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11 views2 pages

New Paper

Uploaded by

221980068
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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# Load necessary libraries

library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)

# Load the iris dataset


data(iris)

# Calculate z-scores for Sepal.Length and Sepal.Width


iris_z <- iris %>%
mutate(
z_Sepal.Length = (Sepal.Length - mean(Sepal.Length)) / sd(Sepal.Length),
z_Sepal.Width = (Sepal.Width - mean(Sepal.Width)) / sd(Sepal.Width)
)

# Define a threshold for outliers


threshold <- 2 # Common choice, can adjust based on needs

# Identify outliers
iris_z <- iris_z %>%
mutate(
is_outlier = abs(z_Sepal.Length) > threshold | abs(z_Sepal.Width) > threshold
)

# Create a combined plot


ggplot(iris_z, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width, color = is_outlier)) +
geom_point(size = 3) +
scale_color_manual(values = c("black", "red"), labels = c("Not Outlier",
"Outlier")) +
labs(
title = "Sepal Length vs Sepal Width with Outliers Highlighted",
x = "Sepal Length",
y = "Sepal Width",
color = "Outlier Status"
) +
theme_minimal()

Explanation of the Code:


1. Load Libraries: ggplot2 is for plotting, and dplyr is for data manipulation.
2. Calculate Z-Scores: Compute z-scores for Sepal Length and Sepal Width using
the formula (x−mean)/sd(x - \text{mean}) / \text{sd}(x−mean)/sd.
3. Define Outliers: Use a z-score threshold (e.g., 2) to determine outliers. If
the z-score exceeds the threshold in either feature, it's considered an outlier.
4. Plot Data: Use ggplot2 to create a scatter plot where points are colored
based on whether they are outliers.
The plot will show Sepal Length vs. Sepal Width, with outliers highlighted in red
and non-outliers in black. You can adjust the threshold if needed to be more or
less strict about what constitutes an outlier.

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