Chapter 20: Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics: 4 Lectures (2 Weeks, 6 Hours) For This Chapter

Chapter 20: Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics
(Fundamental of Physics, 10th edition)
❑ 4 lectures (2 weeks, 6 hours) for this chapter:
• Lesson-7:Concept of entropy, Change in entropy for reversible and irreversible process ,

related problems, Second law of thermodynamics in terms of entropy, entropy in the real
world: engine, Carnot engine and its working principles.
• Lesson 8: Work done, entropy change and efficiency calculation
of a Carnot engine, related problems, Comparison: ideal engine,
Carnot engine and real engines.
Lesson-8
pV diagram of a Carnot Engine

The Work:
In a Carnot engine, the working substance completes reversible cycles. Thus for a complete
cycle of the working substance, the net internal energy change,
∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝟎
In each cycle of a Carnot engine, the heat 𝑄𝐻 is transferred to the working substance from the
high temperature reservoir TH and the heat 𝑄𝐿 is transferred from the working substance to the
low temperature reservoir TL.
So, the net heat transfer per cycle,
Q = QH − QL
The first law of thermodynamics for the Carnot cycle, ∆Eint = Q − W
0=Q−W
W=Q
W = QH − QL
This is the net work done by a Carnot engine during a cycle.
Entropy Changes:
There are two isothermal processes in each cycle of a Carnot engine.
• During the isothermal expansion, the working substance absorbs heat QH at

temperature TH .
+ 𝑄𝐻
The increase in entropy, ∆𝑆𝐻 =
𝑇𝐻
• Again, during the isothermal compression, the working substance releases heat 𝑄𝐻 at
constant temperature 𝑇𝐿 .
− 𝑄𝐿
The decrease in entropy, ∆𝑆𝐿 =
𝑇𝐿
• The net entropy change per cycle, • For a complete cycle, ∆𝑆 = 0

+ 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿
∆S = ∆SH + ∆SL 0 = +
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐿
+ 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐿
∆𝑆 = + =
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐿
𝑄𝐿 𝑇𝐿
=
𝑄𝐻 𝑇𝐻
Efficiency of a Carnot Engine:
Thermal efficiency of any engine is defined as,
energy we get W
ε= =
energy we provide QH
QH − QL
ε=
QH
QL
➢ ε=1− [any engine]
QH
TL
➢ ε=1− [Carnot engine] [TL < TH ]
TH
➢ Because TL < TH , the efficiency of Carnot engine is less than unity or less than
100%. Thus, only a part of the extracted heat is available to do work and the
rest is delivered to the low temperature reservoir.
23. A Carnot engine whose low-temperature reservoir is at 17 0C has an efficiency of 40%.
By how much should the temperature of the high-temperature reservoir be increased to
increase the efficiency to 50%?
Solution:
Given,
𝑻𝑳 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎 𝑪 = 𝟐𝟗𝟎 𝑲
𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚, 𝜺𝒄 = 𝟒𝟎%
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚, 𝜺′𝒄 = 𝟓𝟎%
∆𝑻𝑯 =?
For the initial state,

𝑻𝑳
𝜺𝒄 = 𝟏 −
𝑻𝑯
𝑻𝑳
⇒ 𝟒𝟎% = 𝟏 −
𝑻𝑯
𝑻𝑳
⇒ = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎
𝑻𝑯
∴ 𝑻𝑯 = 𝟒𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝑲
For the final state, So the increased temperature of the

𝑻𝑳
′
𝜺𝒄 = 𝟏 − high temperature reservoir,
𝑻𝑯′ ∆𝑻𝑯 = 𝑻′𝑯 − 𝑻𝑯
𝑻𝑳
⇒ 𝟓𝟎% = 𝟏 − ′
𝑻𝑯
= (𝟓𝟖𝟎 − 𝟒𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟑) 𝑲
𝑻𝑳
⇒ ′ = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎
𝑻𝑯
= 𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑲
∴ 𝑻′𝑯 = 𝟓𝟖𝟎 𝑲
24. A Carnot engine absorbs 52 kJ as heat and exhausts 36 kJ as heat in each cycle.
Calculate (a) the engine’s efficiency and (b) the work done per cycle in kilojoules.
Solution:
Given,
𝑸𝑯 = 𝟓𝟐 𝒌𝑱 = 𝟓𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑱
𝑸𝑳 = 𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝑱 = 𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑱
𝒂 𝜺𝒄 =?
We know,
𝑸𝑳
𝜺𝒄 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑸𝑯
𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
= 𝟏− × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟓𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
= 𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟕 %
Problems for Practice: Homework
25. A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 22.0%. It operates between constant-

temperature reservoirs differing in temperature by 75.0 C0. What is the
temperature of the (a) lower-temperature and (b) higher-temperature reservoir?
27. A Carnot engine operates between 235 0C and 115 0C, absorbing 6.30x104 J
per cycle at the higher temperature. (a) What is the efficiency of the engine? (b)
How much work per cycle is this engine capable of performing?
20-2 No Perfect Engines:
Inventors continually try to improve engine efficiency by reducing
the energy QL that is “thrown away” during each cycle. The
inventor’s dream is to produce the perfect engine, diagrammed in
Fig, in which QL is reduced to zero and QH is converted completely
into work.
Also, a perfect engine is only a dream: impossible requirements

TL 0
ε=1− == 1− = 1 = 100%
TH ∞
➢ Instead, experience gives the following alternative version of the second law of
thermodynamics, which says in short, there are no perfect engines:
“No series of processes is possible whose sole result is the transfer of energy as heat from
a thermal reservoir and the complete conversion of this energy to work”.

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Chapter 20: Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics

(Fundamental of Physics, 10th edition)

❑ 4 lectures (2 weeks, 6 hours) for this chapter:

• Lesson-7:Concept of entropy, Change in entropy for reversible and irreversible process ,

pV diagram of a Carnot Engine

• During the isothermal expansion, the working substance absorbs heat QH at

• The net entropy change per cycle, • For a complete cycle, ∆𝑆 = 0

For the initial state,

For the final state, So the increased temperature of the

25. A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 22.0%. It operates between constant-

Also, a perfect engine is only a dream: impossible requirements

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