B) ete. 330 SUECLRUM ENGINEERING MATHEMA He
Cor. 1. Pat a= Ob Oh and ky in the above Vaylor's Theorem, we get,
Mael:
n'y Theorem
>
7(0,0) +4 (. rye } 70,0) bot
, ae ay
[2
des LOLY) = £(0, 0) (
5 J (Cnty) where 01-5
wa
0 Il
by 2) FOO,
Cor. 2. Put ath=xbtk
aand k= y~ bin the above Taylor's
heorem, we get Taylor's expansion of f(x, y) i
a) and (y~) as
70.9)" /t@, B+ [o-ae o-8) |, (a)
yy
2
[o-oZ-o-n3 S (a,b) +
1
2 L[o-aZo-n3] f (ave (e—a),b+#(y-B)) where 0<¢ £(0,0) =0
fe, y) =cosxsiny live 0) 0))=0.
yy) =sinx cosy > fy(0,0) =0
es y) =~sinx siny = fer (0,0) =0
Sy Gy) =~ sinx sin y >= fy (0,0) =0
Sy (ey)=cosxeosy => fy (0,0) = 1
Sax G9) =—cosxsiny = fix (tx, ty) =—costxsinty
Fy ®)=—sinxcosy = fe (¢x/1)) =—sin rx cos ty
Fy GN)=—cosxsiny © fay (Cx, 1)) =-costxsinty
Spy &y) = - sin x cos y >
Spy (tx, ty) == sin tx cos ty By Maclaurin’s theorem for finnetion of two variables with remainder after three terms, we have
Fey) 10.0)+ [2 ay
ldeslmnle
FES AY =FO.0) 4 OO) +94 0, 0)) ‘a x? fg (0.04 29 Say (0,009? Ly (0.0)
1
FSU Sow OO) 4327Y fog 4327 Lng ODP Ly)
=0+ [xO +O] + pe (+2xy()+y? 0] + pe cos tx sin fy 3x7 y sin fx cos ty
= 3.xy" cos rxsin ty —y' sin fx 60s ¢y}
Lies 2
“ Fe axY= EUG? +3 x94) eos 1xsin ty +B xy +9"): sin x.608 19]
Example 2. Obtain Taylor’s expansion for f(x,y) = e*” at (1, 1) upto third torm.
Sol. Here, Say) = > fl) =e
LQ 9) = = fre
L,y) = x0? > fb)=e
Say) = ye = fall Dee
Soy) = were) +07 = fl) =2€
Sy) = 2707 > fy) =e
Fogel 9) = e*? > fag He
Lag GW yer exyeryey * f,y(bl) =3¢
Igy (a9) = Bee xy % fy =3e
Aye =e 2 fylbd=e J
332 SPECTRUM ENGINEERING MA tHE,
6,
q
By Talylor’s Theorem about (1, 1), we have
FY) LAD HOD AAD # OD L,0, DI
wy? : +0?
‘pl Wy A DA2OEDIDL yA DOW Loy
(DAUD OD? OD Sy #3 O-DO=D? Ly GD OIL, 0,05
=e+[-Det(y-Del+ iE [o-D2et26-D(y-2e+(y~ De}
S pele Mere MO NS42 6 DG U'se +(y~ 1p e+
+[eG@=-D+eO-D]+ 4 GIP +4eG-DO-DteO-DI
+2 eG D+ 9eG-DF-*9e@ DOW HeO- Ws,
Example 3, Show that the first four terms of the Maclaurin’s expansion of e%* cos by are
tart yd PBA) + Tee -3abay)
B
Sol Let f(x,y) = e** cos by
f.le,y) = ae cos by
ley) =be™ sin by
Sexy) = a2 e* cos by
Sy (y) = -b7 6 cos by
Sy 9) =~ a be%* sin by
Sas (%)) =a e008 by
ey Gy) == b e* sin by
Soy Gy) =~ a8 e9* 0s by
San 5.9) =O &* sin by
F(0,0) =e°cosO=1x1=1
40,0) =a
40,0) =0
fix 0,0) =a
try (0,0) =~
Fy (0,0) =0
Sec (0,0) =a?
Fay(0,0) = 0
fay, 0,0) =~ ab?
Jy 0,0) =0 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
By Mac!
urin’s theorem
P= 10,0) [yoo y
ay
3
2
ee ee 2) 0.0)
2,2) poor S(% Yay)!
fog 0.0) 4249 Fey OOH? fy OO}
= FON FAK O.O FL OO
GB
Lt So 0100438 Fa9 (0.0) $387 fay 0.07 Sy ON =
B
ef cos by arebrat ol [xtea? +2xy04y? CO
* a & Praey 043eF Cabyty Fm
Peasy ltt HEE Be ee Baba”?
Example 4. Use Taylor's theorem for functions of two variables to expand x7 y +3 y ~ 2 in powers of
xo land y+2.
Sol Let fy) =H Y*3¥2 = f(l,-2)=-2-6-2= 10
fy) ~2xy = f0,-2=-4
Gey) = 243 = fll,-2)=4
fixe») = 2 = fs Da-4
Sy Gy) =2* > Say Qs -2) #2
Sy Gy) > fy Gs-D =0
faey) =0 > fea (1-2) =0
fag) #2 > fay(l,-2) 72
fy) =0 > fey (1-2) =0
fy@y) = > fyy(ly-2) =0
All partial deviates of higher order are zero. ING MATHEMATICS
By Taylor's Theorem, expanding f(x, ») about the point (1, ~2) in powers of x ~ | and y +2, we pot
PENAL, 2) +(x DAC, 2) ++ DAC —D
IP Legh 24+2x- DVDS, (b-D+O+2Y f, (1,2)
I
+t}
L'
{Hore partial derivations of order > 3 are all zr)
yt 3H2==10 + [1 A) + (9 +A]
+ EDO DO+O2
+ ae POO TO ADAH DAO +0427
> Syt3y-2=-10-4 (= 1) +4 (yt -2 DP +2G-D OVD tG- WD)
Example 5. Use Taylor’s Theorem to expand x y* + 3x-2 in process of
x-2and y+ 1.
Sol Let f(x,y) =xy+3x-2 > £@-1) = 2+6-2=6
fy) =P43 > 42,71) = 14354
Gy) =2xy = HAY =2@(-“)=-4
Sey @y) =2¥ a Sey 2, MI) =2 (1) = -2
fis@y) =O it SexQ,-1) =
hy Gy) =2% we fy Q@-=4
fax (ty) =0 > ax 2,-1) = 0
Say Y) =0 be Say 2, -1)= 0
Soy &Y) =2 = Soy 2, -1) = 2.
Soy Gy) =0 os Sm 2-1) =0
Expanding /(, y) about the point (2, -1) by Taylor’s Theorem, we get,
M69) =12,-1)+ [aa S+0+ 3] SQ-1
3
a agorogl LQ voile gk Eeowng| f2-0
[+ partial derivatives of order > 3 areall 2e10), PARTIAL DERIVATIVES ag
39 #322=6 +f 2) (4) + (y+ 1-4)
1 :
Fy l@=DO+AG—A(ytNCD+ +I GN
12
1 . “i
ie [eee O)+3 (x = 2) (y+ 1) 0) 43-2) Cy +1 +O + 1
xy +3x-2=644 (x= 2)—4 (yt 1) = 2 (x — 2) (y+ 1) 42 (y+ IP - Dy IP
Example 6. Expand x‘ + x* y?— y* about the point (1,1) upto the terms of the second degree
Sol. Let f(y) = xtt7 ye, = SUA = 1+ t-t=1
AG) =45+2x) = AG, =442=6
Fr Qy) = 12x +257 = Sa(ly i) =12+2=14
KEY) =Wwy-4y = HQ) =2-4=
Sy @y) = 27-127 = Sy Qs 1) =2-12=-10
fy YW) =4xy = Sy G0) =4
By Taylor’s Theorem,
a of
«-vZ+o-n2] fa)
& @.
£9) =f0,I)+ [ovZs oe
[Upto terms of second degree]
text yy =14(@DO+O-D AQ)
: + Z [e-0'09+26-Do-D+0-9-19)]
i
2 ttt y-y' =146@—1)-2(p tT &- 1 $4 O-D-5(9- DF
EXEKCISE 9 (e)
1. Expand sin (& + A) (7+ &) by Taylor’s Theorem as far as terms of second degree.
2 yen? [x-O +P
2 Pt that: I —y)=x-(y+1)- — 1)-———— ,0<0<1.
rove that log(e—y)=x— (94 4xOE DA #5
3, Expand é* cos y in powers of x and y as far as terms of third degree.
4. (@) Prove that
atx
e* sin by = by + abxy + le -3 a0? xy?) sin doy +G@ bx y-B'y) cos by)
where 0
