EXPERIMENT – 7

Aim:
To analyse the given inorganic salt for one acidic and one basic radical.
Write experiments, observations and inference in tabular form. Write the chemical
equations involved.

Requirement:
(a) Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, boiling tubes,
beakers, funnel, filter papers, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner etc.
(b) Chemicals: Different reagents.

Preliminary Test:

Physical state Crystalline solid

Colour White
Odour/smell Ammonia like
Solubility Soluble in water

Test For Acidic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt, add 2 mL of dil. H2SO4 No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-
and warm it. SO32-, CH3COO-
NO2- absent.

2. To the fresh pinch of salt, add 1 mL of conc. Colourless pungent Chloride (Cl-) may
H2SO4 . smelling gas evolved. be present.

3. Confirmatory Test

(i) Bring a glass rod moist with NH4OH near White fumes of NH4Cl Chloride (Cl-)
the mouth of test tube. are formed. confirmed.

(ii) Take a small portion of solution in another Greenish yellow gas Chloride (Cl-)
test tube then add MnO2 and heat the evolved. confirmed.
content.

(iii) a) To the salt solution add AgNO3 White precipitate is Chloride (Cl-)
solution formed. confirmed.

b) To the above precipitate add NH4OH Precipitate dissolved. Chloride (Cl-)

solution in excess confirmed.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

a) Cl- + H2SO4 (dil) → No reaction

b) Cl- + H2SO4 (conc.) → HCl ↑ + HSO4-
c) HCl + NH4OH → NH4Cl ↑ + H2O
(White fumes)
d) MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2↑
(Pale green gas)
e) Cl- + AgNO3 → AgCl + NO3 -

(White ppt)

Test For Basic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To a pinch of salt add NaOH solution Smell of ammonia is Zero group (NH4+)
and heat it. observed. may be present.

2. Confirmatory Test

(i) On placing glass rod moistened with dil. White fumes of NH4Cl NH4+ confirmed
HCl near the mouth of the test tube. is formed.

(ii) On placing moist red litmus paper on the Litmus paper turns NH4+ confirmed
mouth of test tube. blue.

(iii) To the aqueous salt solution add NaOH Brown precipitate is NH4+ confirmed
solution and heat it, then add Nesseler’s formed.
reagent to it.

[Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

(i) NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl + NH3 ↑ + H2O

(ii) NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

(iii) 2[K2(HgI4)] + 2NaOH + NH4Cl → NH2HgI3 + 4KI + NaI + NaCl + 2H2O

(Brown ppt)
Or
(HgO.Hg (NH2) I)
Iodide of millon’s base

Result: The given inorganic salt contains:

Acidic radical – Cl−
Basic radical – NH4+
Therefore the given inorganic salt is - NH4Cl
**********
 EXPERIMENT – 8

Aim:
To analyse the given inorganic salt for one acidic and one basic radical.
Write experiments, observations and inference in tabular form. Write the chemical
equations involved.

Requirement:
(a) Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, boiling tubes,
beakers, funnel, filter papers, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner etc.
(b) Chemicals: Different reagents.

Preliminary Test:

Physical state Crystalline solid

Colour White
Odour/smell Ammonia like
Solubility Soluble in water

Test For Acidic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt, add 2 mL of dil. No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-
H2SO4. SO32-, CH3COO-
NO2- .absent.
2. To the fresh pinch of salt, add 1 mL of No gas evolved. Cl-, NO3- are
conc. H2SO4. absent.

3. To the salt solution add 1-2 mL BaCl2 A white precipitate is SO42- may be
solution. formed. present.

4. Confirmatory Test

(i) To the above precipitate add conc. HCl or Precipitate is insoluble. SO42- confirmed.
conc. HNO3.

(ii) To the salt solution add lead acetate White precipitate is SO42- confirmed.
solution. formed.

(iii) To the above precipitate ad ammonium Precipitate dissolved. SO42- confirmed.

acetate solution in excess.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

(i) SO42- + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2Cl-

(White ppt)
(ii) SO42- + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO4 + 2CH3COO-
(White ppt)
(iii) PbSO4 + 2CH3COONH4 → (CH3COO)2Pb + (NH4)2SO4

Test For Basic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To a pinch of salt add NaOH solution Smell of ammonia is Zero group (NH4+)
and heat it. observed. may be present.

2. Confirmatory Test

(i) On placing glass rod moistened with dil. White fumes of NH4Cl NH4+ confirmed
HCl near the mouth of the test tube. is formed.

(ii) On placing moist red litmus paper on the Litmus paper turns NH4+ confirmed
mouth of test tube. blue.

(iii) To the aqueous salt solution add NaOH Brown precipitate is NH4+ confirmed
solution and heat it, then add Nesseler’s formed.
reagent to it.

[Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

(i) NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl + NH3 ↑ + H2O

(ii) NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
(iii) 2[K2(HgI4)] + 2NaOH + NH4Cl → NH2HgI3 + 4KI + NaI + NaCl + 2H2O
(Brown ppt)
Or
(HgO.Hg (NH2) I)
Iodide of millon’s base

Result: The given inorganic salt contains:

Acidic radical – SO42−
Basic radical – NH4+
Therefore the given inorganic salt is – (NH4)2SO4

***********
 EXPERIMENT – 9
Aim:
To analyse the given inorganic salt for one acidic and one basic radical.
Write experiments, observations and inference in tabular form. Write the chemical
equations involved.

Requirement:
(a) Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, boiling tubes,
beakers, funnel, filter papers, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner etc.
(b) Chemicals: Different reagents.

Preliminary Test:

Physical state Crystalline solid

Colour White
Odour/smell Vinegar like
Solubility Soluble in hot water

Test For Acidic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt, add 2 mL of dil. H2SO4. A colourless gas with CH3COO- may
smell of vinegar evolves. be present.
2. Confirmatory Test

(i) Take a pinch of a given salt in a watch Vinegar like smell. CH3COO-
glass, add solid oxalic acid and few drops of confirmed.
water in it and rub it properly.

(ii) To the aqueous solution of given salt, add 2- Reddish brown colour CH3COO-
3 mL of neutral FeCl3 solution. Filter the appeared. confirmed.
solution and then divide the filtrate into
two parts:
(a) To the first part, add dil. HCl. Reddish brown colour CH3COO-
disappear. confirmed.

(b) To second part, add water then boil it. Reddish brown CH3COO-
precipitate formed. confirmed.

3. To the given salt add 1 mL of conc. H2SO4 A pleasant fruity CH3COO-

and add 2-3 mL of C2H5OH then heat the smelling compound is confirmed.
content. formed.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

(i) 2CH3COO- + H2SO4 → 2CH3COOH + SO42-

(Vinegar like smell)

(ii) 2CH3COO- + 2H2C2O4 → C2O42- + 2CH3COOH

(iii) 2CH3COO- + FeCl3 → (CH3COO)3Fe + 3Cl-

Test For Basic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference

No
1. To the pinch of salt add NaOH No reaction and no Zero group absent.
solution and heat it. ammoniacal smell.

2. To 1 mL of original solution add few White precipitate is formed. I group may be

drops of dil. HCl. present.

3. Confirmatory Test

(i) Filter the precipitate and wash the Precipitate dissolved. Pb2+ may be
precipitate with cold water and then present.
boil it with water.

(ii) Filter the solution while boiling.

Divide the filtrate into three parts.

(a) To first par, add KI solution. Yellow precipitate formed Pb2+ confirmed.
which is insoluble in cold
water.

(b) To second part, add K2CrO4 solution. Yellow precipitate formed Pb2+ confirmed.
which is insoluble in dil.
CH3COOH but soluble in
aq. NaOH.

(c) To the third part, add dil. H2SO4 and White precipitate formed. Pb2+ confirmed.
C2H5OH.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

a) Pb2+ + 2HCl → PbCl2 + 2H+

b) PbCl2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KCl

(Yellow ppt)

c) PbCl2 + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 + 2KCl

(Yellow ppt)

d) 2PbCrO4 + 2NaOH → PbCrO4.Pb(OH)2 + Na2CrO4

e) PbCl2 + H2SO4 → PbSO4 + 2HCl

Result: The given inorganic salt contains:

Acidic radical – CH3COO−
Basic radical – Pb2+
Therefore the given inorganic salt is – (CH3COO)2Pb

**********
 EXPERIMENT – 10
Aim:
To analyse the given inorganic salt for one acidic and one basic radical.
Write experiments, observations and inference in tabular form. Write the chemical
equations involved.

Requirement:
(a) Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, boiling tubes,
beakers, funnel, filter papers, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner etc.
(b) Chemicals: Different reagents.

Preliminary Test:

Physical state Crystalline solid

Colour White
Odour/smell No smell
Solubility Soluble in hot water

Test For Acidic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt, add 2 mL of dil. H2SO4 . No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-
SO32-, CH3COO-
NO2- absent.

2. To the fresh pinch of salt, add 1 mL of conc. Reddish brown fumes NO3- may be
H2SO4 . with pungent smell are present.
evolved.
3 Confirmatory Test

(i) To the pinch of salt add conc. H2SO4 and Intense brown fumes NO3- confirmed.
copper turnings and then heat the content. evolved.

(ii) Brown ring test: To the salt solution add A brown ring is formed NO3- confirmed.
freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution at the junction of two
and then add conc. H2SO4 along the side of layers of the two
test tube drop wise. solution.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

(i) NO3- + H2SO4(dil) → No reaction

(ii) 2 NO3- + H2SO4(conc.) → 2HNO3 + SO42-

(iii) 3Cu + 8HNO3 → 3 Cu (NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O

(iv) 2NO + O2 → 2NO2

RING TEST:

(v) 6FeSO4 + 2HNO3 + 3H2SO4 → 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO

(vi) FeSO4 + NO → FeSO4.NO

( Nitroso ferrous sulphate)

Test For Basic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt add NaOH No reaction and no Zero group absent.
solution and heat it. ammoniacal smell.

2. To 1 mL of original solution add few White precipitate is formed. I group may be

drops of dil. HCl. present.

3. Confirmatory Test

(i) Filter the precipitate and wash the Precipitate dissolved. Pb2+ may be
precipitate with cold water and then present.
boil it with water.

(ii) Filter the solution while boiling.

Divide the filtrate into three parts.

(a) To first par, add KI solution. Yellow precipitate formed Pb2+ confirmed.
which is insoluble in cold
water.

(b) To second part, add K2CrO4 solution. Yellow precipitate formed Pb2+ confirmed.
which is insoluble in dil.
CH3COOH but soluble in
aq. NaOH.

(c) To the third part, add dil. H2SO4 and White precipitate formed. Pb2+ confirmed.
C2H5OH.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

a) Pb2+ + 2HCl → PbCl2 + 2H+

b) PbCl2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KCl

(Yellow ppt)

c) PbCl2 + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 + 2KCl

(Yellow ppt)

d) 2PbCrO4 + 2NaOH → PbCrO4.Pb(OH)2 + Na2CrO4

e) PbCl2 + H2SO4 → PbSO4 + 2HCl

Result: The given inorganic salt contains:

Acidic radical – NO3−
Basic radical – Pb2+
Therefore the given inorganic salt is – Pb(NO3)2

************
 EXPERIMENT – 11
Aim:
To analyse the given inorganic salt for one acidic and one basic radical.
Write experiments, observations and inference in tabular form. Write the chemical
equations involved.

Requirement:
(a) Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, boiling tubes,
beakers, funnel, filter papers, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner etc.
(b) Chemicals: Different reagents.

Preliminary Test:

Physical state Crystalline solid

Colour White
Odour/smell No smell
Solubility Soluble in water

Test For Acidic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt, add 2 mL of dil. H2SO4. No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-
SO32-, CH3COO-
NO2- absent.
2. To the fresh pinch of salt, add 1 mL of conc. No gas evolved. Cl-, NO3- are
H2SO4 . absent.

3. To the salt solution add 1-2 mL BaCl2 A white precipitate is SO42- may be
solution. formed. present.

4. Confirmatory Test

(i) To the above precipitate add conc. HCl or Precipitate is SO42- confirmed.
conc. HNO3. insoluble.

(ii) To the salt solution add lead acetate solution. White precipitate is SO42- confirmed.
formed.

(iii) To the above precipitate ad ammonium Precipitate dissolved. SO42- confirmed.

acetate solution in excess.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

(i) SO42- + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2Cl-

(White ppt)
(ii) SO42- + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO4 + 2CH3COO-
(White ppt)
(iii) PbSO4 + 2CH3COONH4 → (CH3COO)2Pb + (NH4)2SO4

Test For Basic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt add NaOH solution and No reaction and no Zero group absent.
heat it. ammoniacal smell.

2. To 1 mL of original solution add few drops of No precipitate is I group absent.

dil. HCl. formed.

3. Pass H2S gas through the above solution. No precipitate is II group absent.
formed.

4. Boil off H2S gas from the above solution No precipitate. III group absent.
completely, cool down and then add few
drops of conc. H2SO4 and heat it. Cool it
then add NH4Cl(solid) and NH4OH in
excess.

5. Pass H2S gas through above solution. White precipitate is IV group present.
formed.

6. Confirmatory Test

(a) Dissolve the precipitate in dilute HCl and

boil off H2S gas completely, divide the
solution into two parts.

(i) To the first part of solution, add NaOH. White precipitate is Zn2+ confirmed.
formed (soluble in
excess).

(ii) To second part of the solution, add White precipitate is Zn2+ confirmed.
K4[Fe(CN)6] solution in excess. formed.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

a) Zn2+ + H2 S → ZnS + 2H+

(White ppt)
b) ZnS + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2S
c) ZnCl2 + 2NaOH → Zn (OH)2 + 2NaCl
d) Zn (OH)2 + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
e) 2ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 4KCl

Result: The given inorganic salt contains:

Acidic radical – SO42−
Basic radical – Zn2+
Therefore the given inorganic salt is – ZnSO4

*********
 EXPERIMENT – 12
Aim:
To analyse the given inorganic salt for one acidic and one basic radical.
Write experiments, observations and inference in tabular form. Write the chemical
equations involved.

Requirement:
(a) Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, boiling tubes,
beakers, funnel, filter papers, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner etc.
(b) Chemicals: Different reagents.

Preliminary Test:

Physical state Crystalline solid

Colour White
Odour/smell No smell
Solubility Soluble in water

Test For Acidic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt, add 2 mL of dil. H2SO4 No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-
and warm it. SO32-, CH3COO-
NO2- absent.

2. To the fresh pinch of salt, add 1 mL of conc. Colourless pungent Chloride (Cl-) may
H2SO4. smelling gas evolved. be present.

3. Confirmatory Test

(i) Bring a glass rod moist with NH4OH near White fumes of NH4Cl Chloride (Cl-)
the mouth of test tube. are formed. confirmed.

(ii) Take a small portion of solution in another Greenish yellow gas Chloride (Cl-)
test tube then add MnO2 and heat the evolved. confirmed.
content.

(iii) a) To the salt solution add AgNO3 White precipitate is Chloride (Cl-)
solution formed. confirmed.

b) To the above precipitate add NH4OH Precipitate dissolved. Chloride (Cl-)

solution in excess confirmed.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

a) Cl- + H2SO4 (dil) → No reaction

b) Cl- + H2SO4 (conc.) → HCl ↑ + HSO4-
c) HCl + NH4OH → NH4Cl ↑ + H2O
(White fumes)
d) MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2↑
(Pale green gas)
e) Cl- + AgNO3 → AgCl + NO3-
(White ppt)

Test For Basic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt add NaOH solution and No reaction and no Zero group
heat it. ammoniacal smell. absent.

2. To 1 mL of original solution add few drops of No precipitate is I group absent

dil. HCl. formed.

3. Pass H2S gas through the above solution. No precipitate is II group absent
formed.

4. Boil off H2S gas from the above solution No precipitate. III group absent
completely, cool down and then add few
drops of conc. H2SO4 and heat it. Cool it then
add NH4Cl(solid) and NH4OH in excess.

5. Pass H2S gas through above solution. No precipitate. IV group absent

6. Boil off H2S gas from the above solution cool White precipitate is V group present
down then add solid NH4Cl, NH4OH and formed. (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
(NH4)2CO3 solution in it. may be)

7. Confirmatory Test

(i) Dissolve the precipitate in minimum Yellow precipitate is Ba2+ confirmed

quantity of acetic acid, then add K2CrO4 formed.
solution drop wise.

(ii) Dissolve yellow precipitate in minimum Apple green flame. Ba2+ confirmed
volume of conc. HCl and perform the flame
test.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

a) Ba2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → BaCO3 + 2NH4+

b) BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COOH)2Ba + CO2 + H2O

c) (CH3COOH)2Ba + K2CrO4 → BaCrO4 + 2CH3COOK

Result: The given inorganic salt contains:

Acidic radical – Cl−
Basic radical – Ba2+
Therefore the given inorganic salt is – BaCl2

**********