Page 1 of 182

Unit-IV Laplace Transform

Introduction: Transform calculus is the most powerful tool to solve various important equations
occurring in engineering, applied mathematics, Physics, Mechanics etc. Among various
transforms, Laplace transform is the simplest and most useful tool for solving different types of
ordinary as well as Partial differential equations (PDE) and boundary value Problems (BVP) etc.

Definition: Laplace transform of f t ; t ≥ 0 is denoted by L[f t ] and is defined as

∞ −st
Lf t = F(s) = 0
e f t dt

Some basic formulae:

∞ −x
1. n = 0
e x n−1 dx
∞ −x
2. n + 1 = 0
e x n dx

3. n + 1 = n! when n is positive integer (n > 0)

4. n + 1 = n n when n is positive fraction

n+1
5. n = when n is negative (n < 0)
n

1
6. = π
2

1
7. − 2 = −2 π

x3 x5 x7
8. Sinx = x − 3! + 5! − 7! + ⋯

x2 x4 x6
9. cosx = 1 − 2! + 4! − 6! + ⋯

10. ax = e Loga x

π
11.cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

e iax −e −iax
12. sinax = 2i

e iax +e −iax
13. cosax = 2

e ax −e −ax
14. sinhax = 2

e ax +e −ax
15. coshax = 2

Page 2 of 182
Laplace Transform of elementary function:

Ex1. Find the Laplace transform of the following:

(i) 1 (ii) eat (iii) e−at (iv) sinat (v) cosat

(vi) sinhat (vii) coshat (viii) t n

Sol: (i) we have to find L(1)

We know that by definition of Laplace transform

∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt

Put f t = 1
∞ −st
L1 = 0
e 1 dt
∞ −st
L1 = 0
e dt
∞
e −st e ax
L1 = ∵ eax =
−s 0 a

1 ∞
L 1 = − s e−st 0

1
L 1 = − s e−s(∞) − e−s(0)

1
L 1 = − s e−∞ − e−0

1
L 1 = −s 0−1 ∵ e−∞ = 0 , e−0 = 1

1
L 1 = − s −1

1
L1 = s

(ii) We have to find L(eat )

We know that by definition of Laplace transform

∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt

Put f t = eat
∞ −st
L eat = 0
e eat dt
∞ −st +at
L eat = 0
e dt ∵ em en = em+n

Page 3 of 182
 ∞ −(s−a)t
L eat = 0
e dt
∞
e − s −a t e ax
L eat = ∵ eax =
−(s−a) 0 a

1 t ∞
L eat = − (s−a) e− s−a 0

1
L eat = − (s−a) e−(s−a)(∞) − e−(s−a)(0)

1
L eat = − (s−a) e−∞ − e−0

1
L eat = − (s−a) 0 − 1 ∵ e−∞ = 0 , e−0 = 1

1
L eat = − (s−a) −1

1
L eat = s−a

(iii) We have to find L(e−at )

We know that by definition of Laplace transform

∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt

Put f t = e−at
∞ −st
L e−at = 0
e e−at dt
∞ −st −at
L e−at = 0
e dt ∵ em en = em+n
∞ −(s+a)t
L e−at = 0
e dt
∞
e − s +a t e ax
L e−at = ∵ eax =
−(s+a) 0 a

1 t ∞
L e−at = − (s+a) e− s+a 0

1
L e−at = − (s+a) e−(s+a)(∞) − e−(s+a)(0)

1
L e−at = − (s+a) e−∞ − e−0

1
L e−at = − (s+a) 0 − 1 ∵ e−∞ = 0 , e−0 = 1

Page 4 of 182
 1
L e−at = − (s+a) −1

1
L e−at = s+a

(iv) We have to find L(sinat)

We know that

e iax −e −iax
sinax = 2i

e iat −e −iat
sinat = 2i

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

e iat −e −iat
L(sinat) = L 2i

1
L sinat = 2i L eiat − e−iat

1
L sinat = 2i L(eiat ) − L(e−iat )

1 1
Using L eat = s−a , L e−at = s+a

1 1 1
L sinat = 2i − s+ia
s−ia

1 s+ia −(s−ia ) a c ad −bc

L sinat = 2i ∵ −d =
s−ia (s+ia ) b bd

1 s+ia −s+ia
L sinat = 2i ∵ a2 − b 2 = a − b a + b
(s)2 −(ia )2

1 2ia
L sinat = 2i s 2 −i 2 a 2

1 2ia
L sinat = 2i ∵ i2 = −1
s 2 −(−1)a 2

1 2ia
L sinat =
2i s 2 +a 2

a
L sinat = s 2 +a 2

(v) We have to find L(cosat)

We know that

e iax +e −iax
cosax = 2

Page 5 of 182
 e iat +e −iat
cosat = 2

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

e iat +e −iat
L(cosat) = L 2

1
L cosat = 2 L eiat + e−iat

1
L cosat = 2 L(eiat ) + L(e−iat )

1 1
Using L eat = s−a , L e−at = s+a

1 1 1
L cosat = 2 + s+ia
s−ia

1 s+ia +(s−ia ) a c ad −bc

L cosat = 2 ∵ −d =
s−ia (s+ia ) b bd

1 s+ia +s−ia
L cosat = 2 ∵ a2 − b 2 = a − b a + b
(s)2 −(ia )2

1 2s
L cosat = 2 s 2 −i 2 a 2

1 2s
L cosat = 2 ∵ i2 = −1
s 2 −(−1)a 2

1 2s
L cosat = 2 s 2 +a 2

s
L cosat = s 2 +a 2

(vi) We have to find L(sinhat)

We know that
e ax −e −ax
sinhax = 2

e at −e −at
sinhat =
2

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

e at −e −at
L(sinhat) = L 2i

1
L sinhat = 2 L eat − e−at

1
L sinhat = 2 L(eat ) − L(e−at )

Page 6 of 182
 1 1
Using L eat = s−a , L e−at = s+a

1 1 1
L sinhat = 2 − s+a
s−a

1 s+a −(s−a) a c ad −bc

L sinhat = 2 ∵ −d =
s−a (s+a) b bd

1 s+a−s+a
L sinhat = 2 ∵ a2 − b 2 = a − b a + b
(s)2 −(a)2

1 2a
L sinhat = 2 s 2 −a 2

a
L sinhat = s 2 −a 2

(vii) We have to find L(coshat)

We know that
e ax +e −ax
coshax = 2

e at +e −at
coshat = 2

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

e a t +e −at
L(coshat) = L 2

1
L coshat = 2 L eat + e−at

1
L coshat = 2 L(eat ) + L(e−at )

1 1
Using L eat = s−a , L e−at = s+a

1 1 1
L coshat = 2 + s+a
s−a

1 s+a +(s−a) a c ad −bc

L coshat = 2 ∵ −d =
s−a (s+a) b bd

1 s+a+s−a
L coshat = 2 ∵ a2 − b 2 = a − b a + b
(s)2 −(ia )2

1 2s
L coshat = 2 s 2 −a 2

s
L coshat = s 2 −a 2

(viii) we have to find L(1)

Page 7 of 182
We know that by definition of Laplace transform
∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt

Put f t = t n
∞ −st
L tn = 0
e t n dt ………. (1)

Put st = x
x
t=s

Diff.w.r.t.t
d 1 dx
t=
dt s dt

1 dx
1= s dt

1
dt = dx
s

Also, st = x

x = st

When t = 0 , x = s 0 = 0

When t = ∞ , x = s ∞ = ∞

Equation (1) becomes

∞ −x x n1
L tn = 0
e dx
s s

∞ −x x n 1
L tn = 0
e s n s dx

1 1 ∞ −x
L tn = sn 0
e x n dx
s

1 ∞ −x
L t n = s n +1 0
e x n dx

∞ −x
Using n + 1 = 0
e x n dx

1
L t n = s n +1 n + 1

n+1
L tn = s n +1

Using n + 1 = n! when n is positive integer (n > 0)

Page 8 of 182
 n!
L t n = s n +1 when n is positive integer(n > 0)

Formulae of Laplace Transform:

1
1. L 1 = s
n n!
2. L t = s n +1
n +1
3. L t n = when n is fraction values
s n +1
1
4. L eat = s−a
1
5. L e−at = s+a
a
6. L sinat = s 2 +a 2
s
7. L cosat = s 2 +a 2
a
8. L sinhat =
s 2 −a 2
s
9. L coshat = s 2 −a 2

Basic trigonometric formulae

1
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 = 2 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
1
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
1
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃 = 4 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃
1
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1
5. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 − 𝐵
1
6. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 − 𝐵
1
7. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵
8. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
9. sin −𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , cos −𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Hyperbolic formulae
1
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2𝜃 − 1
1
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 2 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2𝜃 + 1
1
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 3 𝜃 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕3𝜃 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝜃
1
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 3 𝜃 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕3𝜃 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝜃
1
5. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐵 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕 𝐴 + 𝐵 + sinh 𝐴 − 𝐵
1
6. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝐵 = 2 cosh 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cosh 𝐴 − 𝐵
1
7. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝐵 = 2 cosh A + B − cosh 𝐴 − 𝐵

Page 9 of 182
Theorem and properties of Laplace Transform:

Linearity Property: If A and B are constants and f t and g(t) be the functions of t then

L Af t +Bg t = A L f t + B L[g t ]

Ex1.Find the Laplace transform of the following

(i) eat − ebt (ii) 5e2t − 3 2

(iii) 3t 4 − 2t 3 + 4e−3t − 2sin5t + 3cos2t − cosh2t

1 3
(iv) t− (v) cos 2 kt (vi) sin2t sin3t (vii) sin 3 2t (viii) sint − cost 2
t

(ix) cos at + b (x) sinh 3 t (xi) sinh 2 4t (xii) cos3t cos2t cost (xiii) sin5 t

(xiv) cos t (xv) 4t

Sol: (i) We have to find out L eat − ebt

L eat − ebt = L eat − L ebt

1
Using L eat = s−a

1 1
L eat − ebt = s−a − s−b

s−b − s−a a c ad −bc

L eat − ebt = ∵ −d =
s−a s−b b bd

s−b−s+a
L eat − ebt = s−a s−b

a−b
L eat − ebt = s−a (s−b)

(ii) We have to find out L 5e2t − 3 2

Using (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2

5e2t − 3 2
= 5e2t 2
− 2 5e2t 3 + 3 2

5e2t − 3 2
= 5 2
e2t 2
− 30e2t + 9

5e2t − 3 2
= 25 e4t − 30 e2t + 9 ∵ 𝑒𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑒 𝑚𝑛

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

L 5e2t − 3 2
= L[25e4t − 30e2t + 9]

L 5e2t − 3 2
= 25 L e4t − 30 L e2t + 9 L[1]

Page 10 of 182
 1
Using L eat = s−a

1 1 1
L 5e2t − 3 2
= 25 − 30 +9
s−4 s−2 s

25 30 9
L 5e2t − 3 2
= s−4 − s−2 + s

(iii) We have to find out L 3t 4 − 2t 3 + 4e−3t − 2sin5t + 3cos2t − cosh6t

L 3t 4 − 2t 3 + 4e−3t − 2sin5t + 3cos2t − cosh6t

= 3L t 4 − 2L t 3 + 4L e−3t − 2L sin5t + 3L cos2t − L cosh6t

n! a s s
Using L t n = s n +1 , L sinat = , L cosat = , L coshat =
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2 s 2 −a 2

L 3t 4 − 2t 3 + 4e−3t − 2sin5t + 3cos2t − cosh2t

4! 3! 1 5 s s
=3 4+1
−2 3+1
+4 −2 2 + 3 −
s s s+3 s + 52 s 2 + 22 s2 − 62
24 6 4 10 3s s
=3 −2 + s+3 − s 2 +25 + s 2 +4 − s 2 −36
s5 s4

72 12 4 10 3s s
= − s 4 + s+3 − s 2 +25 + s 2 +4 − s 2 −36
s5

1 3
(iv) We have to find out L t− t

3
Using a − b = a3 − 3a2 b + 3ab2 − b3

1 3 3 2 1 1 2 1 3
t− = t −3 t +3 t −
t t t t

2 2
1 3 3 1
1 1
1 1 3 1
t− = t1/2 − 3 t2 + 3 t2 1 − ∵ 𝑎 = 𝑎2
t t 1/2 t 1/2
t2

1 3 3 2
1 1
1 1
t− = t2 − 3 t2 1 + 3 t2 2 − 3 ∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛
t
t2 t2 t2

1 3 3
1 1
1 1
t− = t 2 − 3 t1 1 + 3t 2 − 3
t t1
t2 t2

1 3 3 1 1 3
1
t− = t 2 − 3 t1 t − 2 + 3t 2 t −1 − t − 2 ∵ = 𝑎−𝑚
t 𝑎𝑚

1 3 3 1 1 3
t− = t 2 − 3 t1− 2 + 3t 2−1 − t − 2
t

1 3 3 1 1 3
t− = t 2 − 3 t 2 + 3t − 2 − t − 2
t

Page 11 of 182
Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1 3 3 1 1 3
L t− = L[t 2 − 3 t 2 + 3 t − 2 − t − 2 ]
t

1 3 3 1 1 3
L t− = L[t 2 ] − 3L t 2 + 3L t − 2 − L[t − 2 ]
t

n +1
Using L t n = when n is fraction values
s n +1

3 1 1 3
1 3 2
+1
2
+1 − +1
2
− +1
2
L t− = −3 +3 −
t s 3/2+1 s 1/2+1 s −1/2+1 s −3/2+1

5 3 1 1
1 3 2 2 2
−
2
L t− = −3 +3 −
t s 5/2 s 3/2 s 1/2 s −1/2

3 1
1 3 π π π −2 π 1 1
L t− = 4s 5/2 − 3 2
3 +3 − [∵ = π , − 2 = −2 π ]
t s 1/2 s −1/2 2
s2

1 3 3 π π π 2 π
L t− = 4s 5/2 − 3 3 +3 + s −1/2
t s 1/2
2s 2

1 3 3 π 3 π 3 π 2 π
L t− = 4s 5/2 − 3 + s 1/2 + s −1/2
t
2s 2

(v) We have to find out L[cos 2 kt]

1
Using cos 2 θ = 2 1 + cos2θ

1
cos 2 kt = 2 1 + cos2kt

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L cos 2 kt = L 1 + cos2kt
2

1
L cos 2 kt = 2 L 1 + cos2kt

1
L cos 2 kt = 2 L(1) + L cos2kt

s
Using L cosat = s 2 +a 2

1 1 s
L cos 2 kt = 2 + s 2 +(2k)2
s

1 1 s
L cos 2 kt = 2 + s 2 +4k 2
s

Page 12 of 182
(vi) We have to find out L sin2t sin3t
1
Using sinA sinB = 2 cos A − B − cos⁡
(A + B )

1
sin2t sin3t = 2 cos 2t − 3t − cos⁡
(2t + 3t )

1
sin2t sin3t = 2 cos −t − cos⁡
(5t )

1
sin2t sin3t = 2 cost − cos5t [∵ cos −θ = cosθ]

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L[sin2t sin3t] = 2 L cost − cos5t

1
L[sin2t sin3t] = L(cost) − L(cos5t)
2

s
Using L cosat = s 2 +a 2

1 s s
L[sin2t sin3t] = 2 −
s 2 +12 s 2 +52

1 s s
L[sin2t sin3t] = 2 −
s 2 +1 s 2 +25

s 1 1
L[sin2t sin3t] = 2 −
s 2 +1 s 2 +25

s s 2 +25 − s 2 +1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
L[sin2t sin3t] = 2 ∵𝑏−𝑑 =
(s 2 +1)(s 2 +25) 𝑏𝑑

s s 2 +25−s 2 −1
L[sin2t sin3t] = 2 (s 2 +1)(s 2 +25)

s 24
L[sin2t sin3t] = 2 (s 2 +1)(s 2 +25)

12s
L[sin2t sin3t] = (s 2 +1)(s 2 +25)

(vii) We have to find out L sin 3 2t

1
Using sin 3 θ = 4 3sinθ − sin3θ

1
∴ sin 3 2t = 4 3sin2t − sin3 2t

1
∴ sin 3 2t = 4 3sin2t − sin6t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

Page 13 of 182
 1
L sin 3 2t = L 3sin2t − sin6t
4

1
L sin 3 2t = 4 L 3sin2t − sin6t

1
L sin 3 2t = 4 3L(sin2t) − L(sin6t)

a
Using L sinat = s 2 +a 2

1 2 6
L sin 3 2t = 4 3 − s 2 +62
s 2 +22

1 6 6
L sin 3 2t = 4 − s 2 +36
s 2 +4

6 1 1
L sin 3 2t = 4 − s 2 +36
s 2 +4

3 s 2 +36 −(s 2 +4) 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐

L sin 3 2t = 2 ∵ 𝑏−𝑑 =
(s 2 +4)(s 2 +36) 𝑏𝑑

3 s 2 +36−s 2 −4
L sin 3 2t = 2 (s 2 +4)(s 2 +36)

3 32
L sin 3 2t = 2 (s 2 +4)(s 2 +36)

48
L sin 3 2t = (s 2 +4)(s 2 +36)

2
(viii) We have to find out L sint − cost

Using (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2

2 2 2
sint − cost = sint − 2sint cost + cost ∵ (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
2
sint − cost = sin 2 t − 2sint cost + cos 2 t
2
sint − cost = sin 2 t + cos 2 t − 2sint cost
2
sint − cost = 1 − 2sint cost [ ∵ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1]
2
sint − cost = 1 − sin2t [∵ sin2θ = 2 sinθ cosθ]

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

2
L sint − cost = L 1 − sin2t
2
L sint − cost = L 1 − L[sin2t]
a
Using L sinat = s 2 +a 2

Page 14 of 182
 2 1 2
L sint − cost = s − s 2 +22

2 1 2
L sint − cost = s − s 2 +4

(ix) We have to find out L cos at + b

Using cos A + B = cosA cosB − sinA sinB

cos at + b = cosat cosb − sinat sinb

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

L[cos at + b ] = L cosat cosb − sinat sinb

L[cos at + b ] = cosb L cosat − sinb L[sinat]

s a
L[cos at + b ] = cosb − sinb
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2

s cosb asinb
L[cos at + b ] = − s 2 +a 2
s 2 +a 2

scosb −asinb 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎−𝑏

L[cos at + b ] = ∵𝑐−𝑐 =
s 2 +a 2 𝑐

(x) We have to find out L sinh 3 t

1
Using 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 3 𝜃 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕3𝜃 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝜃

1
∴ sinh 3 t = 4 sinh3t − 3sinht

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L sinh 3 t = L sinh3t − 3sinht
4

1
L sinh 3 t = 4 L sinh3t − 3sinht

1
L sinh 3 t = 4 L(sinh3t) − 3L sinht

a
Using L sinhat = s 2 −a 2

1 3 3
L sinh 3 t = 4 − s 2 −12
s 2 −32

3 1 1
L sinh 3 t = 4 − s 2 −1
s 2 −9

3 s 2 −1 − s 2 −9 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
L sinh 3 t = 4 ∵ 𝑏 −𝑑 =
(s 2 −9)(s 2 −1) 𝑏𝑑

Page 15 of 182
 3 s 2 −1−s 2 +9
L sinh 3 t = 4 (s 2 −9)(s 2 −1)

3 8
L sinh 3 t = 4 (s 2 −9)(s 2 −1)

6
L sinh 3 t = (s 2 −9)(s 2 −1)

(xi) We have to find out L sinh 2 4t

1
Using 𝑠𝑖𝑛h 2 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2𝜃 − 1

1
∴ sinh 2 4t = 2 (cosh2(4t) − 1)

1
∴ sinh 2 4t = 2 cosh8t − 1

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L sinh 2 4t = L cosh8t − 1
2

1
L sinh 2 4t = 2 L cosh8t − 1

1
L sinh 2 4t = 2 L(cosh8t) − L(1)

s
Using L coshat =
s 2 −a 2

1 s 1
L sinh 2 4t = 2 −s
s 2 −82

1 s 1
L sinh 2 4t = 2 −s
s 2 −64

1 s 2 − s 2 −64 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
L sinh 2 4t = 2 ∵𝑏−𝑑 =
s(s 2 −64) 𝑏𝑑

1 s 2 −s 2 +64
L sinh 2 4t = 2 s(s 2 −64)

1 64
L sinh 2 4t = 2 s(s 2 −64)

32
L sinh 2 4t = s(s 2 −64)

(xii) We have to find out L cos3t cos2t cost

1
Using cosA cosB = cos A + B + cos⁡
(A − B )
2

Page 16 of 182
 1
cos2t cost = 2 cos 2t + t + cos⁡
(2t − t )

1
cos2t cost = 2 cos3t + cost

1
∴ cos3t cos2t cost = 2 cos3t cos3t + cost

1
cos3t cos2t cost = 2 cos 2 3t + cos3t cost ………(P)

1
Using cos 2 θ = 2 1 + cos2θ

1
∴ cos 2 3t = 2 1 + cos2 3t

1
∴ cos 2 3t = 2 1 + cos6t

1
Also, Using cosA cosB = cos A + B + cos⁡
(A − B )
2

1
cos3t cost = cos 3t + t + cos⁡
(3t − t )
2

1
cos3t cost = 2 cos4t + cos2t

Equation (P) becomes

1 1 1
cos3t cos2t cost = 1 + cos6t + cos4t + cos2t
2 2 2

11
cos3t cos2t cost = 2 2 1 + cos6t + cos4t + cos2t

1
cos3t cos2t cost = 4 1 + cos6t + cos4t + cos2t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L cos3t cos2t cost = 4 L 1 + cos6t + cos4t + cos2t

1
L cos3t cos2t cost = 4 L(1) + L(cos6t) + L(cos4t) + L(cos2t)

s
Using L cosat = s 2 +a 2

1 1 s s s
L cos3t cos2t cost = 4 + s 2 +62 + s 2 +4 2 + s 2 +22
s

1 1 s s s
L cos3t cos2t cost = 4 + s 2 +36 + s 2 +16 + s 2 +4
s

(xiii) We have to find out L sin5 t

Page 17 of 182
Now, sin5 t = sin 2 t sin 3 t
1 1
Using sin 2 θ = 2 1 − cos2θ , sin 3 θ = 4 3sinθ − sin3θ

1 1
∴ sin5 t = 1 − cos2t 3sint − sin3t
2 4

1 1
sin5 t = 2 1 − cos2t 3sint − sin3t
4

1
sin5 t = 8 3sint − sin3t − 3sint cos2t + sin3t cos2t ……………..(P)

1
Using sinA cosB = sin A + B + sin A − B
2

1
Sint cos2t = 2 sin t + 2t + sin t − 2t

1
Sint cos2t = 2 sin3t + sin −t

1
Sint cos2t = 2 sin3t − sint [∵ sin −θ −= −sinθ]

1
Also, Using sinA cosB = sin A + B + sin A − B
2

1
sin3t cos2t = 2 sin 3t + 2t + sin 3t − 2t

1
sin3t cos2t = sin5t + sint
2

Equation (P) becomes

1 3 1
sin5 t = 8 3sint − sin3t − 2 sin3t − sint + 2 sin5t + sint

1 6 2 3 1
sin5 t = 8 sint − 2 sin3t − 2 sin3t − sint + 2 sin5t + sint {Adjustment}
2

1 1
sin5 t = 8 6sint − 2sin3t − 3 sin3t − sint + sin5t + sint
2

1
sin5 t = 16 6sint − 2sin3t − 3sin3t + 3sint + sin5t + sint

1
sin5 t = 16 10sint − 5sin3t + sin5t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L sin5 t = 16 L 10sint − 5sin3t + sin5t

1
L sin5 t = 16 10L(sint) − 5L(sin3t) + L(sin5t)

Page 18 of 182
 a
Using L sinat = s 2 +a 2

1 1 3 5
L sin5 t = 16 10 −5 + s 2 +52
s 2 +12 s 2 +32

1 10 15 5
L sin5 t = 16 − s 2 +9 + s 2 +25
s 2 +1

5 2 3 1
L sin5 t = 16 − s 2 +9 + s 2 +25
s 2 +1

(xiv) We have to find out L cos t

x2 x4 x6
Using cosx = 1 − 2! + 4! − 6! + ⋯

2 4 6
t t t
cos t = 1 − + − +⋯
2! 4! 6!

1 2 1 4 1 6
t2 t2 t2
cos t = 1 − + − +⋯
2! 4! 6!

2 4 6
t2 t2 t2
cos t = 1 − 2! + 4! − 6! + ⋯

t1 t2 t3
cos t = 1 − 2! + 4! − 6! + ⋯

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

t1 t2 t3
L cos t = L 1 − 2! + 4! − 6! + ⋯

1 1 1
L cos t = L 1 − 2! L t1 + 4! L t 2 − 6! L t 3 + ⋯

n!
Using L t n = s n +1 when n is positive integer

1 1 1! 1 2! 1 3!
L cos t = s − 2! + 4! − 6! +⋯
s2 s3 s4

1 1 1 1 2 1 6
L cos t = s − 2 + 24 − 720 +⋯
s2 s3 s4

1 1 1 1
L cos t = s − 2s 2 + − +⋯
12s 3 120s 4

(xv) We have to find out 𝐋 𝟒𝐭

Using ax = e Loga x

4t = e Log 4 t

Page 19 of 182
Taking Laplace transform of both sides

L 4t = L[e Log 4 t ]
1
Using L eat = s−a

1
L 4t = s−log 4

Ex2. 𝐋 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐 𝟐𝐭 = ………..

Sol: We have to find out L cosh 2 2t

1
Using 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕 2 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2𝜃 + 1

1
∴ cosh 2 2t = 2 1 + cosh2 2t

1
cosh 2 2t = 2 1 + cosh4t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L(cosh 2 2t) = L 1 + cosh4t
2

1
L cosh 2 2t = 2 L 1 + cosh4t

1
L cosh 2 2t = 2 L(1) + L(cosh4t)

1 1 s s
L cosh 2 2t = 2 + s 2 −4 2 [∵L coshat = s 2 −a 2 ]
s

1 1 s
L cosh 2 2t = 2 + s 2 −16
s

1 s 2 −16 +s 2 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 +𝑏𝑐
L cosh 2 2t = 2 ∵𝑏+𝑑 =
s s 2 −16 𝑏𝑑

1 s 2 −16+s 2
L cosh 2 2t = 2 s s 2 −16

1 2s 2 −16
L cosh 2 2t = 2 s s 2 −16

1 2(s 2 −8)
L cosh 2 2t = 2 s s 2 −16

(s 2 −8)
L cosh 2 2t = s s 2 −16

Page 20 of 182
Ex3. 𝐋 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝟒𝐭 = …………

Sol: We know that

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

1
∴ cos 3 4t = 4 cos3(4t) + 3cos4t

1
cos 3 4t = 4 cos12t + 3cos4t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L cos 3 4t = 4 L cos12t + 3cos4t

1
L cos 3 4t = 4 L(cos12t) + 3L(cos4t)

1 s s s
L cos 3 4t = 4 +3 [ ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2 ]
s 2 +12 2 s 2 +4 2

1 s 3s
L cos 3 4t = 4 + s 2 +16
s 2 +144

s 1 3
L cos 3 4t = 4 + s 2 +16
s 2 +144

𝟐
Ex4. Find 𝐋 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐭 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝐭
2
Sol: We have to find L sin2t − cos2t

Using (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2

2 2 2
sin2t − cos2t = sin2t − 2sin2t cos2t + cos2t
2
sin2t − cos2t = sin 2 2t − 2sin2t cos2t + cos 2 2t
2
sin2t − cos2t = (sin 2 2t + cos 2 2t) − 2sin2t cos2t
2
sin2t − cos2t = 1 − 2 sin2t cos2t ∵ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1
2
sin2t − cos2t = 1 − sin2 2t ∴ sin2θ = 2sinθ cosθ
2
sin2t − cos2t = 1 − sin4t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

2
L sin2t − cos2t = L 1 − sin4t
2
L sin2t − cos2t = L 1] − L[sin4t

Page 21 of 182
 2 1 4 a
L sin2t − cos2t = s − s 2 +4 2 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

2 1 4
L sin2t − cos2t = s − s 2 +16

Ex5. Find Laplace transform of et − 1 3

Sol: We have to find L et − 1 3

Using (a − b)3 = a3 − 3a2 b + 3ab2 − b3

∴ et − 1 3
= et 3
− 3 et 2 (1) + 3et (1)2 − (1)3

et − 1 3
= e3t − 3e2t + 3et − 1 [ ∵ em n
= emn ]

∴ L[ et − 1 3 ] = L e3t − 3e2t + 3et − 1

L[ et − 1 3 ] = L e3t ] − 3 L[e2t ] + 3L[et ] – L[1

1 1 1 1 1
L[ et − 1 3 ] = s−3 − 3 s−2 + 3 s−1 − s ∵ L eat = s−a

1 3 3 1
L[ et − 1 3 ] = s−3 − s−2 + s−1 − s

Ex6. Find Laplace transform of 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐭

Sol: We have to find L[sin3t sint]

1
Using sinA sinB = 2 cos A − B − cos A + B

1
sin3t sint = 2 cos 3t − t − cos 3t + t

1
sin3t sint = 2 cos 2t − cos 4t

1
sin3t sint = cos2t − cos4t
2

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
∴ L sin3t sint = 2 L cos2t − cos4t

1
L sin3t sint = 2 L(cos2t) − L(cos4t)

1 s s s
L sin3t sint = 2 − s 2 +4 2 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2
s 2 +22

1 s s
L sin3t sint = 2 s 2 +4
− s 2 +16

Page 22 of 182
 s 1 1
L sin3t sint = 2 − s 2 +16
s 2 +4

s s 2 +16 − s 2 +4 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
L sin3t sint = 2 ∵𝑏−𝑑 =
(s 2 +4) s 2 +16 𝑏𝑑

s s 2 +16−s 2 −4
L sin3t sint = 2 (s 2 +4) s 2 +16

s 12
L sin3t sint = 2 (s 2 +4) s 2 +16

6s
L sin3t sint = (s 2 +4) s 2 +16

cos t
Ex7. Find Laplace transform of t

cos t
Sol: We have to find L t

x2 x4 x6
Using cosx = 1 − 2! + 4! − 6! + ⋯

x2 x4
cosx = 1 − + 24
2

4
( t)2 t
∴ cos t = 1 − +
2 24

4
(t 1/2 )2 t 1/2
cos t = 1 − +
2 24

t t2
cos t = 1 − 2 + 24 [∵ am )n = amn

cos t 1 t t2
∴ = 1 − 2 + 24
t t

cos t 1 t t2
= t 1/2 1 − 2 + 24
t

cos t 1 t t2
= t 1/2 − 2t 1/2 + 24t 1/2
t

cos t t t −1/2 t 2 t −1/2

= t −1/2 − +
t 2 24

cos t t 1/2 t 3/2

= t −1/2 − + ∵ am an = am+n
t 2 24

1 3
1
cos t − t2 t2
∴L =L t 2 − + 24
t 2

Page 23 of 182
 1 1 3
cos t 1 1
L = L t −2 − 2 L t 2 + 24 L t 2
t

n+1
Using L t n = when n is fraction
s n +1

1 1 3
cos t − +1 1 +1 1 +1
2 2 2
L = s −1/2+1 −2 1/2+1
+ 24 3/2+1
t s s

1 3 5
cos t 2 1 2 1 2
L = −2 + 24
t s 1/2 s 3/2 s 5/2

3 1
Now, = +1
2 2

3 1 1
= [∵ n + 1 = n n ]
2 2 2

3 1
= π
2 2

5 3
Also, = +1
2 2

3 3
=2 [∵ n + 1 = n n ]
2

3 1
=2 +1
2

31 1
= [∵ n + 1 = n n ]
22 2

5 3 1
∴ =4 π ∵ = π
2 2

1 3
cos t π 1 2 π 1 4 π
∴L = s 1/2 − +
t 2 s 3/2 24 s 5/2

cos t π 1 π 1 3 π
L = s 1/2 − 2 + 24
t 2s 3/2 4s 5/2

cos t π 1 π 1 π
L = s 1/2 − 4 + 32
t s 3/2 s 5/2

Ex8. 𝐋 𝐭 𝟐 − 𝐞−𝟐𝐭 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐𝐭 =……..

Sol: We have to find L t 2 − e−2t + cosh2t

L t 2 − e−2t + cosh2t = L t 2 − L e−2t + L cosh2t

2! 1 s
L t 2 − e−2t + cosh2t = s 2+1 − s+2 + s 2 −22

2 1 s
L t 2 − e−2t + cosh2t = s 3 − s+2 + s 2 −4

Page 24 of 182
 Home Assignment-1 (10 Marks, each for two marks)

Find Laplace transform of the following

(i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑡 (ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡 (iii) sin 2𝑡 + 3 (iv) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2 5𝑡 (v) 7𝑡

First shifting theorem: If L f t = F s then

(a) L eat f t = F(s − a)

(b) L e−at f t = F(s + a)

Ex1.Find the Laplace transform of the following:

i eat t n

(ii) eat sinat

(iii) e−t (2cos5t − 3sin5t)

(iv) e2t cos 2 t

(v) e4t sin2t cost

(vi) t 7/2 e−3t

(vii) coshat cosbt

Sol: (i) We have to find out L eat t n

n! n!
Now, L t n = s n +1 [ ∵ L t n = s n +1 ]

n!
L t n = s n +1 = F(s) ………. (1)

∴ L eat t n = F s − a {∵ eat f t = F s−a }

n!
L eat t n = (s−a)n +1 [∵ By (1)]

(ii) We have to find out L eat sinat

a a
Now, L sinat = s 2 +a 2 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

a
L sinat = s 2 +a 2 = F(s) ………… (1)

∴ L eat sinat = F s − a ∵ L eat f t = F s−a

1
L eat sinat = (s−a)2 +a 2 [∵ By (1)]

Page 25 of 182
(iii) We have to find out L e−t 2cos5t − 3sin3t

Now, L 2cos5t − 3sin3t = 2L cos5t − 3L sin3t

s 3 a s
L 2cos5t − 3sin3t = 2 −3 ∵ L(sinat) = s 2 +a 2 , L(cosat) = s 2 +a 2
s 2 +52 s 2 +32

2s 9
L 2cos5t − 3sin3t = − s 2 +9 = F(s) ……….. (1)
s 2 +25

∴ L e−1t 2cos5t − 3sin3t = F s+a ∵ L e−at f t =F s+a

L e−1t 2cos5t − 3sin3t = F s+1 ∵a=1

2(s+1) 9
L e−1t 2cos5t − 3sin3t = − (s+1)2 +9 [∵By (1)]
(s+1)2 +25

(iv) We have to find out L e2t cos 2 t

1
Using cos 2 θ = 2 1 + cos2θ

1
cos 2 t = 2 1 + cos2t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L cos 2 t = 2 L 1 + cos2t

1
L cos 2 t = L 1 + L cos2t
2

1 1 s s
L cos 2 t = 2 + s 2 +22 ∵ L(cosat) = s 2 +a 2
s

1 1 s
L cos 2 t = 2 + s 2 +4
s

1 1 s 2 +4 +s s 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 +𝑏𝑐
L cos 2 t = 2 ∵𝑏+𝑑 =
s s 2 +4 𝑏𝑑

1 s 2 +4 +s 2
L cos 2 t = 2 s s 2 +4

1 s 2 +4+s 2
L cos 2 t = 2 s s 2 +4

1 2s 2 +4
L cos 2 t = 2 s s 2 +4

1 2(s 2 +2)
L cos 2 t =
2 s s 2 +4

s 2 +2
L cos 2 t = s = F(s) ……………… (1)
s 2 +4

Page 26 of 182
∴ L e2t cos 2 t = F s − a ∵ L eat f t =F s−a

L e2t cos 2 t = F s − 2 ∵a=2

(s−2)2 +2
L e2t cos 2 t = [∵By (1)]
s−2 s−2 2 +4

s 2 −4s+4+2
L e2t cos 2 t = [ ∵ (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2 ]
s−2 s 2 −4s+4+4

s 2 −4s+6
L e2t cos 2 t = s−2 s 2 −4s+8

(v) We have to find out L[t 7/2 e−3t ] i.e. L[e−3t t 7/2 ]
7
+1 n+1
7/2
Now, L t = 2
7 [ ∵ L tn = when n is fraction ]
+1 s n +1
s2

L t 7/2 = 2
9
s2

105
π
L t 7/2 = 16
9
s2

105 π
L t 7/2 == 9 = F(s) …………… (1)
16s 2

∴ L[e−3t t 7/2 ] = F s + a {∵ 𝐿 e−at f t = F s+a }

L[e−3t t 7/2 ] == F(s + 3) [∵ a = 3 ]

105 π
L[e−3t t 7/2 ] == 9 [∵ By (1)]
16(s+3)2

(vi) We have to find out L e4t sin2t cost

1
Using sinA cosB = sin A + B + sin A − B
2

1
sin2t cost = 2 sin 2t + t + sin 2t − t

1
sin2t cost = 2 sin3t + sint

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L[sin2t cost] = 2 L sin3t + sint

1
L[sin2t cost] = 2 L(sin3t) + L(sint)

Page 27 of 182
 1 3 1 a
L[sin2t cost] = 2 + s 2 +12 ∵ L sinat =
s 2 +32 s 2 +a 2

1 3 1
L[sin2t cost] = 2 + s 2 +1
s 2 +9

1 3 s 2 +1 +1(s 2 +9)
L[sin2t cost] = 2 s 2 +9 (s 2 +1)

1 3s 2 +3+s 2 +9 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 +𝑏𝑐
L[sin2t cost] = 2 ∵𝑏+𝑑 =
s 2 +9 (s 2 +1) 𝑏𝑑

1 4s 2 +12
L[sin2t cost] = 2 s 2 +9 (s 2 +1)

1 4(s 2 +3)
L[sin2t cost] = 2 s 2 +9 (s 2 +1)

2(s 2 +3)
L sin2t cost = = F s …………..(1)
s 2 +9 s 2 +1

∴ L e4t sin2t cost = F s − a ∵ L eat f t = F s−a

L e4t sin2t cost = F s − 4 ∵a=4

2 s−4 2 +3
L e4t sin2t cost = [ s−4 2 +9][ [∵By (1)]
s−4 2 +1]

𝐞𝐚𝐱− 𝐞−𝐚𝐱 𝐞𝐚𝐱 +𝐞−𝐚𝐱

Note: 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐚𝐱 = , 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐱 =
𝟐 𝟐

(vii) We have to find out L cosht cosbt

e ax +e −ax
Using coshax = 2

e 1t +e −1t
L cosht cosbt = L cosbt
2

1
L coshat cosbt = 2 L e1t + e−1t cosbt

1
L coshat cosbt = 2 L e1t cosbt + e−1t cosbt

1
L coshat cosbt = 2 L(e1t cosbt) + L(e−1t cosbt) ……………. (A)

Here first we find L(e1t cosbt)

s s
Now, L cosbt = s 2 +b 2 = F(s) ……….(1) ∵ L(cosat) = s 2 +a 2

∴ L e1t cosbt = F s − a {∵ eat f t = F s−a }

L e1t cosbt = F s − 1 ∵a=1

Page 28 of 182
 s−1
L e1t cosbt = [∵ By (1)]
(s−1)2 +b 2

Similarly,L e−1t cosbt = F s + a {∵ e−at f t = F s+a }

L e−1t cosbt = F s + 1 ∵a=1

s+1
L e−1t cosbt = [∵ By (1)]
(s+1)2 +b 2

Equation (A) becomes

1 s−1 s+1
L coshat cosbt = 2 + (s+1)2 +b 2
(s−1)2 +b 2

Ex2. L e2t sint = ……………..

Sol: We have to find out L e2t sint

1 a
Now, L sint = s 2 +12 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ………… (1)

∴ L e2t sint = F s − a L eat f t = F s−a

L e2t sint = F s − 2 [ ∵ a = 2]
1
L e2t sint = [∵ By (1)]
(s−2)2 +1

1
L e2t sint = s 2 −2 [ ∵ (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2 ]
s (2)+22 +1

1
L e2t sint = s 2 −4s+4+1

1
L e2t sint = s 2 −4s+5

Ex3. Find L e−t t k

Sol: We have to find out L e−t t k i.e. L e−1t t k

k! n!
Now, L t k = s k +1 = F(s) ……. (1) [ ∵ L t n = s n +1 ]

∴ L e−1t t k = F s + a {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

L e−1t t k = F s + 1 [∵ a = 1 ]
k!
L e−1t t k = (s+1)k +1 [∵ By (1)]

Page 29 of 182
Ex4. Find L t 2 e−3t

Sol: We find L t 2 e−3t i.e. L e−3t t 2

2! n!
Now, L t 2 = s 2+1 [ ∵ L t n = s n +1 ]

2
L t 2 = s 3 = F(s) ………. (1)

∴ L e−3t t 2 = F s + a {∵ e−at f t = F s+a }

L e−3t t 2 = F(s + 3) [∵ a = 3 ]
2
L e−3t t 2 = (s+3)3 [∵ By (1)]

Ex5. Find L e−3t t −1/2

Sol: We have to find out L e−3t t −1/2

1
− +1 n+1
Now, L t −1/2 = 2
1 [ ∵ L tn = when n is fraction ]
− +1 s n +1
s 2

1
−1/2 2
Lt = 1
s2

π 1
L t −1/2 = 1 = F(s) ………. (1) [ ∵ = π ]
2
s2

∴ L e−3t t −1/2 = F s + a {∵ e−at f t = F s+a }

L e−3t t −1/2 = F(s + 3) [∵ a = 3 ]

π
L e−3t t −1/2 = 1 [∵ By (1)]
(s+3)2

Ex6. Find Laplace transform of : (t + 1)2 et

Sol: We have to find L (t + 1)2 et i.e. L et (t + 1)2

Using (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

(t + 1)2 = t 2 + 2t(1) + 12

(t + 1)2 = t 2 + 2t + 1

∴ L (t + 1)2 = L t 2 + 2t + 1

L (t + 1)2 = L t 2 ] + 2 L[t] + L[1

Page 30 of 182
 2! 1! 1 n!
L (t + 1)2 = s 2+1 + 2 +s ∵ L t n = s n +1
s 1+1

2 1 1
L (t + 1)2 = s 3 + 2 +s
s2

2 2 1
L (t + 1)2 = s 3 + s 2 + s = F(s) ……… (1)

∴ L et (t + 1)2 = F s − a {∵ eat f t = F s−a }

L et (t + 1)2 = F s − 1 ∵a=1
2 2 1
L et (t + 1)2 = (s−1)3 + (s−1)2 + (s−1) [∵ By (1)]

Ex7. Find Laplace transform of t 3/2 + e−t cost + t 2

3
Sol: We have to find L t 2 + e−t cost + t 2

3
Now, L t 2 + e−t cost + t 2 = L t 3/2 + L e−t cost + t 2 …….. (A)

(I) We find L t 3/2

n+1
Using L t n = when n is fraction
s n +1

3
+1
3/2 2
∴L t = 3
+1
s2

5
3/2 2
Lt = 5
s2

3 3
π
∴ L t2 = 4 5
s2

3 a
3 π b a
L t 2 = 4s 5/2 ∵ = bc
c

(II) We find L e−t cost + t 2

Now, L cost + t 2 = L cost + L t 2

s 2! n!
L cost + t 2 = s 2 +12 + s 2+1 ∵ L t n = s n +1

s 2
L cost + t 2 = s 2 +1 + s 3 = F(s) ……….. (1)

∴ L e−t cost + t 2 = F s+a {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

Page 31 of 182
L e−t cost + t 2 = F s+1 ∵a=1
(s+1) 2
L e−t cost + t 2 = (s+1)2 +1 + (s+1)3 [∵ By (1)]

Equation (A) becomes

3
3 π (s+1) 2
L t 2 + e−t cost + t 2 = 4s 5/2 + (s+1)2 +1 + (s+1)3

𝐞𝐚𝐱− 𝐞−𝐚𝐱 𝐞𝐚𝐱 +𝐞−𝐚𝐱

Note: 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐚𝐱 = , 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐱 =
𝟐 𝟐

Ex8. Find: L cosat sinhat

Sol: We have to find L cosat sinhat

e at −e −at eax −e−ax

L cosat sinhat = L cosat ∵ sinhax =
2
2

1
L cosat sinhat = L cosat eat − e−at
2

1
L cosat sinhat = L eat cosat − e−at cosat
2

1
L cosat sinhat = L eat cosat − L(e−at cosat) ……….. (A)
2

(I) First we find L eat cosat

s
Now, L cosat = s 2 +a 2 = F(s) ……… (1)

∴ L eat cosat = F s − a ∵ L eat f t =F s−a

(s−a)
L eat cosat = [∵ By (1)]
(s−a)2 +a2

(II) We find L(e−at cosat)

L(e−at cosat) = F s + a ∵ L e−at f t = F s+a

(s+a)
L e−at cosat = [∵ By (1)]
(s+a)2 +a2

Equation (A) becomes

1 (s−a) (s+a)
L cosat sinhat = 2 −
2 (s−a) +a2 (s+a)2 +a2

Page 32 of 182
Second Shifting Theorem: If L f t = F (s) and

F(t) = f t − a , t > 𝑎
= 0, t < 𝑎
then L F t = e−as F (s)

Ex1. Find L F t for

2
F t = t−1 , t>1

= 0, t < 1.

Sol: Given,
2
F t = t−1 , t>1

= 0, t < 1.
2
Here f t − a = t − 1 , a=1
2
f t−1 = t−1

Neglecting −1 of both sides to get f t

∴ f t = t2

Now, L f t = L[t 2 ]
2! n!
Lf t = s 2+1 ∵ L t n = s n +1

2
Lf t = s 3 = F s …… (1)

∴ LF t = e−as F(s)

LF t = e−1s F(s) ∵a=1

2
LF t = e−s s 3 [∵ By (1)]

2e −s
LF t = s3

Ex2. Find the Laplace transform of

F t = e−3(t−4) sin4 t − 4 for t > 4

= 0 for t < 4

Sol: Given,

Page 33 of 182
 F t = e−3(t−4) sin4 t − 4 for t > 4
= 0 for t < 4

Here f t − a = e−3(t−4) sin4 t − 4 , a = 4

f t − 4 = e−3(t−4) sin4 t − 4

Neglecting −4 of both sides to get f t

∴ f t = e−3t sin4t

Now, L f t = L e−3t sin4t

We find L e−3t sin4t

4 a
Now, L sin4t = s 2 +4 2 ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2

4
L sin4t = s 2 +16 = F(s) ………… (1)

∴ L e−3t sin4t = F(s + a) ∵ L e−at f t = F s+a

L e−3t sin4t = F(s + 3) ∵ a = 3

4
L e−3t sin4t = = G(s)………. (2)
(s+3)2 +16

∴ LF t = e−as G(s)
4
LF t = e−4s ∵a=4
(s+3)2 +16

4e −4s
LF t = (s+3)2 +16

dn
Multiplication by 𝐭 𝐧 Property: If L f t = F s then L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)

Find the Laplace transform of the following:

(i) t cosat

(ii) t sinhat

(iii) sin2t − 2tcos2t

(iv) t cos 2 t

(v) t 2 sinat

(vi) t 3 e−3t

Page 34 of 182
(vii) t e−t sin3t

(viii) t e−2t sint

(ix) t et cosht

(x) t e2t sin3t

(xi) t 2 et sin4t

Sol: (i) We find to find L t cosat

s
Now, L cosat = s 2 +a 2 = F(s) ……. (1)

dn dn
∴ L t cosat = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

1
1 d s
L t cosat = −1 ∵ n = 1 & [∵ By (1)]
ds 1 s 2 +a 2

d s
L t cosat = −1 ds s 2 +a 2

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +a 2 s−s (s 2 +a 2 )
ds ds
∴ L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

d d 2 d
s 2 +a 2 s−s s + +a 2
ds ds ds
L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

s 2 +a 2 1 −s(2s+0)
∴ L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

s 2 +a 2 1 −s(2s)
L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

s 2 +a 2 −2s 2
L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

−s 2 +a 2
L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

−1 −s 2 +a 2
L t cosat = s 2 +a 2 2

s 2 −a 2
L t cosat = s 2 +a 2 2

Page 35 of 182
(ii) We have to find L t sinhat

We have to find out L t sinhat

a a
Now, L sinhat = s 2 −a 2 [ ∵ L sinhat = s 2 −a 2 ]

a
L sinhat = s 2 −a 2 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sinhat = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 a
L t sinhat = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 −a 2

d a
L t sinhat = −1
ds s 2 −a 2

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 −a 2 a−a (s 2 −a 2 )
ds ds
∴ L t sinhat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

d 2 d
s 2 −a 2 0 −a s − a2
ds ds
∴ L t sinhat = −1 s 2 −a 2 2

0 −a (2s+0)
∴ L t sinhat = −1 s 2 −a 2 2

0 −a (2s)
∴ L t sinhat = −1 s 2 −a 2 2

0−2as
L t sinhat = −1 s 2 −a 2 2

−2as
L t sinhat = −1 s 2 −a 2 2

2as
L t sinhat = s 2 −a 2 2

(iii) We have to find L sin2t − 2t cos2t

L sin2t − 2tcos2t = L sin2t − 2L(t cos2t)

2 a
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = s 2 +22 − 2L(tcos2t) ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2

2
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = s 2 +4 − 2L(t cos2t) ……….(A)

We find L t cos2t

Page 36 of 182
 s s
Now, L cos2t = s 2 +22 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2

s
L cos2t = s 2 +4 = F(s) ……. (1)

dn dn
∴ L t cos2t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 s
L t cos2t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +4

d s
L t cos2t = −1 ds s 2 +4

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +4 s−s (s 2 +4)
ds ds
∴ L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

d d
s 2 +4 (1)−s s2+ 4
ds ds
L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

s 2 +4 1 −s(2s+0)
∴ L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

s 2 +4 1 −s(2s)
∴ L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

s 2 +4−2s 2
L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

−s 2 +4
L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

−1 −s 2 +4
L t cos2t = s 2 +4 2

s 2 −4
L t cos2t = s 2 +4 2

Equation (A) becomes

2 s 2 −4
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = s 2 +4 − 2 s 2 +4 2

1 s 2 −4
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = 2 − {Taking 2 common}
s 2 +4 s 2 +4 2

s 2 +4 s 2 −4
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = 2 2 −
[Adjustment, Making denominator same]
s 2 +4 s 2 +4 2

2
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = s2 + 4 − s2 − 4
s 2 +4 2

Page 37 of 182
 2
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = s2 + 4 − s2 + 4
s 2 +4 2

2
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = 8
s 2 +4 2

16
L sin2t − 2tcos2t = s 2 +4 2

(iv) We have to find L t cos 2 t

1
Using cos 2 θ = 2 1 + cos2θ

1
cos 2 t = 2 1 + cos2t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L cos 2 t = 2 L 1 + cos2t

1
L cos 2 t = 2 L 1 + L cos2t

1 1 s s
L cos 2 t = 2 + s 2 +22 ∵ L(cosat) = s 2 +a 2
s

1 1 s
L cos 2 t = 2 + s 2 +4
s

1 1 s 2 +4 +s s 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 +𝑏𝑐
L cos 2 t = ∵ + =
2 s s 2 +4 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑

1 s 2 +4 +s 2
L cos 2 t = 2 s s 2 +4

1 s 2 +4+s 2
L cos 2 t = 2 s s 2 +4

1 2s 2 +4
L cos 2 t = 2 s s 2 +4

1 2(s 2 +2)
L cos 2 t = 2 s s 2 +4

s 2 +2
L cos 2 t = s s 2 +4

s 2 +2
L cos 2 t = s 3 +4s = F(s) ……………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t cos 2 t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 s 2 +2
L t cos 2 t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 3 +4s

Page 38 of 182
 d s 2 +2
L t cos 2 t = −1 ds s 3 +4s

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
(s 3 +4s) s 2 +2 − s 2 +2 s 3 +4s
∴ L t cos 2 t = −1 ds ds
s 3 +4s 2

d d d d
(s 3 +4s) s2+ 2 − s 2 +2 s3 + 4s
2 ds ds ds ds
L t cos t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

(s 3 +4s) 2s+0 − s 2 +2 3s 2 +4(1)

L t cos 2 t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

(s 3 +4s) 2s − s 2 +2 3s 2 +4
L t cos 2 t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

2s(s 3 +4s) – s 2 3s 2 +4 +2 3s 2 +4
L t cos 2 t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

(2s 4 +8s 2 ) – 3s 4 +4s 2 +6s 2 +8

L t cos 2 t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

(2s 4 +8s 2 ) – 3s 4 +10s 2 +8

L t cos 2 t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

2s 4 +8s 2 –3s 4 −10s 2 −8

L t cos 2 t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

−s 4 −2s 2 −8
L t cos 2 t = −1 s 3 +4s 2

−1 −s 4 −2s 2 −8
L t cos 2 t = s 3 +4s 2

s 4 +2s 2 +8
L t cos 2 t = s 3 +4s 2

(v) We have to find L t 2 sinat

a a
Now, L sinat = s 2 +a 2 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

a
L sinat = s 2 +a 2 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t 2 sinat = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d2 a
= (−1)2 ds 2 [∵ n = 2] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +a 2

d2 a
= 1 ds 2 s 2 +a 2

Page 39 of 182
 d2 a
= ds 2 s 2 +a 2

d d a
= ds ds s 2 +a 2

d d a
= ds ds s 2 +a 2

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
d s 2 +a 2 a−a (s 2 +a 2 )
∴ L t 2 sinat = ds ds ds
s 2 +a 2 2

d 2 d
d s 2 +a 2 0 −a s + a2
L t 2 sinat = ds 2
ds
2 2
ds
s +a

d 0 −a (2s+0)
∴ L t 2 sinat = ds s 2 +a 2 2

d 0−2as
L t 2 sinat = ds s 2 +a 2 2

d −2as
L t 2 sinat = ds s 2 +a 2 2

d 2as
L t 2 sinat = − ds s 2 +a 2 2

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

2 d d 2
s 2 +a 2 2as −2as s 2 +a 2
2 ds ds
L t sinat = − s 2 +a 2 2 2

2 2−1 d
s 2 +a 2 2a(1) −2as 2 s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2 d
2 ds n n−1 d
L t sinat = − ∵ ds f s =n f s f s
s 2 +a 2 4 ds

2 1 d
s 2 +a 2 2a−4as s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2 }
2 ds
L t sinat = − s 2 +a 2 4

2 d d
s 2 +a 2 2a − 4as s 2 +a 2 s2 + a2
2 ds ds
L t sinat = − s 2 +a 2 4

2
s 2 +a 2 2a −4as s 2 +a 2 (2s+0)
L t 2 sinat = − s 2 +a 2 4

2
2 s 2 +a 2 2a −4as s 2 +a 2 (2s)
L t sinat = − s 2 +a 2 4

Page 40 of 182
 2
2 2a s 2 +a 2 −8as 2 s 2 +a 2
L t sinat = − s 2 +a 2 4

2a s 2 +a 2 { s 2 +a 2 −4s 2 }
L t 2 sinat = − s 2 +a 2 4

2a{s 2 +a 2 −4s 2 }
L t 2 sinat = − s 2 +a 2 3

2a{−3s 2 +a 2 }
L t 2 sinat = − s 2 +a 2 3

−2a −3s 2 +a 2
L t 2 sinat = s 2 +a 2 3

2a( 3s 2 −a 2 )
L t 2 sinat =
s 2 +a 2 3

(vi) We have to find L t 3 e−3t i.e. L e−3t t 3

3! n!
Now, L t 3 = s 3+1 [ ∵ L t n = s n +1 ]

6
L t 3 = s 4 = F(s) ………. (1)

∴ L e−3t t 3 = F s + a {∵ 𝐿 e−at f t =F s+a }

L e−3t t 3 = F s + 3 ∵a=3
6
L e−3t t 3 = (s+3)4 [∵ By (1)]

(vii) We have to find L t e−t sin3t i.e. L e−t t sin3t

3 a
Now, L sin3t = s 2 +32 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

3
L sin3t = s 2 +9 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sin3t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 3
L t sin3t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +9

d 3
L t sin3t = −1 ds s 2 +9

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +9 3−3 (s 2 +9)
ds ds
∴ L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

Page 41 of 182
 d d
s 2 +9 0 −3 s2 + 9
ds ds
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0 −3 (2s+0)
∴ L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0 −3 (2s)
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

6s
L t sin3t = = G(s) ………….. (2)
s 2 +9 2

∴ L e−t t sin3t = G(s + a) {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

L e−t t sin3t = G(s + 1) ∵a=1

6(s+1)
L e−t t sin3t = [ By (2)]
s+1 2 +9 2

(viii) We have to find L t e−2t sint i.e. L e−2t t sint

1 a
Now, L sint = s 2 +12 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sint = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 1
L t sint = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +1

d 1
L t sint = −1 ds s 2 +1

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +1 1−1 (s 2 +1)
ds ds
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

d d
s 2 +1 0 −1 s2+ 1
ds ds
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1 (2s+0)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

Page 42 of 182
 0 −1 (2s)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

2s
L t sint = = G(s) ………….. (2)
s 2 +1 2

∴ L e−2t t sint = G(s + a) {∵ e−at f t = F s+a }

L e−2t t sint = G(s + 2) ∵a=2

2(s+2)
L e−2t t sint = [ By (2)]
s+2 2 +1 2

2 s+2
L e−2t t sint = ∵ a+b 2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
s 2 +2s(2)+22 +1 2

2 s+2
L e−2t t sint = s 2 +4s+5 +1 2

2 s+2
L e−2t t sint = s 2 +4s+6 2

(ix) We have to find L t et cosht i.e. L[et t cosht]

s s
Now, L cosht = s 2 −12 L(cohat) = s 2 −a 2

s
L cosht = s 2 −1 = F(s) ……. (1)

dn dn
∴ L t cosht = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 s
= (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 −1

d s
= −1 ds s 2 −1

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 −1 s−s (s 2 −1)
ds ds
∴ L t cosht = −1 s 2 −1 2

d 2 d
s 2 −1 1 −s s − 1
ds ds
L t cosht = −1 2 2
s −1

Page 43 of 182
 s 2 −1 1 −s(2s−0)
∴ L t cosht = −1 s 2 −1 2

s 2 −1 1 −s(2s)
L t cosht = −1 s 2 −1 2

s 2 −1−2s 2
L t cosht = −1 s 2 −1 2

−s 2 −1
L t cosht = −1 s 2 −1 2

−1 −s 2 −1
L t cosht = s 2 −1 2

s 2 +1
L t cosht = = G(s) ………..(2)
s 2 −1 2

∴ L et t cosht = G(s − a) {∵ eat f t =F s−a }

L et t cosht = G(s − 1) ∵a=1

(s−1)2 +1
L et t cosht = [ By (2)]
(s−1)2 −1 2

s 2 −2 s (1)+12 +1
L et t cosht = ∵ a−b 2
= a2 − 2ab + b2
s 2 −2 s (1)+12 −1 2

s 2 −2s+1+1
L et t cosht = s 2 −2s+1−1 2

s 2 −2s+2
L et t cosht = s 2 −2s 2

(x) We have to find L t e2t sin3t i.e. L e2t t sin3t

3 a
Now, L sin3t = s 2 +32 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

3
L sin3t = s 2 +9 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sin3t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 3
L t sin3t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +9

d 3
L t sin3t = −1 ds s 2 +9

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

Page 44 of 182
 d d
s 2 +9 3−3 (s 2 +9)
ds ds
∴ L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

d d
s 2 +9 0 −3 s2 + 9
ds ds
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0 −3 (2s+0)
∴ L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0 −3 (2s)
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

6s
L t sin3t = = G(s) ……….. (2)
s 2 +9 2

∴ L e2t t sin3t = G s − a {∵ L eat f t = F s−a }

L e2t t sin3t = G s − 2 ∵a=2

6(s−2)
L e2t t sin3t = [∵ By (2)]
(s−2)2 +9 2

6(s−4)
L e2t t sin3t = ∵ a−b 2
= a2 − 2ab + b2
s 2 −2 s (2)+22 +9 2

6(s−4)
L e2t t sin3t = s 2 −4s+4+9 2

6(s−2)
L e2t t sin3t = s 2 −4s+13 2

(xi) We have to find L t 2 et sin4t i.e. L et t 2 sin4t

4 a
Now, L sin4t = s 2 +4 2 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

4
L sin4t = s 2 +16 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t 2 sin4t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d2 4
L t 2 sin4t = (−1)2 ds 2 [∵ n = 2] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +16

d2 4
L t 2 sin4t = 1 ds 2 s 2 +16

d2 4
L t 2 sin4t = ds 2 [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +16

Page 45 of 182
 d d 4
L t 2 sin4t = ds ds s 2 +16

d d 4
L t 2 sin4t = ds ds s 2 +16

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
d s 2 +16 4−4 (s 2 +16)
2 ds ds
∴ L t sin4t = ds s 2 +16 2

d d d
d s 2 +16 4−4 s2+ 16
2 ds ds ds
L t sin4t = ds s 2 +16 2

d s 2 +16 0 −4 (2s+0)
∴ L t 2 sin4t = ds s 2 +16 2

d 0−4 (2s)
L t 2 sin4t = ds s 2 +16 2

d 0−8s
L t 2 sin4t = ds s 2 +16 2

d −8s
L t 2 sin4t = ds s 2 +16 2

d 8s
L t 2 sin4t = − ds s 2 +16 2

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

2 d d 2
s 2 +16 8s−8s s 2 +16
L t 2 sin4t = − ds ds
s 2 +16 2 2

2 2−1 d
s 2 +16 8 1 −8s 2 s 2 +16 s 2 +16 d n−1 d
L t 2 sin4t = − ds
∵ ds f s n
=n f s f s
s 2 +16 4 ds

2 1 d 2 d
s 2 +16 8−16s s 2 +16 s + 16
2 ds ds
L t sin4t = − s 2 +16 4

2
s 2 +16 8−16s s 2 +16 2s+0
L t 2 sin4t = − s 2 +16 4

2
s 2 +16 8−16s s 2 +16 2s
L t 2 sin4t = − s 2 +16 4

2
8 s 2 +16 −32s 2 s 2 +16
L t 2 sin4t = − s 2 +16 4

Page 46 of 182
 8 s 2 +16 { s 2 +16 −4s 2 }
L t 2 sin4t = − s 2 +16 4

8{s 2 +16 −4s 2 }

L t 2 sin4t = − s 2 +16 3

8{−3s 2 +16 }
L t 2 sin4t = − s 2 +16 3

8 −3s 2 +16
L t 2 sin4t = − s 2 +16 3

8( 3s 2 −16)
L t 2 sin4t = = G(s) …….(2)
s 2 +16 3

∴ L et t 2 sin4t = G s − a {∵ L eat f t = F s−a }

L et t 2 sin4t = G s − 1 ∵a=1

8 3 s−1 2 −16
L et t 2 sin4t = [∵ By (2)]
(s−1)2 +16 3

8 3 s 2 −2s(1)+12 −16
L et t 2 sin4t = ∵ a−b 2
= a2 − 2ab + b2
s 2 −2s(1)+12 +16 3

8 3 s 2 −2s+1 −16
L et t 2 sin4t = s 2 −2s+1+16 3

8 3s 2 −6s+3−16
L et t 2 sin4t = s 2 −2s+17 3

8 3s 2 −6s−13
L et t 2 sin4t = s 2 −2s+17 3

Ex2. L t sinat =…….

Sol: We have to find out L t sinat

a a
Now, L sinat = s 2 +a 2 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

a
L sinat = s 2 +a 2 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sinat = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d a
L t sinat = (−1)1 ds [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +a 2

d a
L t sinat = −1
ds s 2 +a 2

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

Page 47 of 182
 d d
s 2 +a 2 a−a (s 2 +a 2 )
ds ds
∴ L t sinat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

d 2 d
s 2 +a 2 0 −a s + a2
ds ds
L t sinat = −1 2 2 2
s +a

0 −a (2s+0)
∴ L t sinat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

0 −a (2s)
L t sinat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

0−2as
L t sinat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

−2as
L t sinat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

2as
L t sinat = s 2 +a 2 2

Ex3. Find the Laplace transform of : sinat − at cosat

Sol: We have to find L sinat − at cosat

L sinat − at cosat = L sinat − a L t cosat ……………. (A)

(I) We find L sinat

a
L sinat = s 2 +a 2

(II) We find L t cosat

s
Now, L cosat = s 2 +a 2 = F(s) ……. (1)

dn dn
∴ L t cosat = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 s
L t cosat = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +a 2

d s
L t cosat = −1 ds s 2 +a 2

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +a 2 s−s (s 2 +a 2 )
ds ds
∴ L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

Page 48 of 182
 d 2d
s 2 +a 2 1 −s s +a 2
ds ds
L t cosat = −1 2 2 2
s +a

s 2 +a 2 1 −s(2s+0)
∴ L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

s 2 +a 2 1 −s(2s)
∴ L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

s 2 +a 2 −2s 2
L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

−s 2 +a 2
L t cosat = −1 s 2 +a 2 2

−1 −s 2 +a 2
L t cosat = s 2 +a 2 2

s 2 −a 2
L t cosat = s 2 +a 2 2

Equation (A) becomes

a s 2 −a 2
L sinat − at cosat = s 2 +a 2 − a s 2 +a 2 2

1 (s 2 −a 2 )
L sinat − at cosat = a −
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2 2

Ex4. Find: L t. sin 2 3t

Sol: We have to find L t. sin 2 3t

1
Using sin 2 θ = 2 1 − cos2θ

1
∴ sin 2 3t = 2 [1 − cos2(3t)]

1
sin 2 3t = 2 1 − cos6t

1
∴ L sin 2 3t = 2 L 1 − cos6t

1
L sin 2 3t = 2 L(1) − L cos6t

1 1 s s
L sin 2 3t = 2 − s 2 +62 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2
s

1 1 s
L sin 2 3t = 2 − s 2 +36
s

1 1 s 2 +36 −s s 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
L sin 2 3t = 2 ∵ −𝑑 =
s(s 2 +36) 𝑏 𝑏𝑑

Page 49 of 182
 1 s 2 +36−s 2
L sin 2 3t = 2 s(s 2 +36)

1 36
L sin 2 3t = 2 s(s 2 +36)

18
L sin 2 3t = (s 3 +36s) = F(s) …………. (1)

dn dn
∴ L t. sin 2 3t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 18
L t. sin 2 3t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
(s 3 +36s)

d 18
L t. sin 2 3t = −1 ds (s 3 +36s)

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 3 +36s 18−18 (s 3 +36s)
∴ L t. sin 2 3t = −1 ds ds
s 3 +36s 2

d 3 d
s 3 +36s 0 −18 s + 36s
L t. sin 2 3t = −1 3
ds
2
ds
s +36s

0−18 3s 2 + 36 1
2
L t. sin 3t = −1 s 3 +36s 2

0−18 3s 2 + 36
L t. sin 2 3t = −1 s 3 +36s 2

−18 (3s 2 +36)

L t. sin 2 3t = −1 s 3 +36s 2

18 (3s 2 +36)
L t. sin 2 3t = s 3 +36s 2

18 (3)(s 2 +12)
L t. sin 2 3t = s 3 +36s 2

54(s 2 +12)
L t. sin 2 3t = s 3 +36s 2

Ex5. Find the Laplace transform of : t e−4t sin3t

Sol: We have to find L t e−4t sin3t i.e. L e−4t t sin3t

3 a
Now, L sin3t = s 2 +32 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

3
L sin3t = s 2 +9 = F(s) ………… (1)

Page 50 of 182
 dn dn
∴ L t sin3t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 3
L t sin3t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +9

d 3
L t sin3t = −1 ds s 2 +9

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +9 3−3 (s 2 +9)
ds ds
∴ L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

d 2 d
s 2 +9 0 −3 s + 9
ds ds
L t sin3t = −1 2 2
s +9

0−3 2s+0
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0−3 2s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

6s
L t sin3t = = G(s) ……….. (2)
s 2 +9 2

∴ L e−4t t sin3t = G s + a {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

L e−4t t sin3t = G s + 4 ∵a=4

6(s+4)
L e−4t t sin3t = [∵ By (2)]
(s+4)2 +9 2

6(s+4)
L e−4t t sin3t = ∵ a+b 2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
s 2 +2 s 4 +4 2 +9 2

6(s+4)
L e−4t t sin3t = s 2 +8s+16+9 2

6(s+4)
L e−4t t sin3t = s 2 +8s+25 2

Ex6.Find L te−t sint

Sol: We have to find L te−t sint i.e. L e−t t sint

1 a
Now, L sint = s 2 +12 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

Page 51 of 182
 1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sint = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 1
L t sint = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +1

d 1
L t sint = −1 ds s 2 +1

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +1 1−1 (s 2 +1)
ds ds
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

d d
s 2 +1 0 −1 s2+ 1
ds ds
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1 (2s+0)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1(2s)
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

2s
L t sint = = G(s) ……….. (2)
s 2 +1 2

∴ L e−t t sint = G(s + a) ∵ L e−at f t =F s+a

L e−t t sint = G(s + 1) ∵a=1

2(s+1)
L e−t t sint = [∵ By (2)]
(s+1)2 +1 2

2 s+1
L e−t t sint = ∵ a+b 2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
s 2 +2s(1)+12 +1 2

2 s+1
L e−t t sint = s 2 +2s+1+1 2

2 s+1
L e−t t sint = s 2 +2s+2 2

Page 52 of 182
Home Assignment-2

Ex1. Find: L t e4t sinh2t (05 Marks)

Ex2. Find: L e−5t t cos6t (05 Marks)

f(t) ∞
Division by 𝒕 Property: If L f t = F s then L = s
F(s) ds
t

Note:
1 1 𝑥
1. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥 2 +𝑎 2 𝑎
1 1 𝑥−𝑎
2. 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 𝐿𝑜𝑔
𝑥 2 −𝑎 2 𝑥+𝑎
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
3. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)
−1 𝜋
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 =
2
𝑚
5. 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑛 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑛
6. 𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛
7. 𝐿𝑜𝑔1 = 0
𝜋
8. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ = 2
a
9. =0
∞
∞
10. =∞
a

Find the Laplace transform of the following:

1−e t
(i) t

e −at −e −bt
(ii) t

e at −cosbt
(iii) t

sinat
(iv) t

sin 2t
(v) t

sinht
(vi) t

sin 3t cost
(vii) t

cosat −cosbt
(viii) t

Page 53 of 182
 sin 3t
(ix) e−4t t

sin 2 t
(x) e−t t

cos 3t−cos 2t
(xi) 2t + + t sint
t

cosh 2t sin 2t
(xii) t

e −t sint
(xiii) L t

2sin 3t
(xiv) L t e2t − t

1−e t 1
Sol: (i) We have to find out L i.e. L 1 − et
t t

Now, L 1 − et = L 1 − L et
1 1 1
L 1 − et = s − s−1 = F(s) …….. (1) {∵L eat = s−a }

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L 1 − et = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

1−e t ∞ 1 1
L = s
− s−1 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s

1−e t 1 1 ∞
L = ds − ds
t s s−1 s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = Log f x
f(x)

1−e t ∞
L = Logs − Log s − 1 s
t

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

1−e t s ∞
L = Log
t s−1 s

∞
1−e t s
L = Log 1 [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 1−
s s

∞
1−e t 1
L = Log 1
t 1−
s s

Page 54 of 182
 1−e t 1 s
L = Log 1 − Log
t 1− s−1
∞

1−e t 1 s
L = Log − Log
t 1+0 s−1

1−e t 1 s
L = Log − Log
t 1 s−1

1−e t s
L = Log1 − Log
t s−1

1−e t s
L = 0 − Log [∵ Log1 = 0 ]
t s−1

1−e t s
L = −Log
t s−1

1−e t s
L = −1 Log
t s−1

Using n Logm = Logmn

1−e t s −1
L = Log
t s−1

1−e t s−1 a −1 b
L = Log [∵ =a ]
t s b

e −at −e −bt 1
(ii) We have to find out L i.e. L e−at − e−bt
t t

Now, L e−at − e−bt = L e−at − L e−bt

1 1 1
L e−at − e−bt = s+a − s+b = F(s) …….. (1) {∵L e−at = s+a }

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L e−at − e−bt = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

e −at −e −bt ∞ 1 1
L = s
− s+b ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s+a

e −at −e −bt 1 1 ∞
L = ds − ds
t s+a s+b s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = Log f x
f(x)

e −at −e −bt ∞
L = Log(s + a) − Log s + b s
t

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

Page 55 of 182
 e −at −e −bt s+a ∞
L = Log
t s+b s

a ∞
e −at −e −bt s 1+
s
L = Log b [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 1+
s s

a ∞
e −at −e −bt 1+
s
L = Log b
t 1+
s s

a
e −at −e −bt 1+
∞ s+a
L = Log b − Log
t 1+ s+b
∞

e −at −e −bt 1+0 s+a

L = Log − Log
t 1+0 s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = Log1 − Log
t s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = 0 − Log [∵ Log1 = 0 ]
t s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = −Log
t s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = −1 Log
t s+b

Using n Logm = Logmn

e −at −e −bt s+a −1

L = Log
t s+b

e −at −e −bt s+b a −1 b

L = Log ∵ =a
t s+a b

e at −cosbt 1
(iii) We have to find L i.e. L eat − cosbt
t t

Now, L eat − cosbt = L eat − L cosbt

1 s 1 s
L eat − cosbt = s−a − s 2 +b 2 = F(s) …….. (1) ∵ L eat = s−a , L cosat = s 2 +a 2

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L eat − cosbt = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

e at −cosbt ∞ 1 s
L = − ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s s−a s 2 +b 2

e at −cosbt 1 s ∞
L = ds − ds
t s−a s 2 +b 2 s

Page 56 of 182
 e at −cosbt 1 1 2s ∞
L = ds − 2 ds [Adjustment, Multiplying & dividing by 2]
t s−a s 2 +b 2 s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = Log f x
f(x)

e at −cosbt 1 ∞
L = Log s − a − 2 Log s 2 + b2
t s

Using n Logm = Logmn

e at −cosbt 1/2 ∞
L = Log s − a − Log s 2 + b2 s
t

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

e at −cosbt s−a ∞
L = Log
t s 2 +b 2 1/2 s

∞
a
e at −cosbt s 1−
𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
L = Log s
1/2 [Adjustment for upper limit 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑚 1 + 𝑎 ]
t b2
s 2 1/2 1+ 2
s
s

∞
a
e at −cosbt s 1−
L = Log s
1/2 ∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛
t b2
s 1+ 2
s
s

∞
a
e at −cosbt 1−
s
L = Log 1/2
t b2
1+ 2
s
s

a
e at −cosbt 1− s−a
∞
L = Log 1/2 − Log
t b2 s 2 +b 2 1/2
1+ 2
∞

e at −cosbt 1−0 s−a

L = Log − Log
t 1+0 1/2 s 2 +b 2 1/2

e at −cosbt 1 s−a
L = Log 1/2 − Log
t 1 s 2 +b 2 1/2

e at −cosbt 1 s−a
L = Log − Log
t 1 s 2 +b 2 1/2

e at −cosbt s−a
L = Log1 − Log
t s 2 +b 2 1/2

e at −cosbt s−a
L = 0 − Log [∵ Log1 = 0 ]
t s 2 +b 2 1/2

Page 57 of 182
 e at −cosbt s−a
L = −Log
t s 2 +b 2 1/2

e at −cosbt s−a
L = −1 Log
t s 2 +b 2 1/2

Using n Logm = Logmn

e at −cosbt s−a −1
L = Log
t s 2 +b 2 1/2

1/2
e at −cosbt s 2 +b 2 a −1 b
L = Log ∵ =
t s−a b a

e at −cosbt s 2 +b 2
L = Log
t s−a

sinat 1
(iv) We have to find out L i.e. L sinat
t t

a
Now, L sinat = s 2 +a 2 = F(s) ……….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sinat = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

sinat ∞ a
L = s s 2 +a 2
ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t

sinat ∞ 1
L =a s s 2 +a 2
ds
t

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sinat 1 s ∞
L =a tan−1
t a a s

sinat 1 s ∞
L = a a tan−1
t a s

sinat s ∞
L = tan−1
t a s

sinat ∞ s
L = tan−1 − tan−1
t a a

sinat s
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1
t a

sinat π s π π
L = 2 − tan−1 ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t a 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

Page 58 of 182
 π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sinat s
L = cot −1
t a

sin 2t 1
(v) We have to find L i.e. L sin2t
t t

2 a
Now, L sin2t = s 2 +22 ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2

2
L sin2t = s 2 +4 = F(s) ……….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sin2t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

sin 2t ∞ 2
L = s s 2 +4
ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t

sin 2t ∞ 1
L =2 s s 2 +4
ds
t

sin 2t ∞ 1
L =2 s s 2 +22
ds [Adjustment]
t

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sin 2t 1 s ∞
L =2 tan−1
t 2 2 s

sin 2t 1 s ∞
L = 2 2 tan−1
t 2 s

sin 2t s ∞
L = tan−1
t 2 s

sin 2t ∞ s
L = tan−1 − tan−1
t 2 2

sin 2t s
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1
t 2

sin 2t π s π π
L = 2 − tan−1 ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 2 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sin 2t s
L = cot −1
t 2

Page 59 of 182
 sinht 1
(vi) We have to find L i.e. L sinht
t t

1 a
Now, L sinht = s 2 −12 ∵ L sinhat = s 2 −a 2

1
L sinht = s 2 −1 = F(s) ………….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
L sinht = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

sinht ∞ 1
L = s s 2 −1
ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t

sinht ∞ 1
L = s s 2 −12
ds {Adjustment}
t

1 1 x−a
Using dx = 2a Log
x 2 −a 2 x+a

sinht 1 s−1 ∞
L = Log
t 2 s+1 s

sinht 1 s−1 ∞
L = 2 Log
t s+1 s

1 ∞
sinht 1 s 1−
s
L = 2 Log 1 [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 1+
s s

1 ∞
sinht 1 1−
s
L = 2 Log 1
t 1+
s s

1
sinht 1 1− s−1
∞
L = 2 Log 1 − Log
t 1+ s+1
∞

sinht 1 1−0 s−1

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1+0 s+1

sinht 1 1 s−1
L = 2 Log − Log
t 1 s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L = Log1 − Log
t 2 s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L = 2 0 − Log ∵ Log1 = 0
t s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L = 2 −Log
t s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L =2 −1 Log
t s+1

Page 60 of 182
Using n Logm = Logmn

sinht 1 s−1 −1
L = 2 Log
t s+1

sinht 1 s+1 a −1 b
L = 2 Log ∵ =a
t s−1 b

sin 3t cost 1
(vii) We have to find L i.e. L sin3t cost
t t

1
Using sinA cosB = sin A + B + sin A − B
2

1
sin3t cost = 2 sin 3t + t + sin 3t − t

1
sin3t cost = 2 sin4t + sin2t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

1
L sin3t cost = 2 L sin4t + sin2t

1
L sin3t cost = 2 L(sin4t) + L(sin2t)

1 4 2 a
L sin3t cost = 2 + s 2 +22 ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2
s 2 +4 2

1 4 2
L sin3t cost = 2 + s 2 +4
s 2 +16

2 2 1
L sin3t cost = 2 + s 2 +4
s 2 +16

2 1
L sin3t cost = s 2 +16 + s 2 +4 = F(s) ………….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sin3t cost = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

sin 3t cost ∞ 2 1
L = s 2 + s 2 +4 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s +16

sin 3t cost 2 1 ∞
L = ds + ds
t s 2 +16 s 2 +4 s

sin 3t cost 1 1 ∞
L = 2 ds + ds
t s 2 +16 s 2 +4 s

sin 3t cost 1 1 ∞
L = 2 ds + ds [Adjustment]
t s 2 +4 2 s 2 +22 s

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

Page 61 of 182
 sin 3t cost 1 s 1 s ∞
L = 2 tan−1 + 2 tan−1
t 4 4 2 s

sin 3t cost 1 s 1 s ∞
L = tan−1 + 2 tan−1
t 2 4 2 s

sin 3t cost 1 s s ∞
L = 2 tan−1 + tan−1
t 4 2 s

sin 3t cost 1 ∞ ∞ s s
L =2 tan−1 + tan−1 − tan−1 + tan−1
t 4 2 4 2

sin 3t cost 1 s s
L =2 tan−1 ∞ + tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 + tan−1
t 4 2

sin 3t cost 1 s s
L =2 2 tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 + tan−1 ∵ 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 2𝑎
t 4 2

sin 3t cost 1 s s
L = 2 tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 − tan−1
t 2 4 2

sin 3t cost 1 π s s
L =2 2 − tan−1 − tan−1
t 2 4 2

sin 3t cost 1 s s
L = 2 π − tan−1 − tan−1
t 4 2

cosat −cosbt 1
(viii) We have to find L i.e. L cosat − cosbt
t t

Now, L cosat − cosbt = L cosat − L[cosbt]

s s
L cosat − cosbt = s 2 +a 2 − s 2 +b 2 = F(s) ………… (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L cosat − cosbt = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

cosat −cosbt ∞ s s
L = − s 2 +b 2 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s s +a 2
2

cosat −cosbt s s ∞
L = ds − ds
t s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 s

cosat −cosbt 1 2s 1 2s ∞
L = ds − 2 ds [Adjustment]
t 2 s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 s

cosat −cosbt 1 2s 2s ∞
L =2 ds − ds
t s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 s

f′ (x)
Using dx = log f x
f(x)

cosat −cosbt 1
L = 2 Log s 2 + a2 − Log s 2 + b2 ∞
s
t

Page 62 of 182
 m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

∞
cosat −cosbt 1 s 2 +a 2
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +b 2 s

a2
∞
cosat −cosbt 1 s 2 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log b2
[Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 2 1+ 2
s s

a2
∞
cosat −cosbt 1 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log b2
t 1+ 2
s s

a2
cosat −cosbt 1 1+
∞ s 2 +a 2
L = 2 Log b2
− Log
t 1+ s 2 +b 2
∞

cosat −cosbt 1 1+0 s 2 +a 2

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1+0 s 2 +b 2

cosat −cosbt 1 1 s 2 +a 2
L = 2 Log − Log
t 1 s 2 +b 2

cosat −cosbt 1 s 2 +a 2
L = 2 Log1 − Log
t s 2 +b 2

cosat −cosbt 1 s 2 +a 2
L = 2 0 − Log ∵ Log1 = 0
t s 2 +b 2

cosat −cosbt 1 s 2 +a 2
L = 2 −Log
t s 2 +b 2

cosat −cosbt 1 s 2 +a 2
L =2 −1 Log
t s 2 +b 2

Using n Logm = Logmn

−1
cosat −cosbt 1 s 2 +a 2
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +b 2

cosat −cosbt 1 s 2 +b 2 a −1 b
L = Log [∵ = ]
t 2 s 2 +a 2 b a

sin 3t 1
(ix) We have to find L e−4t i.e. L e−4t sin3t
t t

3 a
Now, L sin3t = s 2 +32 ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2

3
L sin3t = s 2 +9 = F(s) ……….. (1)

Page 63 of 182
 1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sin3t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

1 ∞ 3
L sin3t = s s 2 +9
ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t

1 ∞ 1
L sin3t = 3 s s 2 +32
ds {Adjustment}
t

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sin 3t 1 s ∞
L =3 tan−1
t 3 3 s

sin 3t 1 s ∞
L = 3 3 tan−1
t 3 s

sin 3t s ∞
L = tan−1
t 3 s

sin 3t ∞ s
L = tan−1 − tan−1
t 3 3

sin 3t s
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1
t 3

sin 3t π s π π
L = 2 − tan−1 ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 3 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x =
2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sin 3t s
L = cot −1 = G(s) ………. (2)
t 3

1
L e−4t sin3t = G(s + a) ∵ L e−at f t =F s+a
t

sin 3t
L e−4t = G(s + 4) ∵a=4
t

sin 3t s+4
L e−4t = cot −1 [∵By (2)]
t 3

sin 2 t 1
(x) We have to find L e−t i.e. L[e−1t sin 2 t]
t t

1
Using sin 2 θ = 2 1 − cos2θ

1
sin2 t = 2 1 − cos2t

Taking Laplace of both sides

Page 64 of 182
 1
∴ L[sin2 t] = L 1 − cos2t
2

1
L[sin2 t] = 2 L 1 − cos2t

1
L[sin2 t] = 2 L(1) − L(cos2t)

1 1 s s
L[sin2 t] = 2 − s 2 +22 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2
s

1 1 s
L[sin2 t] = 2 − s 2 +4 = F(s) ……….. (3)
s

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sin 2 t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

sin 2 t ∞1 1 s
𝐿 = s 2
− s 2 +4 ds [ ∵ By (3)]
t s

sin 2 t 1 ∞ 1 s
𝐿 =2 s
− s 2 +4 ds
t s

sin 2 t 1 1 s ∞
𝐿 =2 ds − ds
t s s 2 +4 s

sin 2 t 1 1 1 2s ∞
𝐿 =2 ds − 2 ds [Adjustment, dividing & multiplying by 2]
t s s 2 +4 s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = log f x
f(x)

sin 2 t 1 1 ∞
L = 2 Logs − 2 Log s 2 + 4
t s

Using n Logm = Logmn

sin 2 t 1 1/2 ∞
L t
= 2 Logs − Log s 2 + 4 s

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

sin 2 t 1 s ∞
𝐿 = 2 Log
t s 2 +4 1/2 s

∞
sin 2 t 1 s 𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
𝐿 = 2 Log 1/2 [Adjustment for upper limit 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑚 1 + 𝑎 ]
t 4
s 2 1/2 1+ 2
s s

∞
sin 2 t 1 s
𝐿 = 2 Log 4 1/2
∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛
t s 1+ 2
s s

Page 65 of 182
 ∞
sin 2 t 1 1
𝐿 = 2 Log 4 1/2
t 1+ 2
s s

sin 2 t 1 1 s
𝐿 = 2 Log 1 − Log 1
t
1+ 2
4 2 s 2 +4 2
∞

sin 2 t 1 1 s
𝐿 = 2 Log 1 − Log 1
t
1+0 2 s 2 +4 2

sin 2 t 1 1 s
𝐿 = 2 Log 1 − Log 1
t
1 2 s 2 +4 2

sin 2 t 1 1 s
𝐿 = Log − Log 1
t 2 1
s 2 +4 2

sin 2 t 1 s
𝐿 = 2 Log1 − Log 1
t
s 2 +4 2

sin 2 t 1 s
𝐿 = 2 0 − Log 1 ∵ Log1 = 0
t
s 2 +4 2

sin 2 t 1 s
𝐿 = −Log 1
t 2
s 2 +4 2

sin 2 t 1 s
𝐿 =2 −1 Log 1
t
s 2 +4 2

Using n Logm = Logmn

sin 2 t 1 s −1
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +4 1/2

1/2
sin 2 t 1 s 2 +4 a −1 b
L = 2 Log = G s … . . (2) ∵ =
t s b a

1
∴ L[e−1t sin 2 t] = G(s + a) ∵ L e−at f t = F s+a
t

sin 2 t
L e−1t = G(s + 1) ∵a=1
t

1
sin 2 t 1 { s+1 2 +4} 2
L e−1t t = 2 Log s+1
[∵By (2)]

Page 66 of 182
 cos 3t−cos 2t
(xi) We have to find L 2t + + t sint
t

cos 3t−cos 2t cos 3t−cos 2t

L 2t + + t sint = L 2t + L + L[t sint] ………(A)
t t

(I) First we find L 2t

Using ax = e(loga )x

2t = e(log 2)t

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

L[2t ] = L e log 2 t

1 1
L[2t ] = s−log 2 ∵ L eat = s−a

cos 3t−cos 2t 1
(II) Now we find L i.e. L cos3t − cos2t
t t

Now, L cos3t − cos2t = L cos3t − L[cos2t]

s s s
= s 2 +32 − s 2 +22 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2

s s
= s 2 +9 − s 2 +4 = F(s) ………… (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L cos3t − cos2t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

cos 3t−cos 2t ∞ s s
L = s 2 − 2 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s +9 s +4

s s ∞
= ds − ds
s 2 +9 s 2 +4 s

1 2s 1 2s ∞
= ds − 2 ds [Adjustment to get integration]
2 s 2 +9 s 2 +4 s

1 2s 2s ∞
=2 ds − ds
s 2 +9 s 2 +4 s

f′ (x)
Using dx = log f x
f(x)

cos 3t−cos 2t 1
L = 2 Log s 2 + 9 − Log s2 + 4 ∞
s
t

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

∞
cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +9
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +4 s

Page 67 of 182
 9 ∞
cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log 4 [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 2 1+ 2
s s

9 ∞
cos 3t−cos 2t 1 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log 4
t 1+ 2
s s

9
cos 3t−cos 2t 1 1+ 2 s 2 +9
∞
L = 2 Log 4 − Log
t 1+ 2 s 2 +4
∞

9
cos 3t−cos 2t 1 1+
∞ s 2 +9
L = 2 Log 4 − Log
t 1+ s 2 +4
∞

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 1+0 s 2 +9

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1+0 s 2 +4

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +9
L = 2 Log 1 − Log
t s 2 +4

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +9
L = 2 Log1 − Log
t s 2 +4

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +9
L = 2 0 − Log ∵ Log1 = 0
t s 2 +4

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +9
L = 2 −Log
t s 2 +4

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +9
L =2 −1 Log
t s 2 +4

Using n Logm = Logmn

−1
cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +9
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +4

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 s 2 +4 a −1 b
L = 2 Log ∵ =a
t s 2 +9 b

(III) We find L[t sint]

1 a
Now, L sint = s 2 +12 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

1
= s 2 +1 = F(s) ………… (2)

dn dn
∴ L t sint = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1
= (−1)1 ds 1 F(s) [∵ n = 1]

Page 68 of 182
 d 1
= −1 [∵ By (2)]
ds s 2 +1

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +1 1−1 (s 2 +1)
ds ds
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

d 2 d
s 2 +1 (0)−1 s + 1
ds ds
L t sint = −1 2 2
s +1

0 −1 (2s+0)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1 (2s)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

2s
L t sint = s 2 +1 2

Equation (A) becomes

cos 3t−cos 2t cos 3t−cos 2t
L 2t + + t sint = L 2t + L + L[t sint]
t t

cos 3t−cos 2t 1 1 s 2 +4 2s
L 2t + + t sint = s−log 2 + 2 Log +
t s 2 +9 s 2 +1 2

𝐞𝐚𝐱− 𝐞−𝐚𝐱 𝐞𝐚𝐱 +𝐞−𝐚𝐱

Note: 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐚𝐱 = , 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐱 =
𝟐 𝟐

cosh 2t sin 2t sin 2t

(xii) We have to find L i.e. L cosh2t
t t

sin 2t e 2t +e −2t sin 2t e ax +e −ax

L cosh2t =L coshax =
t 2 t 2

sin 2t 1 sin 2t
L cosh2t = 2 L e2t + e−2t
t t

sin 2t 1 sin 2t sin 2t

L cosh2t = 2 L e2t + e−2t
t t t

sin 2t 1 sin 2t sin 2t

L cosh2t = 2 L e2t + L e−2t ……………. (A)
t t t

sin 2t 1
(I) First we find L e2t i.e. L e2t sin2t
t t

Page 69 of 182
 2 a
Now, L sin2t = s 2 +22 L sinat = s 2 +a 2

2
L sin2t = s 2 +4 = F(s) ……….. (1)

sin 2t ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

∞ 2
= s s 2 +4
ds [ ∵ By (1)]

∞ 1
=2 s s 2 +22
ds

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sin 2t 1 s ∞
L =2 tan−1
t 2 2 s

sin 2t 1 s ∞
L = 2 2 tan−1
t 2 s

sin 2t ∞ s
L = tan−1 − tan−1
t a 2

sin 2t s
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1
t 2

sin 2t π s π π
L = 2 − tan−1 ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 2 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sin 2t s
L = cot −1 = G(s) ………. (2)
t 2

1
L e2t sin2t = G(s − a) ∵ L eat f t = F s−a
t

sin 2t
L e2t = G(s − 2) ∵a=2
t

sin 2t s−2
L e2t = cot −1 [∵By (2)]
t 2

sin 2t 1
(II) We find L e−2t i.e. L e−2t sin2t
t t

1
L e−2t sin2t = G(s + a) ∵ L eat f t = F s−a
t

sin 2t
L e−2t = G(s + 2) ∵a=2
t

Page 70 of 182
 sin 2t s+2
L e−2t = cot −1 [∵By (2)]
t 2

Equation (A) becomes

sin 2t 1 sin 2t sin 2t
L cosh2t = 2 L e2t + L e−2t
t t t

sin 2t 1 s−2 s+2

L cosh2t = 2 cot −1 + cot −1
t 2 2

e −t sint 1
(xiii) We have to find L i.e. L e−1t sint
t t

1
Now, L sint = s 2 +12

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ……….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sint = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

∞ 1
= s s 2 +1
ds [ ∵ By (1)]

∞ 1
= s s 2 +12
ds {Adjustment}

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sint 1 s ∞
L = tan−1
t 1 1 s

sint
L = tan−1 s ∞
s
t

sint
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 s
t

sint π π π
L = 2 − tan−1 s ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sint
L = cot −1 s = G s …….. (2)
t

1
∴L e−1t sint = G s + a {∵ e−at f t = F s+a }
t

sint
L e−t t
=G s+1 ∵a=1

Page 71 of 182
 sint
L e−t = cot −1 s + 1 [∵ By (2)]
t

2 sin 3t
(xiv) We have to find L t e2t − t

2sin 3t sin 3t
∴ L t e2t − = L t e2t − 2 L …………. (A)
t t

(I) First we find L t e2t i.e. L e2t t

1! n!
Now, L t = s 1+1 ∵ L t n = s n +1

1
L t = s 2 = F s ……….. (1)

∴ L e2t t = F s − a ∵ L eat f t =F s−a

L e2t t = F s − 2 ∵a=2
1
L e2t t = [∵ By (1)]
s−2 2

sin 3t 1
(II) We find L i.e. L sin3t
t t

3 a
Now, L sin3t = s 2 +32 L sinat = s 2 +a 2

3
= s 2 +9 = F(s) ……….. (2)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sin3t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

sin 3t ∞ 3
L = s s 2 +9
ds [ ∵ By (2)]
t

∞ 1
=3 s s 2 +9
ds

∞ 1
=3 s s 2 +32
ds

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sin 3t 1 s ∞
L =3 tan−1
t 3 3 s

sin 3t 1 s ∞
L = 3 3 tan−1
t 3 s

sin 3t s ∞
L = tan−1
t 3 s

Page 72 of 182
 sin 3t ∞ s
L = tan−1 − tan−1
t 3 3

sin 3t s
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1
t 3

sin 3t π s π π
L = 2 − tan−1 ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 3 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sin 3t s
L = cot −1
t 3

Equation (A) becomes

2sin 3t sin 3t
L t e2t − = L t e2t − 2 L
t t

2sin 3t 1 s
L t e2t − = 2
− 2 cot −1
t s−2 3

Home Assignment-3 (10 Marks)

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕2𝑡
Ex1. Find 𝐿 𝑒 −5𝑡 (05 Marks)
𝑡

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
Ex2. Find 𝐿 𝑒 3𝑡 (05 Marks)
𝑡

t 1
Laplace Transform of integral Property: If L f t = F(s) then L 0
f t dt = F(s)
s

t
(i) Find L 0
sin3t dt

t −t
(ii) Find L 0
e cost dt

t
(iii) Find L 0
t e−t sin4t dt

t cos 6t−cos 4t
(iv) Find L 0
dt
t

t sint
(v) Find L e−t 0 t
dt

t t t
(vi) Find L 0 0 0
t sint dt

t
(vii) Find L{ e−t 0
sin 2t + 3 dt}

Page 73 of 182
 t
(viii) Find L 0
t e2t sin4t dt

t 3t
(ix) Find L{ 0
e t cos2t dt}

t 1−e −u
(x) Find L 0
du
u

t at
(xi) Find L sinhct 0
e sinhbt dt

t t
(xii) Find L cosht 0
e cosht dt

t
Sol: (i) We have to find L 0
sin3t dt

3 a
Now, L sin3t = s 2 +32 ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2

3
L sin3t = s 2 +9 = F(s) ………… (1)

t 1 t 1
∴L 0
sin3t dt = F(s) {∵ L[ 0
f t dt] = F(s)}
s s

t 1 3
L sin3t dt = [∵ By (1)]
0 s s 2 +9

t 3
L sin3t dt =
0 s(s 2 +9)

t −t
(ii) We have to find L 0
e cost dt

s s
Now, L cost = s 2 +12 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2

s
L cos3t = s 2 +1 = F(s) ………… (1)

L e−t cost = F(s + a) ∵ L e−at f t = F s+a

L e−t cost = F(s + 1) ∵a=1

s+1
L e−t cost = = G s ……… (2) [∵By (1)]
(s+1)2 +1

t −t 1 t 1
∴L 0
e cost dt = G(s) {∵ L[ 0
f t dt] = F(s)}
s s

t −t 1 s+1
L e cost dt = [∵ By (2)]
0 s (s+1)2 +1

t −t s+1
L 0
e cost dt = s[ s+1 2 +1]

Page 74 of 182
 t t
(iii) We have to find L 0
t e−t sin4t dt i.e. L 0
e−t t sin4t dt

4 a
Now, L sin4t = s 2 +4 2 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

4
L sin4t = s 2 +16 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sin4t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 4
= (−1)1 ds 1 s 2 +16 [∵ n = 1 & 𝐵𝑦 (1)]

d 4
= −1 [∵ By (1)]
ds s 2 +16

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +16 4−4 (s 2 +16)
ds ds
∴ L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

d d
s 2 +16 (0)−4 s2 + 16
ds ds
∴ L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

0 −4 (2s+0)
∴ L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

0 −4 (2s)
∴ L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

0−8s
L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

−8s
L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

8s
L t sin4t = = G(s) ……….. (2)
s 2 +16 2

∴ L e−t t sin4t = G s + a {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

L e−t t sin4t = G s + 1 ∵a=1

8(s+1)
L e−t t sin4t = [∵ By (2)]
(s+1)2 +16 2

8(s+1)
L e−t t sin4t = ∵ a+b 2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
s 2 +2s(1)+12 +16 2

8(s+1)
L e−t tsin4t = s 2 +2s+1 +16 2

Page 75 of 182
 8(s+1)
L e−t t sin4t = = H(s) ………… (3)
s 2 +2s+17 2

t 1 t 1
∴L 0
e−t tsin4t dt = H s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
s s

t 1 8(s+1)
L e−t tsin4t dt = [∵ By (3)]
0 s s 2 +2s+17 2

t 8(s+1)
L e−t tsin4t dt =
0 s s 2 +2s+17 2

t cos 6t−cos 4t t1
(iv) We have to find L 0
dt i.e. L 0 t
cos6t − cos4t dt
t

Now, L[cos6t − cos4t] = L cos6t − L[cos4t]

s s
L[cos6t − cos4t] = s 2 +62 − s 2 +4 2

s s
L [cos6t − cos4t] = s 2 +36 − s 2 +16 = F(s) ………… (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L cos6t − cos4t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

cos 6t−cos 4t ∞ s s
L = − s 2 +16 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s s 2 +36

cos 6t−cos 4t s s ∞
L = ds − ds
t s 2 +36 s 2 +16 s

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 2s 1 2s ∞
L = ds − 2 ds [Adjustment]
t 2 s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 s

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 2s 2s ∞
L =2 ds − ds
t s 2 +36 s 2 +16 s

f′ (x)
Using dx = log f x
f(x)

cos 6t−cos 4t 1
L = 2 Log s 2 + 36 − Log s2 + 16 ∞
s
t

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

∞
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +16 s

36 ∞
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log 16 [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 2 1+ 2
s s

36 ∞
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log 16
t 1+ 2
s s

Page 76 of 182
 36
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1+
∞ s 2 +36
L = 2 Log 16 − Log
t 1+ s 2 +16
∞

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1+0 s 2 +36

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1+0 s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1 s 2 +36

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1 s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36

L = 2 Log1 − Log
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36

L = 2 0 − Log ∵ Log1 = 0
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36

L = 2 −Log
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36

L =2 −1 Log
t s 2 +16

Using n Logm = Logmn

−1
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +16 a −1 b

L = 2 Log = G s … (2) [∵ = ]
t s 2 +36 b a

t cos 6t−cos 4t 1 t 1
∴L 0
dt = G s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
t s s

t cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1 s 2 +16

L dt = Log [∵ By (2)]
0 t s 2 s 2 +36

t cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +16

L dt = 2s Log
0 t s 2 +36

t sint t1
(v) We have to find L e−t 0 t
dt i.e. L e−t 0 t
sint dt

1
Now, L sint = s 2 +12

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ……….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sint = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

∞ 1
= s s 2 +1
ds [ ∵ By (1)]

∞ 1
= s s 2 +12
ds {Adjustment}

Page 77 of 182
 1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sint 1 s ∞
L = tan−1
t 1 1 s

sint
L = tan−1 s ∞
s
t

sint
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 s
t

sint π π π
L = 2 − tan−1 s ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sint
L = cot −1 s = G s …….. (2)
t

t sint 1 t 1
∴L 0 t
dt = G s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
s s

t sint 1
L 0 t
dt = cot −1 s = H(s) …….. (3) [∵ By (2)]
s

t sint
∴ L e−t 0 t
dt = H s + a {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

t sint
∴ L e−t 0 t
dt = H s + 1 ∵a=1

t si nt 1
L e−t 0 t
dt = s+1 cot −1 s + 1

t t t
(vi) We have to find L 0 0 0
t sint dt

1 a
Now, L sint = s 2 +12 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sint = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 1
L t sint = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +1

d 1
L t sint = −1 ds s 2 +1

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

Page 78 of 182
 d d
s 2 +1 1−1 (s 2 +1)
ds ds
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

d d
s 2 +1 0 −1 s2+ 1
ds ds
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1 (2s+0)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1 (2s)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

2s
L t sint = = G(s) ………….. (2)
s 2 +1 2

t t t 1 t 1
L 0 0 0
t sint dt = s 3 G s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
s

t t t 1 2s
∴L t sint dt = s 3 ∵ By 2
0 0 0 s 2 +1 2

t t t 1 2
L t sint dt = s 2
0 0 0 s 2 +1 2

t t t 2
L t sint dt =
0 0 0 s 2 s 2 +1 2

t
(vii) We have to find L{ e−t 0
sin 2t + 3 dt}

Using sin A + B = sinA cosB + cosA sinB

∴ sin 2t + 3 = sin2t cos3 + cos2t sin3

Taking Laplace transform of both sides

L[sin 2t + 3 ] = L sin2t cos3 + cos2t sin3

L sin 2t + 3 = cos3 L sin2t + sin3 L[cos2t]

2 s
L sin 2t + 3 = cos3 + sin3
s 2 +22 s 2 +22

2 s a s
L sin 2t + 3 = cos3 + sin3 [ ∵L sinat = s 2 +a 2 , L cosat = s 2 +a 2 ]
s 2 +4 s 2 +4

2cos 3 s sin 3
L sin 2t + 3 = s 2 +4
+ s 2 +4

Page 79 of 182
 2cos 3+s sin 3 a b a+b
L sin 2t + 3 = = F(s) ……….. (1) [∵ c + c = ]
s 2 +4 c

t 1 t 1
∴L 0
sin 2t + 3 dt = F(s) [∵ 0
f t dt = F s ]
s s

t 1 2cos 3+s sin 3

L sin 2t + 3 dt = = G(s) …………. (2)
0 s s 2 +4

t
L{ e−t 0
sin 2t + 3 dt} = G(s + a) ∵ L e−at f t =F s+a

= G(s + 1) ∵a=1
1 2cos 3+(s+1) sin 3
= (s+1) [∵By (2)]
(s+1)2 +4

t t
(viii) We have to find L 0
t e2t sin4t dt i.e. L 0
e2t t sin4t dt

4 a
Now, L sin4t = s 2 +4 2 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

4
= s 2 +16 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sin4t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 4
= (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] [By(1)]
s 2 +16

d 4
= −1 [∵ By (1)]
ds s 2 +16

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +16 4−4 (s 2 +16)
ds ds
∴ L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

d d
s 2 +16 0 −4 s2+ 16
ds ds
L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

0−4 2s+0
L t sin4t = −1
s 2 +16 2

0−4 2s
∴ L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

0−8s
L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

−8s
L t sin4t = −1 s 2 +16 2

Page 80 of 182
 −1 −8s
L t sin4t = s 2 +16 2

8s
L t sin4t = = G(s) ……….. (2)
s 2 +16 2

∴ L e2t t sin4t = G s − a {∵ L eat f t = F s−a }

L e2t t sin4t = G s − 2 ∵a=2

8(s−2)
L e2t t sin4t = [∵ By (2)]
(s−2)2 +16 2

8(s−2)
L e2t t sin4t = ∵ a−b 2
= a2 − 2ab + b2
s 2 −2 s 2 +22 +16 2

8(s−2)
L e2t t sin4t = s 2 −4s+4+16 2

8(s−2)
L e2t t sin4t = = H(s) ………… (3)
s 2 −4s+20 2

t 1 t 1
∴L 0
e2t t sin4t dt = H s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
s s

t 1 8(s−2)
L e2t t sin4t dt = [∵ By(3)]
0 s s 2 −4s+20 2

t 8(s−2)
L e2t t sin4t dt =
0 s s 2 −4s+20 2

t 3t
(ix) We have to find L{ 0
e t cos2t dt}

s s
Now, L cos2t = s 2 +22 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2

s
L cos2t = s 2 +4 = F(s) ……. (1)

dn dn
∴ L t cos2t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 s
L t cos2t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +4

d s
L t cos2t = −1 ds s 2 +4

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +4 s−s (s 2 +4)
ds ds
∴ L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

Page 81 of 182
 d d
s 2 +4 (1)−s s2+ 4
ds ds
L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

s 2 +4 1 −s(2s+0)
∴ L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

s 2 +4 1 −s(2s)
∴ L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

s 2 +4−2s 2
L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

−s 2 +4
L t cos2t = −1 s 2 +4 2

−1 −s 2 +4
L t cos2t = s 2 +4 2

s 2 −4
L t cos2t = = 𝐺 𝑠 ………(2)
s 2 +4 2

∵ L e3t t cos2t = G(s − a) {∵ L eat f t =F s−a }

L e3t t cos2t = G(s − 3) ∵a=3

(s−3)2 −4
L e3t t cos2t = [∵ By (2) ]
(s−3)2 +4 2

s 2 −2 s 3 +32 −4
L e3t t cos2t = ∵ (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
s 2 −2 s 3 +32 +4 2

s 2 −6s+9−4
L e3t t cos2t = s 2 −6s+9+4 2

s 2 −6s+5
L e3t t cos2t = = H(s) …………. (3)
s 2 −6s+13 2

t 3t 1 t 1
∴ L{ 0
e t cos2t dt} = H s {∵ L[ 0
f t dt] = F(s)}
s s

t 3t 1 s 2 −6s+5
L{ e t cos2t dt} = [∵ By (3) ]
0 s s 2 −6s+13 2

𝐭 𝟏−𝐞−𝐮
(x) Find 𝐋 𝟎
𝐝𝐮
𝐮

t 1−e −u t1
We have to find L 0
du i.e. L 0u
1 − e−u du
u

Now, Now, L 1 − e−u = L 1 − L e−1u

1 1 1
= s − s+1 = F(s) …….. (1) {∵L e−at = s+a }

Page 82 of 182
 1−e −u ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
u t

∞ 1 1
= s
− s+1 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
s

1 1 ∞
= ds − ds
s s+1 s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = Log f x
f(x)

1−e −u ∞
L = Logs − Log s + 1 s
u

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

1−e −u s ∞
L = Log
u s+1 s

∞
1−e −u s
L = Log 1 [Adjustment for upper limit]
u s 1+
s s

∞
1−e −u 1
L = Log 1
u 1+
s s

1−e −u 1 s
L = Log 1 − Log
u 1+ s+1
∞

1−e −u 1 s
L = Log − Log
u 1+0 s+1

1−e −u s
L = Log1 − Log
u s+1

1−e −u s
L = 0 − Log [∵ Log1 = 0 ]
u s+1

1−e −u s
L = −Log
u s+1

1−e −u s
L = −1 Log
u s+1

Using n Logm = Logmn

1−e −u s −1
L = Log
u s+1

1−e −u s+1 a −1 b
L = Log = G(s) ……. (2) ∵ =a
u s b

Page 83 of 182
 t 1−e −u 1 t 1
∴L 0
du = G s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
u s s

t 1−e −u 1 s+1
L 0
du = log [∵ By (2)]
u s s

𝐭 𝐚𝐭
(xi) Find 𝐋 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐜𝐭 𝟎
𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝐛𝐭 𝐝𝐭

t at
We have to find L sinhct 0
e sinhbt dt

e ax −e −ax
Using sinhax = 2

t at e c t −e −c t t at
L sinhct 0
e sinhbt dt = L 0
e sinhbt dt
2

t at 1 t at
L sinhct 0
e sinhbt dt = 2 L ect − e−ct 0
e sinhbt dt

t at 1 t at t at
L sinhct 0
e sinhbt dt = 2 L ect 0
e sinhbt dt − e−ct 0
e sinhbt dt

t at 1 t at t at
L sinhct 0
e sinhbt dt = 2 L{ect 0
e sinhbt dt} − L{e−ct 0
e sinhbt dt} ………. (A)

t at
(I) First we find L ect 0
e sinhbt dt

b a
Now, L sinhbt = s 2 −b 2 = F(s) ……….. (1) ∵ L sinhat = s 2 −a 2

∴ L eat sinhbt = F(s − a) {∵ eat f t =F s−a }

b
L eat sinhbt = (s−a)2 −b 2 = G(s) …….. (2) [∵ By (1)]

t at 1 t 1
∴L 0
e sinhbt dt = G s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
s s

t at 1 b
L e sinhbt dt = = H(s) ……. (3) [∵By (2)]
0 s (s−a)2 −b 2

t at
∴ L ect 0
e sinhbt dt = H s − a {∵ eat f t =F s−a }

t at
L ect 0
e sinhbt dt = H s − c ∵a=c

t at 1 b
L ect e sinhbt dt = (s−c) [∵By (3)]
0 (s−c−a)2 −b 2

t at
(II) Also, L e−ct 0
e sinhbt dt = H s + a {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

t at
L e−ct 0
e sinhbt dt = H s + c ∵a=c

Page 84 of 182
 t at 1 b
L e−ct e sinhbt dt = (s+c) [∵By (3)]
0 (s+c−a)2 −b 2

Equation (A) becomes

t at 1 t at t at
L sinhct 0
e sinhbt dt = 2 L{ect 0
e sinhbt dt} − L{e−ct 0
e sinhbt dt}

t at 1 1 b 1 b
L sinhct e sinhbt dt = 2 − (s+c)
0 (s−c) (s−c−a)2 −b 2 (s+c−a)2 −b 2

𝐭 𝐭
(xii) Find 𝐋 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝐭 𝟎
𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝐭 𝐝𝐭

t t
We have to find L cosht 0
e cosht dt

e a x +e −ax
Using coshax = 2

t t e 1t +e −1t t t
L cosht 0
e cosht dt = L 0
e cosht dt
2

t t 1 t t
L cosht 0
e cosht dt = 2 L e1t + e−1t 0
e cosht dt

t t 1 t t t t
L cosht 0
e cosht dt = 2 L e1t 0
e cosht dt + e−1t 0
e cosht dt

t t 1 t t t t
L cosht 0
e cosht dt = 2 L{et 0
e cosht dt} + L{e−t 0
e cosht dt} ……….. (A)

t t
(I) First we find L e1t 0
e cosht dt

1 s
Now, L cosht = s 2 −12 ∵ L coshat = s 2 −a 2

1
= s 2 −1 = F(s) ……….. (1)

∴ L et cosht = F(s − a) {∵ eat f t =F s−a }

L et cosht = F(s − 1) [∵ Here 𝑎 = 1 ]

1
L et cosht = [∵ By (1)]
s−1 2 −1

1
= s 2 +2s+1−1 ∵ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

1
= s 2 +2s = G(s) …….. (2)

t t 1 t 1
∴L 0
e cosht dt = G s ∵L 0
f t dt = F s
s s

Page 85 of 182
 t t 1 1
L e cosht dt = = H(s) ……. (3) [∵By (2)]
0 s s 2 +2s

t t
∴ L e1t 0
e cosht dt = H s − a {∵ eat f t =F s−a }

t t
L e1t 0
e cosht dt = H s − 1 ∵a=1

t t 1 1
L e1t e cosht dt = (s−1) [∵By (3)]
0 [(s−1)2 +2(s−1)]

t t
(II) Also,L e−1t 0
e cosht dt = H s + a {∵ e−at f t =F s+a }

t t
L e−1t 0
e cosht dt = H s + 1 ∵a=1

t t 1 1
L e−1t e cosht dt = (s+1) [∵By (3)]
0 [(s+1)2 +2(s+1)]

Equation (A) becomes

t t 1 t t t t
L cosht 0
e cosht dt = 2 L{e1t 0
e cosht dt} + L{e−1t 0
e cosht dt}

t t 1 1 1 1 1
L cosht e cosht dt = 2 + (s+1)
0 (s−1) [(s−1)2 +2(s−1)] [(s+1)2 +2(s+1)]

Evaluation of Integral by using definition Laplace transforms:

∞
Formula: 𝟎
𝐞−𝐬𝐭 𝐟 𝐭 𝐝𝐭 = 𝐋[𝐟 𝐭 ]
∞ −2t
(i) Evaluate: 0
e cos3t dt
∞ −t
(ii) Evaluate: 0
e t sin3tdt

∞ −2t sinht
(iii) Evaluate: 0
e dt
t

∞ −t sint
(iv) Evaluate: 0
e dt
t

∞ e −at −e −bt
(v) Evaluate: 0
dt
t

∞ e −t −e −3t
(vi) Evaluate: 0
dt
t

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t
(vii) Evaluate: 0
dt
t

∞
(viii) Evaluate: 0
t e−3t sint dt

∞ −t sin 2 t
(ix) Evaluate: 0
e dt
t

Page 86 of 182
 ∞ −2t
Sol: (i) We have to evaluate 0
e cos3t dt

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that
∞ −2t
0
e cos3t dt = L[cos3t] where s = 2
s s
= s 2 +32 [ ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2 ]

s
= s 2 +9

∞ −2t 2
0
e cos3t dt = 22 +9 {Puttings = 2 }

∞ −2t 2
0
e cos3t dt = 4+9

∞ −2t 2
0
e cos3t dt = 13

∞ −t
(ii) We have to evaluate 0
e t sin3tdt

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that
∞ −t
0
e t sin3t dt = L[t sin3t] ………… (A) where s = 1

We find L[t sin3t]

3 a
Now, L sin3t = s 2 +32 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

3
L sin3t = s 2 +9 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sin3t = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 3
L t sin3t = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +9

d 3
L t sin3t = −1 ds s 2 +9

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

Page 87 of 182
 d d
s 2 +9 3−3 (s 2 +9)
ds ds
∴ L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

d d
s 2 +9 0 −3 s2 + 9
ds ds
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0 −3 (2s+0)
∴ L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0 −3 (2s)
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

0−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

−6s
L t sin3t = −1 s 2 +9 2

6s
L t sin3t = …………. (B)
s 2 +9 2

Putting this in equation (A) we get

∞ −t
0
e t sin3t dt = L[t sin3t] where 𝑠 = 1
∞ −t 6s
e t sin3tdt = {∵ By (B)}
0 s 2 +9 2

∞ −t 6(1)
e t sin3tdt = {Putting 𝑠 = 1}
0 12 +9 2

∞ −t 6
e t sin3tdt =
0 10 2

∞ −t 6
0
e t sin3tdt = 100

∞ −t 3
0
e t sin3tdt = 50

∞ −2t sinht
(iii) We have to evaluate 0
e dt
t

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that
∞ −2t sinht sinht
0
e dt = L …….. (A) where s = 2
t t

sinht 1
We find L i.e. L sinht
t t

Page 88 of 182
 1 a
Now, L sinht = s 2 −12 ∵ L sinhat = s 2 −a 2

1
L sinht = s 2 −1 = F(s) ………….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
L sinht = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

sinht ∞ 1
L = s s 2 −1
ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t

sinht ∞ 1
L = s s 2 −12
ds {Adjustment}
t

1 1 x−a
Using 2 −a 2
dx = 2a Log
x x+a

sinht 1 s−1 ∞
L = Log
t 2 s+1 s

sinht 1 s−1 ∞
L = 2 Log
t s+1 s

1 ∞
sinht 1 s 1−
s
L = 2 Log 1 [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 1+
s s

1 ∞
sinht 1 1−
s
L = 2 Log 1
t 1+
s s

1
sinht 1 1− s−1
∞
L = 2 Log 1 − Log
t 1+ s+1
∞

sinht 1 1−0 s−1

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1+0 s+1

sinht 1 1 s−1
L = 2 Log − Log
t 1 s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L = 2 Log1 − Log
t s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L = 2 0 − Log ∵ Log1 = 0
t s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L = 2 −Log
t s+1

sinht 1 s−1
L =2 −1 Log
t s+1

Using n Logm = Logmn

Page 89 of 182
 sinht 1 s−1 −1
L = 2 Log
t s+1

sinht 1 s+1 a −1 b
L = 2 Log … (B) ∵ =a
t s−1 b

Equation (A) becomes

∞ −2t sinht sinht
0
e dt = L where s = 2
t t

∞ −2t sinht 1 s+1

0
e dt = 2 Log {∵ By (B)}
t s−1

∞ −2t sinht 1 2+1

0
e dt = 2 Log { Putting s = 2 }
t 2−1

∞ −2t sinht 1 3
0
e dt = 2 Log
t 1

∞ −2t sinht 1
0
e dt = 2 Log3
t

∞ −t sint
(iv) We have to evaluate 0
e dt
t

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that
∞ −t sint sint
0
e dt = L …….. (A) where s = 1
t t

sint 1
We find L i.e. L sint
t t

1
Now, L sint = s 2 +12

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ……….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sint = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

∞ 1
= s s 2 +1
ds [ ∵ By (1)]

∞ 1
= s s 2 +12
ds {Adjustment}

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

Page 90 of 182
 sint 1 s ∞
L = tan−1
t 1 1 s

sint
L = tan−1 s ∞
s
t

sint
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 s
t

sint π π π
L = 2 − tan−1 s ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sint
L = cot −1 s ………..(B)
t

Equation (A) becomes

∞ −t sint sint
0
e dt = L …….. (A) where s = 1
t t

∞ −t sint
0
e dt = cot −1 s {∵ By (B)}
t

∞ −t sint
0
e dt = cot −1 1 {Putting s = 1 }
t

∞ e −at −e −bt
(v) We have to evaluate 0
dt
t

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that

∞ e −at −e −bt ∞ −0t e −at −e −bt

0
dt = 0
e dt {Adjustment}
t t

∞ e −at −e −bt e −at −e −bt

0
dt == L where s = 0 ……. (A)
t t

e −at −e −bt 1
We find L i.e. L e−at − e−bt
t t

Now, L e−at − e−bt = L e−at − L e−bt

1 1 1
= s+a − s+b = F(s) …….. (1) {∵L e−at = s+a }

Page 91 of 182
 1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L e−at − e−bt = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

1 ∞ 1 1
L e−at − e−bt = s
− s+b ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s+a

e −at −e −bt 1 1 ∞
L = ds − ds
t s+a s+b s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = Log f x
f(x)

e −at −e −bt ∞
L = Log(s + a) − Log s + b s
t

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

e −at −e −bt s+a ∞

L t
= Log s+b s

a ∞
e −at −e −bt s 1+
s
L = Log b [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 1+
s s

a ∞
e −at −e −bt 1+
s
L = Log b
t 1+
s s

a
e −at −e −bt 1+
∞ s+a
L = Log b − Log
t 1+ s+b
∞

e −at −e −bt 1+0 s+a

L = Log − Log
t 1+0 s+b

e −at −e −bt 1 s+a

L = Log − Log
t 1 s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = Log1 − Log
t s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = 0 − Log [∵ Log1 = 0 ]
t s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = −Log
t s+b

e −at −e −bt s+a

L = −1 Log
t s+b

Using n Logm = Logmn

e −at −e −bt s+a −1

L = Log
t s+b

Page 92 of 182
 e −at −e −bt s+b a −1 b
L = Log … (B) ∵ =
t s+a b a

Equation (A) becomes

∞ e −at −e −bt e −at −e −bt

0
dt == L where s = 0 ……. (A)
t t

∞ e −at −e −bt s+b

0
dt = Log {∵ By (B)}
t s+a

∞ e −at −e −bt 0+b

0
dt = Log {Putting s = 0 }
t 0+a

∞ e −at −e −bt b
0
dt = Log
t a

∞ e −t −e −3t
(vi) We have to evaluate 0
dt
t

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that
∞ e −t −e −3t ∞ −0t e −t −e −3t
0
dt = 0
e dt
t t

∞ e −t −e −3t e −t −e −3t
0
dt = L where s = 0 ……….(A)
t t

e −t −e −3t 1
We find L i.e. L e−t − e−3t
t t

Now, L e−t − e−3t = L e−t − L e−3t

1 1 1
= s+1 − s+3 = F(s) …….. (1) {∵L e−at = s+a }

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L e−t − e−3t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

e −t −e −3t ∞ 1 1
L = s
− s+3 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s+1

e −t −e −3t 1 1 ∞
L = ds − ds
t s+1 s+3 s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = Log f x
f(x)

e −t −e −3t ∞
L = Log(s + 1) − Log s + 3 s
t

Page 93 of 182
 m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

e −t −e −3t s+1 ∞
L = Log
t s+3 s

1 ∞
e −t −e −3t s 1+
s
L = Log 3 [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 1+
s s

1 ∞
e −t −e −3t 1+
s
L = Log 3
t 1+
s s

1
e −t −e −3t 1+
∞ s+1
L = Log 3 − Log
t 1+ s+3
∞

e −t −e −3t 1+0 s+1

L = Log − Log
t 1+0 s+3

e −t −e −3t s+1
L = Log1 − Log
t s+3

e −t −e −3t s+1
L = 0 − Log [∵ Log1 = 0 ]
t s+3

e −t −e −3t s+1
L = −Log
t s+3

e −t −e −3t s+1
L = −1 Log
t s+3

Using n Logm = Logmn

e −t −e −3t s+1 −1
L = Log
t s+3

e −t −e −3t s+3 a −1 b
L = Log ……..(B) ∵ =a
t s+1 b

Equation (A) becomes

∞ e −t −e −3t e −t −e −3t
0
dt = L where s = 0
t t

∞ e −t −e −3t s+3
0
dt = Log {∵ By (B)}
t s+1

∞ e −t −e −3t 0+3
0
dt = Log {Putting s = 0 }
t 0+1

∞ e −t −e −3t 3
0
dt = Log
t 1

Page 94 of 182
 ∞ e −t −e −3t
0
dt = Log 3
t

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t
(vii) We have to evaluate 0
dt
t

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t ………… (1)

It follows that
∞ cos 6t−cos 4t ∞ −0t cos 6t−cos 4t
0
dt = 0
e dt {Adjustment}
t t

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t cos 6t−cos 4t

0
dt = L where s = 0 …………(A)
t t

t cos 6t−cos 4t t1
We find L 0
dt i.e. L 0 t
cos6t − cos4t dt
t

Now, L[cos6t − cos4t] = L cos6t − L[cos4t]

s s
L[cos6t − cos4t] = s 2 +62 − s 2 +4 2

s s
L [cos6t − cos4t] = s 2 +36 − s 2 +16 = F(s) ………… (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L cos6t − cos4t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

cos 6t−cos 4t ∞ s s
L = s 2 − s 2 +16 ds [ ∵ By (1)]
t s +36

cos 6t−cos 4t s s ∞
L = ds − ds
t s 2 +36 s 2 +16 s

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 2s 1 2s ∞
L = ds − 2 ds [Adjustment]
t 2 s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 s

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 2s 2s ∞
L =2 ds − ds
t s 2 +36 s 2 +16 s

f′ (x)
Using dx = log f x
f(x)

cos 6t−cos 4t 1
L = 2 Log s 2 + 36 − Log s2 + 16 ∞
s
t

m
Using Logm − Logn = Log n

∞
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +16 s

Page 95 of 182
 36 ∞
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log 16 [Adjustment for upper limit]
t s 2 1+ 2
s s

36 ∞
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1+ 2
s
L = 2 Log 16
t 1+ 2
s s

36
cos 6t−co s4t 1 1+
∞ s 2 +36
L = 2 Log 16 − Log
t 1+ s 2 +16
∞

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1+0 s 2 +36

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1+0 s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 1 s 2 +36

L = 2 Log − Log
t 1 s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36

L = 2 Log1 − Log
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36

L = 2 0 − Log ∵ Log1 = 0
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36

L = 2 −Log
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36

L =2 −1 Log
t s 2 +16

Using n Logm = Logmn

−1
cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +36
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +16

cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +16 a −1 b

L = 2 Log …….. (B) [∵ = ]
t s 2 +36 b a

Equation (A) becomes

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t cos 6t−cos 4t
0
dt = L where s = 0
t t

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t 1 s 2 +16

dt = 2 Log {∵ By (B)}
0 t s 2 +36

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t 1 0+16

0
dt = 2 Log {Putting s = 0 }
t 0+36

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t 1 16
0
dt = 2 Log
t 36

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t 1 4
0
dt = 2 Log
t 9

Page 96 of 182
 ∞ cos 6t−cos 4t 1 2 2
0
dt = 2 log
t 3

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t 1 2
0
dt = 2 2log ∵ logmn = n logm
t 3

∞ cos 6t−cos 4t 2
0
dt = Log
t 3

∞
(viii) We have to evaluate 0
t e−3t sint dt

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that
∞ ∞ −3t
0
t e−3t sint dt = 0
e tsint dt {Adjustment}
∞
0
t e−3t sint dt = L[t sint] ………… (A) where s = 3

We find L[t sint]

1 a
Now, L sint = s 2 +12 [ ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2 ]

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ………… (1)

dn dn
∴ L t sint = (−1)n ds n F(s) {∵ L t n f t = (−1)n ds n F(s)}

d1 1
L t sint = (−1)1 ds 1 [∵ n = 1] & [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +1

d 1
L t sint = −1 ds s 2 +1

d d
d u v u−u v
ds ds
Using =
ds v v2

d d
s 2 +1 1−1 (s 2 +1)
ds ds
∴ L t sint = −1
s 2 +1 2

d d
s 2 +1 0 −1 s2+ 1
ds ds
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1 (2s+0)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

0 −1 (2s)
∴ L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

Page 97 of 182
 0−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

−2s
L t sint = −1 s 2 +1 2

2s
L t sint = …………….(B)
s 2 +1 2

Equation (A) becomes

∞
0
t e−3t sint dt = L[t sint] where s = 3

∞ 2s
t e−3t sint dt = {∵ By (B)}
0 s 2 +1 2

∞ 2(3)
t e−3t sint dt = {Putting s = 3}
0 32 +1 2

∞ 6
t e−3t sint dt =
0 9+1 2

∞ 6
t e−3t sint dt =
0 10 2

∞ 6
0
t e−3t sint dt = 100

∞ 3
0
t e−3t sint dt = 50

∞ −t sin 2 t
(ix) We have to evaluate 0
e dt
t

We know that
∞ −st
0
e f(t) dt = L f t

It follows that
∞ −t sin 2 t sin 2 t
0
e dt = L where s = 1 …….. (A)
t t

sin 2 t 1
We find L i.e. L sin2 t
t t

1
Using sin 2 θ = 2 1 − cos2θ

1
sin2 t = 2 1 − cos2t

1
∴ L[sin2 t] = L 1 − cos2t
2

1
L[sin2 t] = 2 L 1 − cos2t

Page 98 of 182
 1
L[sin2 t] = 2 L(1) − L(cos2t)

1 1 s s
L[sin2 t] = 2 − s 2 +22 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2
s

1 1 s
L[sin2 t] = 2 − s 2 +4 = F(s) ……….. (3)
s

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sin2 t = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

∞1 1 s
= s 2
− s 2 +4 ds [ ∵ By (3)]
s

1 ∞ 1 s
=2 s
− s 2 +4 ds
s

1 1 s ∞
=2 ds − ds
s s 2 +4 s

sin 2 t 1 1 1 2s ∞
L =2 ds − 2 ds [Adjustment]
t s s 2 +4 s

f ′ (x)
Using dx = log f x
f(x)

sin 2 t 1 1 ∞
L = 2 Logs − 2 Log s 2 + 4
t s

Using n Logm = Logmn

sin 2 t 1 1/2 ∞
L = 2 Logs − Log s 2 + 4 s
t

𝑚
Using 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 − 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑛 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑛

sin 2 t 1 s ∞
L = 2 Log
t s 2 +4 1/2 s

∞
sin 2 t 1 s
L = 2 Log 1/2 {Adjustment for upper limit}
t 4
s 2 1/2 1+ 2
s s

∞
sin 2 t 1 s
L = 2 Log 4 1/2
𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛
t s 1+ 2
s s

∞
sin 2 t 1 1
L = 2 Log 1
t 4
1+ 2 2
s s

Page 99 of 182
 sin 2 t 1 1 s
L = 2 Log 1 − Log
t 4 2
s 2 +4 1/2
1+ 2
∞

sin 2 t 1 1 s
L = 2 Log 1 − Log
t 4 2 s 2 +4 1/2
1+
∞

sin 2 t 1 1 s
L = 2 Log 1 − Log
t s 2 +4 1/2
1+0 2

sin 2 t 1 1 s
L = 2 Log 1 − Log
t s 2 +4 1/2
1 2

sin 2 t 1 1 s
L t
= 2 Log 1
− Log s 2 +4 1/2

sin 2 t 1 s
L = 2 Log1 − Log
t s 2 +4 1/2

sin 2 t 1 s
L = 2 0 − Log ∵ Log1 = 0
t s 2 +4 1/2

sin 2 t 1 s
L = 2 – Log 1
t
s 2 +4 2

sin 2 t 1 s
L =2 −1 Log 1
t
s 2 +4 2

Using n Logm = Logmn

−1
sin 2 t 1 s
L = 2 Log 1
t
s 2 +4 2

1
sin 2 t 1 s 2 +4 2 a −1 b
L = 2 Log B [∵ = ]
t s b a

Equation (A) becomes

∞ −t sin 2 t sin 2 t
0
e dt = L where s = 1
t t

1
∞ −t sin 2 t 1 s 2 +4 2
0
e dt = 2 Log {∵ By (B)}
t s

Page 100 of 182

 1
∞ −t sin 2 t 1 12 +4 2
0
e dt = 2 Log {Putting s = 1}
t 1

1
∞ −t sin 2 t 1 1+4 2
0
e dt = 2 Log
t 1

1
∞ −t sin 2 t 1 5 2
0
e dt = 2 Log
t 1

1
∞ −t sin 2 t 1
0
e dt = 2 Log 5 2
t

1
∞ −t sin 2 t 1
0
e dt = Log 5 2
t 2

Using 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚

∞ −t sin 2 t 1 1
0
e dt = 2 Log5
t 2

∞ −t sin 2 t 1
0
e dt = 4 Log5
t

Home Assignment-4 (10 Marks)

𝑡
Ex1. Find 𝐿[ 0
𝑡 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕2𝑡] (05 Marks)

𝑡 𝑒 −5𝑡 −𝑒 −4𝑡
Ex2. Find 𝐿 0
(05 Marks)
𝑡

Home Assignment-5 (10 Marks)

∞
Ex1. Evaluate: 0
t e−2t sin5t dt (05 Marks)

∞ e −4t sin 2 t
Ex2. Evaluate: 0
dt (05 Marks)
t

1 s
Change of scale property: If L f t = F s then L f at =a F a

s+3
Ex1. If L f t = Log then L f 2t = …………
s+1

Sol: We have to find L f 2t

Given
s+3
Lf t = Log = F(s) ………… (1)
s+1

Page 101 of 182

 1 s 1 s
∴ L f 2t =a F ∵ L f at =a F
a a

1 s
L f 2t =2 F [∵a = 2]
2

s
1 +3
2
L f 2t = 2 Log s [∵ By (1) ]
+1
2

s 3
1 +
2 1
L f 2t = 2 Log s 1
+
2 1

s +6
1 2 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 +𝑏𝑐
L f 2t = 2 Log s +2 ∵ +𝑑 =
𝑏 𝑏𝑑
2

𝑎
1 s+6 𝑐 𝑎
L f 2t = 2 Log ∵ 𝑏 =𝑏
s+2
𝑐

s 2 −1
Ex2. If L f t = s 2 +4 find L f 3t

Sol: We have to find L f 3t

Given

s 2 −1
Lf t = s 2 +4 = F(s) ………… (1)

1 s 1 s
∴ L f 3t =a F ∵ L f at =a F
a a

1 s
L f 3t =3 F [∵a = 3]
3

s 2
1 −1
3
L f 3t =3 s 2
[∵ By (1) ]
+4
3

s2
1 −1
9
L f 3t =3 s2
+4
9

s2 1
1 −
9 1
L f 3t =3 s2 4
+
9 1

s 2 −9
1 9 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 ±𝑏𝑐
L f 3t =3 s 2 +36
∵ ±𝑑 =
𝑏 𝑏𝑑
9

𝑎
1 s 2 −9 𝑐 𝑎
L f 3t =3 ∵ 𝑏 =𝑏
s 2 +36
𝑐

Page 102 of 182

 2
1
Ex3. If L f t = e−s then L e−2t f 4t =…………
s

Sol: We have to find L e−2t f 4t

2
1
Given, L f t = e−s = F(s) ………….. (1)
s

1 s 1 s
∴ L f 4t =a F ∵ L f at =a F
a a

1 s
L f 4t =4 F [∵a = 4]
4

2
1 1 −
L f 4t =4 s e s /4 [∵ By (1) ]
4

2 4
1 4 1 𝑏
L f 4t =4 e− s ∵ 𝑎 =𝑎
s
𝑏

8
1
L f 4t = e−s = G(s) ……… (2)
s

∴ L e−2t f 4t =G s+a ∵ L e−at f t =F s+a

L e−2t f 4t = G s+2 ∵a=2

8
1
L e−2t f 4t = s+2 e− s +2

Laplace Transform of Derivative: If L f t = F(s)

L f ′ (t) = s F s − f(0)

L f ′ ′(t) = s2 F s − s f 0 − f′(0)

Ex1. If f t = e−2t sin4t Find L f ′ t

Sol: Given, f t = e−2t sin4t

∴ L[f t ] = L e−2t sin4t

4 a
Now, L sin4t = s 2 +4 2 ∵ L sin4t = s 2 +a 2

4
L sin4t = s 2 +16 = F(s)…….. (1)

∴ L e−2t sin4t = F s + a ∵ L e−at f t = F s+a

L e−2t sin4t = F s + 2 ∵a=2

4
L e−2t sin4t = (s+2)2 +16 = G(s) ……….. (2)

Page 103 of 182

Also, To find 𝑓 0

We have f t = e−2t sin4t

f 0 = e−2 0
sin4 0

∴ f 0 = e−0 sin0

∴f 0 = 1 0

f(0) = 0

∴ L f′ t = s G s − f(0) ∵ L f′ t =sF s −f 0
4
L f′ t =s −0 [∵ By (2)]
(s+2)2 +16

4s
L f′ t = (s+2)2 +16

d sint
Ex2. Find L dt t

d sint d
Sol: We have to find L i.e. L f t i.e. L f′ t
dt t dt

sint
Here f t = t

sint
L[f t ] = L
t

sint 1
Now, we find L i.e. L sint
t t

1
Now, L sint = s 2 +12

1
L sint = s 2 +1 = F(s) ……….. (1)

1 ∞ f(t) ∞
∴L sint = s
F s ds ∵L = s
F(s) ds
t t

∞ 1
= s s 2 +1
ds [ ∵ By (1)]

∞ 1
= s s 2 +12
ds {Adjustment}

1 1 x
Using = a tan−1
x 2 +a 2 a

sint 1 s ∞
L = tan−1
t 1 1 s

Page 104 of 182

 sint
L = tan−1 s ∞
s
t

sint
L = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 s
t

sint π π π
L = 2 − tan−1 s ∵ tan 2 = ∞ , = tan−1 ∞
t 2

π
Using cot −1 x + tan −1 x = 2

π
∴ cot −1 x = 2 − tan −1 x

sint
L = cot −1 s = G s …….. (2)
t

Also, To find 𝑓 0

We have
sint
f t = …………(A)
t

At t = 0
sin 0
f 0 = 0

0
f 0 = 0 (Indeterminate form)

By L-Hospital’s Rule in Equation (A) to get finite answer

d
sint
dt
f t = d
t
dt

cost
f t = 1

f t = cost

At t = 0

f 0 = cos0

f 0 =1

∴ L f′ t = s G s − f(0) ∵ L f′ t =sF s −f 0

L f′ t = s cot −1 s − 1 [∵ By (2)]

Page 105 of 182

Home Assignment-6 (10 Marks)
s+5
Ex1. If L f t = Log then L e4t f 6t =………… (05 Marks)
s−3

𝑑
Ex2. Find 𝐿 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡 (05 Marks)
𝑑𝑡

Heaviside Unit Step Function, Displaced Heaviside Unit Step Function:

Definition: unit step function or Heaviside unit function.

It is denoted by u t OR H(t) and is defined as

u t = 1 ,t ≥ 0
= 0 ,t < 0

u(t)

u(t)
1

Definition: Displaced unit step function.

It is denoted by u t − a OR H(t − a) and is defined as

u t − a = 1 ,t ≥ a
= 0 ,t < 𝑎

u(t-a)

u(t-a)
1 ----------------

0 a

Page 106 of 182

Formulae:
1 1
1. L u t = OR L H t =
s s
e −as e −as
2. L u t − a = OR L H t − a =
s s

Property

1. L f t − a u t − a = e−as L f t OR L f t − a H t − a = e−as L[f t ]

2. L f t u t − a = e−as L f t + a OR L f t H t − a = e−as L f t + a
𝟐
Ex1. Find the Laplace transform of: 𝐭 − 𝟏 𝐮(𝐭 − 𝟏)
2
Sol: We have to find L t − 1 u t−1

It is in the form of L f t − a u t − a
2
Here f t − a = t − 1 , a=1
2
f t−1 = t−1

Neglecting (−1) from both sides to get 𝑓 𝑡

f t = t2

We know that

L f t−a u t−a = e−as L f t

∴ L f t−1 u t−1 = e−1s L f t {∵ 𝑎 = 1 }

2
L t−1 u t−1 = e−s L t 2

2 2! n!
L t−1 u t−1 = e−s ∵ L t n = s n +1
s 2+1

2 2
L t−1 u t−1 = e−s s3

2 2e −s
L t−1 u t−1 = s3

Ex2. Find: 𝐋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐭 − 𝟐 𝐇 𝐭 − 𝟐

Sol: We have to find L sin t − 2 H t − 2

It is in the form of L f t − a u t − a

Here f t − a = sin t − 2 , a = 2

f t − 2 = sin t − 2

Page 107 of 182

Neglecting (−2) from both sides to get 𝑓 𝑡

f t = sint

We know that

L f t−a H t−a = e−as L f t

∴ L f t−2 H t−2 = e−2s L f t {∵ 𝑎 = 2 }

L sin t − 2 H t − 2 = e−2s L sint

1 a
L sin t − 2 H t − 2 = e−2s ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2
s 2 +12

1
L sin t − 2 H t − 2 = e−2s s 2 +1

e −2s
L sin t − 2 H t − 2 = s 2 +1

Ex3. Find the Laplace transform of : 𝐞−𝟐𝐭 𝐮 𝐭 − 𝟑

Sol: We have to find out L[e−2t u(t − 3)]

It is in the form of L f t u t − a

Here 𝑓 𝑡 = e−2t , a = 3

We know that

L f t u t−a = e−as L f t + a

L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3s L f t + 3 {∵ 𝑎 = 3 }

L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3s L e−2 t+3

{∵ 𝑓(𝑡) = e−2t 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 f t + 3 = e−2 t+3
}

L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3s L e−2t−6

L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3s L e−2t e−6 {∵ 𝑒 −𝑚 −𝑛 = 𝑒 −𝑚 𝑒 −𝑛 }

L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3s e−6 L e−2t

1 1
L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3s e−6 ∵ L e−at = s+a
s+2

1
L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3s−6 {∵ 𝑒 −𝑚 𝑒 −𝑛 = 𝑒 −𝑚 −𝑛 }
s+2

1
L e−2t u t − 3 = e−3 s+2
s+2

e −3 s +2
L e−2t u t − 3 = s+2

Page 108 of 182

Ex4. Find: 𝐋[𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐭. 𝐮 𝐭 − 𝛑 ]

Sol: We have to find out∶ L[sint. u t − π ]

It is in the form of L f t u t − a

Here 𝑓 𝑡 = sint , a = π

We know that

L f t u t−a = e−as L f t + a

L[sint. u t − π ] = e−πs L f t + π {∵ 𝑎 = π }

L sint. u t − π = e−πs L sin 𝑡 + 𝜋 {∵ 𝑓(𝑡) = sint 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 f t + π = sin 𝑡 + 𝜋 }

Using sin A + B = sinA cosB + cosA sinB on RHS

L sint. u t − π = e−πs L sint cosπ + cost sinπ

L sint. u t − π = e−πs L sint −1 + cost (0) {∵ cosπ = −1 , sinπ = 0 }

L sint. u t − π = e−πs L −sint + 0

L sint. u t − π = e−πs L −sint

L sint. u t − π = −e−πs L sint

1 a
L sint. u t − π = −e−πs ∵ L sinat = s 2 +a 2
s 2 +12

1
L sint. u t − π = −e−πs s 2 +1

e −π s
L sint. u t − π =− s 2 +1

Dirac delta function: It is denoted by δ t or δ(t − a) and its Laplace transform is given by

Lδ t = 1 and L δ t − a = e−as

Formulae:
∞
1. 0
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a
∞
2. −∞
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a
∞
3. L f t = 0 e−st f t dt

Page 109 of 182

 ∞
Ex1. Evaluate: 𝟎
𝐞−𝟑𝐭 𝛅 𝐭 − 𝟒 𝐝𝐭

Sol: We know that

∞
0
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a

∞ −3t
∴ 0
e δ t − 4 dt = e−3t t=4

∞ −3t
0
e δ t − 4 dt = e−3(4)
∞ −3t
0
e δ t − 4 dt = e−12

∞ 𝛑
Ex2. Evaluate: −∞
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐭 𝛅 𝐭 − 𝟒 𝐝𝐭

Sol: We know that

∞
−∞
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a

∞ π
∴ −∞
sin2t δ t − 4 dt = sin2t t=
π
4

∞ π π
−∞
sin2t δ t − 4 dt = sin2 4

∞ π π
−∞
sin2t δ t − 4 dt = sin 2

∞ π
−∞
sin2t δ t − 4 dt = 1

Ex3.𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐭 𝟑 𝛅 𝐭 − 𝟒

Sol: We know that

∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt
∞ −st 3
∴ L t3 δ t − 4 = 0
e t δ t − 4 dt
∞
L t3 δ t − 4 = e−st t 3 t=4 [∵ 0
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a ]

L t3 δ t − 4 = e−s 4
(4)3

L t3 δ t − 4 = e−4s (64)

L t3 δ t − 4 = 64 e−4s

Page 110 of 182

Ex4. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐋𝐨𝐠𝐭 𝛅 𝐭 − 𝛑

Sol: We know that

∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt
∞ −st
∴ L cost Logt δ t − π = 0
e cost Logt δ t − π dt
∞
L cost Logt δ t − π = e−st cost Logt t=π [∵ 0
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a ]

L cost Logt δ t − π = e−πs cosπ Logπ

L cost Logt δ t − π = e−πs (−1) Logπ

L cost Logt δ t − π = −e−πs Logπ

𝛅 𝐭−𝟒
Ex5. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐭

Sol: We know that

∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt

δ t−4 ∞ −st δ t−4

∴L = 0
e dt
t t

δ t−4 ∞ e −st
L = 0
δ t − 4 dt {Adjustment}
t t

δ t−4 e −st ∞
L = [∵ 0
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a ]
t t t=4

δ t−4 e −4s
L =
t 4

Ex6. Find 𝐋 𝐭 𝐮 𝐭 − 𝟒 + 𝐭 𝟐 𝛅 𝐭 − 𝟒

Sol: We have

L t u t − 4 + t2 δ t − 4 = L t u t − 4 ] + L[t 2 δ t − 4 …………. (A)

(I) First, we find L[t u t − 4 ]

It is in the form of L f t u t − a

Here 𝑓 𝑡 = t , a = 4

We know that

L f t u t−a = e−as L f t + a

Page 111 of 182

L t u t−4 = e−4s L f t + 4 {∵ 𝑎 = 4 }

L t u t−4 = e−4s L t + 4 {∵ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 f t + 4 = t + 4 }

L t u t−4 = e−4s L t + 4 L(1)

1! 1 n! 1
L t u t−4 = e−4s +4 ∵ L t n = s n +1 & 𝐿 1 =
s 1+1 s s

1 4
L t u t−4 = e−4s +s
s2

(II) Now, we find L t 2 δ t − 4

We know that
∞ −st
Lf t = 0
e f t dt

It follows that
∞ −st
L t2 δ t − 4 = 0
e t 2 δ t − 4 dt
∞
= e−st t 2 t=4 0
f t δ t − a dt = f t t=a

= e−s 4
42

= e−4s 16

L t2 δ t − 4 = 16 e−4s

∴ Equation (A) becomes

1 4
L t u t − 4 + t2 δ t − 4 = e−4s + + 16e−4s
s2 s

Home Assignment-7 (10 Marks)

∞
Ex1. Evaluate: 0
cost δ t − 2π dt (02)

Ex2. Find 𝐿 𝑒 −4 𝑡−6

𝐻 𝑡−6 (02)

Ex3. Find the L.T. of t 2 u t − 2 − cosht δ(t − 2) (04)

Page 112 of 182

 Inverse Laplace Transform

Formulae of Inverse Laplace transform

1 t n −1
1. L−1 =
sn n−1 !
1 t n −1
2. L−1 s n = when n is fraction
n
1 e at t n −1
3. L−1 =
s−a n n−1 !
1 e −at t n −1
4. L−1 =
(s+a)n (n−1)!
1 e at t n −1
5. L−1 = when n is fraction
s−a n n
1 e −at t n −1
6. L−1 = when n is fraction
(s+a)n n
1
7. L−1 = eat
s−a
1
8. L−1 = e−at
s+a
1 1
9. L−1 = a sinat
s 2 +a 2
s
10. L−1 s 2 +a 2 = cosat
−1 1 1
11. L = a sinhat
s 2 −a 2
s
12. L−1 = coshat
s 2 −a 2
1 1
13. L−1 = eat sinbt
s−a 2 +b 2 b
s−a
14. L−1 = eat cosbt
s−a 2 +b 2
1 1
15. L−1 2 +b 2
= b e−at sinbt
s+a
−1 s+a
16. L = e−at cosbt
s+a 2 +b 2
1 1
17. L−1 = b eat sinhbt
s−a 2 −b 2
s−a
18. L−1 = eat coshbt
s−a 2 −b 2
1 1
19. L−1 = b e−at sinhbt
s+a 2 −b 2
s+a
20. L−1 s+a 2 −b 2 = e−at coshbt
−1 s 1
21. L = 2a t sinat
(s 2 +a 2 ) 2
−1 1 1
22. L = 2a 3 sinat − at cosat
(s 2 +a 2 ) 2

𝟏 𝟐
Note: Third term = × 𝐂𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐱
𝟐

Page 113 of 182

Ex1.Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following:
1 1 s 1 s 1 s−1
(i) s−2 (ii) s 2 −9 (iii) s 2 −16 (iv) s 2 +25 (v) s 2 +9 (vi) (vii)
s−2 2 +1 s−1 2 +4

1 s+2 1 s 2 +s+2 2s−5 s−2

(viii) (ix) (x) 2s−7 (xi) (xii) 9s 2 −25 (xiii) 6s 2 +20
s+3 2 −4 s+2 2 +25 s 3/2

s 3s
(xiv) 4s 2 −25 (xv) 2s+9

𝟏
Sol: (i) We have to find L −1 𝐬−𝟐

1
Using L−1 = eat
s−a

1
L −1 = e2t
s−2

1
(ii) We have to find L −1 s 2 −9

1 1
L −1 = L −1
s 2 −9 s 2 −32

1 1 1 1
L −1 = 3 sin3t ∵ L−1 = a sinat
s 2 −9 s 2 +a 2

s
(iii) We have to find L −1 s 2 −16

s s
L −1 = L −1
s 2 −16 s 2 −4 2

s s
L −1 = cosh4t ∵ L−1 = coshat
s 2 −16 s 2 −a 2

1
(iv) We have to find L −1 s 2 +25

1 1
L −1 = L −1
s 2 +25 s 2 +52

1 1 1 1
L −1 = 5 sin5t ∵ L−1 = a sinat
s 2 +25 s 2 +a 2

s
(v) We have to find L −1 s 2 +9

s s
L −1 = L −1
s 2 +9 s 2 +32

s s
L −1 = cos3t ∵ L−1 = cosat
s 2 +9 s 2 +a 2

Page 114 of 182

 1
(vi) We have to find L −1 s−2 2 +1

1 1
L −1 = L −1
s−2 2 +1 s−2 2 +12

1 1 1 1
L −1 = 1 e2t sint ∵ L−1 = b eat sinbt
s−2 2 +1 s−a 2 +b 2

1
L −1 = e2t sint
s−2 2 +1

s−1
(vii) We have to find L −1 s−1 2 +4

s−1 s−1
L −1 = L −1
s−1 2 +4 s−1 2 +22

s−1 s−a
L −1 = et cos2t ∵ L−1 = eat cosbt
s−1 2 +4 s−a 2 +b 2

1
(viii) We have to find L −1 s+3 2 −4

1 1
L −1 = L −1
s+3 2 −4 s+3 2 −22

1 1 1 1
L −1 = 2 e−3t sinh3t ∵ L−1 = b e−at sinhbt
s+3 2 −4 s+a 2 −b 2

s+2
(ix) We have to find L −1 s+2 2 +25

s+2 s+2
L −1 = L −1
s+2 2 +25 s+2 2 +52

s+2 s+a
L −1 = e−2t cos5t ∵ L−1 = e−at cosbt
s+2 2 +25 s+a 2 +b 2

1
(x) We have to find L −1 2s−7

1 1
L −1 = L −1
2s−7 2s−7

1 1 𝑏
L −1 = L −1 7 ∵𝑎−𝑏 =𝑎 1−𝑎
2s−7 2 s−
2

1 1 1
L −1 = 2 L −1 7
2s−7 s−
2

7
1 1 1
L −1 = 2 e 2t ∵ L−1 = eat
2s−7 s−a

Page 115 of 182

 s 2 +s+2
(xi) We have to find L −1 s 3/2

s 2 +s+2 s 2 +s+2
L −1 = L −1
s 3/2 s 3/2

s 2 +s+2 s2 s 2 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
L −1 = L −1 + s 3/2 + s 3/2 ∵ =𝑑+𝑑+𝑑
s 3/2 s 3/2 𝑑

s 2 +s+2 1 1 2
L −1 = L −1 + s 3/2 s −1 + s 3/2
s 3/2 s 3/2 s −2

s 2 +s+2 1 1 2
L −1 = L −1 3 + 3 + s 3/2 ∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 −𝑛
s 3/2 −2 −1
s2 s2

s 2 +s+2 1 1 2
L −1 = L −1 1 + 1 + 3
s 3/2 −
s 2 s2 s2

s 2 +s+2 1 1 1
L −1 = L −1 1 + L −1 1 + 2 L −1 3
s 3/2 −
s 2 s2 s2

1 t n −1
Using L−1 = when n is fraction
sn n

1 1 3
2 − −1 −1 −1
−1 s +s+2 t 2 t2 t2
L = 1 + 1 +2 3
s 3/2 −
2 2 2

3 1 1
2 − −
−1 s +s+2 t 2 t 2 t2 1 1
L = + +2 ∵ − 2 = −2 π , = π
s 3/2 −2 π π π 2
2

3 1 1
2 − −
−1 s +s+2 t 2 t 2 2 t2
L = −2 + +2
s 3/2 π π π

3 1 1
2 − −
−1 s +s+2 t 2 t 2 4 t2
L = −2 + +
s 3/2 π π π

2s−5
(xii) We have to find L −1 9s 2 −25

5
2s−5 2 s− 𝑏
L −1 = L −1 2
25 ∵𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑎 1−𝑎
9s 2 −25 9 s2 −
9

5
2s−5 2 s−
L −1 = 9 L −1 2
25
9s 2 −25 s2 −
9

2s−5 2 s 5/2 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

L −1 = 9 L −1 25 − 25 ∵ =𝑐−𝑐
9s 2 −25 s2 − s2 − 𝑐
9 9

2s−5 2 s 5 1
L −1 = 9 L −1 5 2
−2 5 2
9s 2 −25 s2 − s2 −
3 3

Page 116 of 182

 2s−5 2 s 5 1
L −1 = 9 L −1 5 2
− 2 L −1 5 2
9s 2 −25 s2 − s2 −
3 3

2s−5 2 5 5 1 5 1 1 s
L −1 = 9 cosh 3 t − 2 5 sinh 3 t ∵ L−1 = a sinhat , L−1 = coshat
9s 2 −25 s 2 −a 2 s 2 −a 2
3

2s−5 2 5 5 3 5
L −1 = 9 cosh 3 t − 2 sinh 3 t
9s 2 −25 5

2s−5 2 5 3 5
L −1 = 9 cosh 3 t − 2 sinh 3 t
9s 2 −25

s−2
(xiii) We have to find L −1 6s 2 +20

s−2 s−2
L −1 = L −1
6s 2 +20 6s 2 +20

s−2 s−2 𝑏
L −1 = L −1 20 ∵𝑎+𝑏 =𝑎 1+𝑎
6s 2 +20 6(s 2 + )
6

s−2 1 s−2
L −1 = 6 L −1 20
6s 2 +20 s2 +
6

s−2 1 s−2
L −1 = 6 L −1 10
6s 2 +20 s2 +
3

s−2 1 s−2
L −1 = 6 L −1 2 {Adjustment}
6s 2 +20 10
s2 +
3

s−2 1 s 2 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
L −1 = 6 L −1 2 − 2 ∵ =𝑐+𝑐
6s 2 +20 10 10 𝑐
s2 + s2 +
3 3

s−2 1 s 1
L −1 = 6 L −1 2 − 2 L −1 2
6s 2 +20 10 10
s2 + s2 +
3 3

s−2 1 10 1 10 s 1 1
L −1 = 6 cos t−2 sin t ∵ L−1 = cosat , L−1 = a sinat
6s 2 +20 3 10 3 s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2
3

s−2 1 10 3 10
L −1 = 6 cos t−2 sin t
6s 2 +20 3 10 3

Page 117 of 182

 s−2 1 10 2 3 10
L −1 = 6 cos t− sin t
6s 2 +20 3 10 3

s
(xiv) We have to find L −1 4s 2 −25

s s 𝑏
L −1 = L −1 25 ∵𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎 1+𝑎
4s 2 −25 4(s 2 − )
4

s 1 s
L −1 = 4 L −1 25
4s 2 −25 s2 −
4

s 1 s
L −1 = 4 L −1 5 2
4s 2 −25 s2 −
2

s 1 5 s
L −1 = 4 cos 2 𝑡 ∵ L−1 = cosat
4s 2 −25 s 2 +a 2

3s
(xv) We have to find L −1 2s+9

3s 3s
L −1 = L −1
2s+9 2s+9

3s 3s 𝑏
L −1 = L −1 9 ∵𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎 1+𝑎
2s+9 2 s+
2

3s 3 s
L −1 = 2 L −1 9
2s+9 s+
2

9 9
3s 3 s+ − 9
L −1 = 2 L −1 2
9
2
[Adjustment, Add & Subtract 2 in the numerator]
2s+9 s+
2

9 9
3s 3 s+ 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
L −1 = 2 L −1 2
9 − 2
9 ∵ =𝑐−𝑐
2s+9 s+ s+ 𝑐
2 2

3s 3 9 1
L −1 = 2 L −1 1 − 2 9
2s+9 s+
2

3s 3 9 1
L −1 = 2 L −1 (1) − 2 L −1 9
2s+9 s+
2

9
3s 3 9 1
L −1 = 2 δ(t) − 2 e−2t ∵ L−1 = e−at
2s+9 s+a

Page 118 of 182

 −2
Ex2.Inverse Laplace transforms of s + 2 is ………..

Sol: We have to find out L−1 s + 2 −2

1
L−1 s + 2 −2
= L−1 (s+2)2

1 e −at t n −1
Using L−1 =
(s+a)n (n−1)!

e −2t t 2−1
∴ L−1 s + 2 −2
= (2−1)!

e −2t t
L−1 s + 2 −2
= 1!

e −2t t
L−1 s + 2 −2
= 1

L−1 s + 2 −2
= e−2t t
s 2 +2s+6
Ex3. Find inverse Laplace Transform of s3

s 2 +2s+6
Sol: We have to find L −1 s3

s 2 +2s+6 s2 2s 6 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
L −1 = L −1 + s3 + s3 ∵ =𝑑+𝑑+𝑑
s3 s3 𝑑

s 2 +2s+6 1 2 6
L −1 = L −1 + s2 + s3
s3 s

s 2 +2s+6 1 1 1
L −1 = L −1 + 2 L −1 + 6 L −1
s3 s s2 s3

1 t n −1
Using L −1 = (n−1)!
sn

s 2 +2s+6 t 2−1 t 3−1

L −1 =1+2 +6
s3 (2−1)! (3−1)!

s 2 +2s+6 t t2
L −1 =1+2 +6
s3 1! 2!

s 2 +2s+6 t t2
L −1 =1+2 +6
s3 1 2

s 2 +2s+6
L −1 = 1 + 2t + 3t 2
s3

1
Ex4. Find: L −1 9s 2 +6s+1

1
Sol: We have to find L −1 9s 2 +6s+1

Page 119 of 182

 1 1 𝑏
L −1 = L −1 6s 1 [Adjustment, 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎 1 + 𝑎 ]
9s 2 +6s+1 9 s2+ +
9 9

1 1 1
L −1 = 9 L −1 6s 1
9s 2 +6s+1 s2+ +
9 9

1 1 1
L −1 = 9 L −1 1 2
9s 2 +6s+1 s 2 +2 s
1
+
3 3

1 1 1
L −1 = 9 L−1 1 2
∵ a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2
9s 2 +6s+1 s+
3

1 e −at t n −1
Using L−1 =
(s+a)n (n−1)!

1
− t
−1 1 1 e 3 t 2−1
L =9
9s 2 +6s+1 (2−1)!

t
−
−1 1 1 e 3 t1
L =9
9s 2 +6s+1 1!

1
1 1
L −1 = 9 e− 3 t t
9s 2 +6s+1

1
Ex5. Find L−1 s 2 +4s+13

1
Sol: We have to find out L−1 s 2 +4s+13

1 2
Third term= × coefficient of s
2

1 2
2
Third term= ×4 = 2 =4
2

1 1
∴ L−1 = L−1 {Add & Subtract third term in the denominator}
s 2 +4s+13 s 2 +4s+4+13−4

1
= L−1 (s 2 +4s+4)+13−4

1
= L−1 (s 2 +2 s 1 +22 )+9

1
= L−1 [∵ a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 ]
s+2 2 +32

1 1
Using L−1 = b e−at sinbt
s+a 2 +b 2

1 1
L−1 = 3 e−2t sin3t
s 2 +4s+13

Page 120 of 182

 1
Ex6.Find inverse Laplace Transform of s 2 −2s+17

1
Sol: We have to find L−1 s 2 −2s+17

1 2
Third term= × coefficient of s
2

1 2
2
Third term= × (−2) = −1 =1
2

1 1
∴ L−1 = L−1 {Add & Subtract third term in the denominator}
s 2 −2s+17 s 2 −2s+1+17−1

1 1
L−1 = L−1
s 2 −2s+17 (s 2 −2s+1)+17−1

1 1
L−1 = L−1
s 2 −2s+17 (s 2 −2 s 1 +12 )+16

1 1
L−1 = L−1 [∵ a2 − 2ab + b2 = (a − b)2 ]
s 2 −2s+17 (s−1)2 +4 2

1 1
Using L−1 = b eat sinbt
s−a 2 +b 2

1 1
L−1 = 4 et sin4t
s 2 −2s+17

s
Ex7. L−1 = ……………..
2s+3 2

Sol: We have

s s 𝑏
L−1 = L−1 2 ∵𝑎+𝑏 =𝑎 1+𝑎
2s+3 2 2 s+
3
2

s s
L−1 = L−1 3 2
∵ (𝑎𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 𝑏 2
2s+3 2 22 s+
2

s s
L−1 = L−1 3 2
2s+3 2 4 s+
2

s 1 s
L−1 2
= 4 L−1 3 2
2s+3 s+
2

3 3
s 1 s+ −
−1 −1 2 2
L =4 L 3 2
[ ∵ Adjustment, Add and subtract 3/2 in the numerator]
2s+3 2 s+
2

Page 121 of 182

 3 3
s 1 s+ a−b a b
−1 −1 2 2
L =4 L 3 2
− 3 2
[∵ =c−c]
2s+3 2 s+ s+ c
2 2

s 1 1 3 1
L−1 = 4 L−1 3 −2 3 2
2s+3 2 s+ s+
2 2

s 1 1 3 1
L−1 2
= 4 L−1 3 − 2 L−1 3 2
2s+3 s+ s+
2 2

1 1 e −at t n −1
Using L−1 = e−at , L−1 =
s+a (s+a)n (n−1)!

3
3 − t
−1 s 1 − t 3 e 2 t 2−1
L = e 2 −
2s+3 2 4 2 (2−1)!

3
3 − t
−1 s 1 − t 3 e 2 t
L =4 e 2 −2
2s+3 2 1!

3
3 − t
−1 s 1 − t 3 e 2 t
L =4 e 2 −2
2s+3 2 1

3 3
s 1 3
L−1 = 4 e−2t − 2 e− 2t t
2s+3 2

3
− t
s e 2 3
L−1 = 1−2t
2s+3 2 4

1
Ex8. L−1 = ………….
s+3

Sol: We have

1
1 1
L−1 = L−1 1 ∵ 𝑎 = 𝑎2
s+3
s+3 2

1 e −at t n −1
L−1 = when n is fraction
(s+a)n n

1
−1
−1 1 e −3t t 2
L = 1
s+3
2

1 e −3t t −1/2 1
L−1 = [∵ = π ]
s+3 π 2

2
−1 s 2 −1
Ex9. Find: L s4

Sol: We have

Page 122 of 182

 2 2
−1 s 2 −1 −1 s2 −2 s 2 1 +12
L =L [∵ a2 − 2ab + b2 = (a − b)2 ]
s4 s4

2
s 2 −1 s 4 −2s 2 +1
L−1 = L−1
s4 s4

2
s 2 −1 s4 2s 2 1 𝑎−𝑏+𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
L−1 = L−1 − + s4 ∵ =𝑑−𝑑+𝑑
s4 s4 s4 𝑑

2
s 2 −1 2 1
L−1 = L−1 1 − s 2 + s 4
s4

2
s 2 −1 1 1
L−1 = L−1 1 − 2 L−1 + L−1
s4 s2 s4

1 t n −1
Using L−1 1 = δ t , L −1 = (n−1)!
sn

2
s 2 −1 t 2−1 t 4−1
L−1 = δ(t) − 2 + (4−1)!
s4 (2−1)!

2
s 2 −1 t t3
L−1 = δ(t) − 2 + 3!
s4 1!

2
s 2 −1 2t t3
L−1 = δ(t) − +
s4 1 6

2
−1 s 2 −1 t3
L = δ(t) − 2t +
s4 6

s
Ex10. Find L−1 (s+1)3

Sol: We have
s s+1 −1
L−1 = L−1 [Adjustment, Add & Subtract 1 in the numerator]
(s+1)3 (s+1)3

s (s+1) 1 a−b a b
L−1 = L−1 − (s+1)3 [∵ =c−c]
(s+1)3 (s+1)3 c

s 1 1
L−1 = L−1 − (s+1)3
(s+1)3 (s+1)2

s 1 1
L−1 = L−1 − L−1
(s+1)3 s+1 2 s+1 3

1 e −at t n −1
Using L−1 =
(s+a)n (n−1)!

s e −t t 2−1 e −t t 3−1
L−1 = −
(s+1)3 (2−1)! (3−1)!

Page 123 of 182

 s e −t t 1 e −t t 2
L−1 = −
(s+1)3 1! 2!

s e −t t e −t t 2
L−1 = −
(s+1)3 1 2

s e −t t 2
L−1 = e−t t −
(s+1)3 2

s t
L−1 = e−t t 1 − 2
(s+1)3

s2
Ex11. Find inverse Laplace transform of (s−2)3

𝐬𝟐
Sol: We have to find L−1
𝐬−𝟐 𝟑

s2 s−2 +2 2
Now, = [Adjustment, Subtract & add 2 in the numerator]
s−2 3 s−2 3

s2 s−2 2 +2 s−2 (2)+22

= ∵ (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
s−2 3 s−2 3

s2 s−2 2 +4 s−2 +4
=
s−2 3 s−2 3

s2 s−2 2 4(s−2) 4 𝑎−𝑏+𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

= + + ∵ =𝑑−𝑑+𝑑
s−2 3 s−2 3 s−2 3 s−2 3 𝑑

s2 1 4 4
= s−2 + +
s−2 3 s−2 2 s−2 3

s2 1 4 4
∴ L−1 = L−1 + +
s−2 3 s−2 s−2 2 s−2 3

s2 1 1 1
L−1 = L−1 + 4 L−1 + 4L−1
s−2 3 s−2 s−2 2 s−2 3

1 1 e at t n −1
Using L−1 = eat , L−1 =
s−a (s−a)n (n−1)!

s2 e 2t t 2−1 e 2t t 3−1
L−1 = e2t + 4 +4
s−2 3 (2−1)! (3−1)!

s2 e 2t t 1 e 2t t 2
L−1 = e2t + 4 +4
s−2 3 1! 2!

s2 e 2t t e 2t t 2
L−1 = e2t + 4 +4
s−2 3 1 2

s2
L−1 = e2t + 4 e2t t + 2e2t t 2
s−2 3

Page 124 of 182

 s2
L−1 = e2t + 4 te2t + 2 t 2 e2t
s−2 3

2
3 s 2 −1
Ex12.Find: L−1 2s 5

Sol: We have
2 2
3 s 2 −1 3 s 2 −1
L−1 = 2 L−1
2s 5 s5

2 2 2
−1 3 s −1 3 −1 s2 −2 s 2 1 +12 2
L =2 L ∵ a−b = a2 − 2ab + b2
2s 5 s5

2 2
−1 3 s −1 3 s 4 −2s 2 +1
L = L−1
2s 5 2 s5

2 2
−1 3 s −1 3 s4 2s 2 1 𝑎−𝑏+𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
L = 2 L−1 − + s5 ∵ =𝑑−𝑑+𝑑
2s 5 s5 s5 𝑑

2
3 s 2 −1 3 1 2 1
L−1 = 2 L−1 − s3 + s5
2s 5 s

2
3 s 2 −1 3 1 1 1
L−1 = 2 L−1 − 2 L−1 + L−1
2s 5 s s3 s5

1 t n −1
Using L−1 = (n−1)!
sn

2
3 s 2 −1 3 t 1−1 t 3−1 t 5−1
L−1 =2 − 2 (3−1)! + (5−1)!
2s 5 (1−1)!

2
3 s 2 −1 3 t0 t2 t4
L−1 =2 − 2 2! + 4!
2s 5 0!

2
3 s 2 −1 3 1 t2 t4
L−1 =2 − 2 2 + 24
2s 5 1

2
3 s 2 −1 3 t4
L−1 = 2 1 − t 2 + 24
2s 5

Inverse Laplace transform by Partial Fraction Method:

Function Partial fraction form

f(s) A B
+ (s−b)
a−a s−b (s−a)
f s A B C
+ (s−b) + (s−c)
s−a s−b (s−c) (s−a)

Page 125 of 182

𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 the following:
1 2s 2 −6s+5
(i) s 2 −5s+6 (ii) s 3 −6s 2 +11s−6

1
Sol: (i) We have to find L−1 s 2 −5s+6

Now, s2 − 5s + 6 = s 2 − 2s − 3s + 6

= s s − 2 − 3(s − 2)

s2 − 5s + 6 = s − 2 (s − 3)
1 1
L−1 = L−1 …………. (P)
s 2 −5s+6 s−2 (s−3)

By Partial fraction method

1 A B
= s−2 + s−3 …………. (Q)
s−2 (s−3)

1 1 1
Now, A = = 2−3 = −1 = −1
s−3 s=2

1 1 1
,B= = 3−2 = 1 = 1
s−2 s=3

Equation (Q) becomes

1 −1 1
= s−2 + s−3
s−2 (s−3)

1 1 1
= s−3 − s−2
s−2 (s−3)

Equation (P) becomes

1 1
L−1 = L−1
s 2 −5s+6 s−2 (s−3)

1 1 1
L−1 = L−1 − s−2
s 2 −5s+6 s−3

1 1 1
L−1 = L−1 − L−1
s 2 −5s+6 s−3 s−2

1 1
L−1 = e3t − e2t ∵ L−1 = eat
s 2 −5s+6 s−a

2s 2 −6s+5
(ii) We have to find L−1
s 3 −6s 2 +11s−6

First we factorize s3 − 6s 2 + 11s − 6

By trial method we observe that if s = 1

Page 126 of 182
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = s3 − 6s2 + 11s − 6

= 13 − 6(1)2 + 11(1) − 6

= 1 − 6(1) + 11 − 6

= 1 − 6 + 11 − 6

=0

∴ 𝑠 = 1 𝑖. 𝑒. (s − 1) is a first factor of above polynomial.

By synthetic division method

1 1 −6 11 −6

1 −5 6

1 −5 6 0

Other factor = s 2 − 5s + 6

Other factor = s 2 − 2s − 3s + 6

Other factor = s s − 2 − 3(s − 2)

Other factor = s − 2 (s − 3)

∴ s 3 − 6s2 + 11s − 6 = s − 1 s − 2 (s − 3)
2s 2 −6s+5 2s 2 −6s+5
∴ L−1 = L−1 ………. (P)
s 3 −6s 2 +11s−6 s−1 s−2 (s−3)

By Partial fraction method

2s 2 −6s+5 A B C
= s−1 + s−2 + s−3 …………. (Q)
(s−1) s−2 (s−3)

2s 2 −6s+5 2(1)2 −6(1)+5 2(1)−6+5 2−6+5 1

Now, A = = = = =2
s−2 (s−3) s=1 1−2 (1−3) −1 (−2) 2

2s 2 −6s+5 2(2)2 −6 2 +5 2 4 −12+5 8−12+5 1

B= = = = = = −1
(s−1)(s−3) s=2 2−1 (2−3) 1 (−1) (−1) −1

2s 2 −6s+5 2(3)2 −6(3)+5 2 9 −18+5 18−18+5 5

C= = = = =2
(s−1) s−2 s=3 (3−1) 3−2 2 (1) 2

Equation (Q) becomes

1 5
2s 2 −6s+5 2 −1 2
= + s−2 +
(s−1) s−2 (s−3) s−1 s−3

Page 127 of 182

 2s 2 −6s+5 1 1 1 5 1
=2 − s−2 + 2
(s−1) s−2 (s−3) s−1 s−3

Equation (P) becomes

2s 2 −6s+5 2s 2 −6s+5
L−1 = L−1
s 3 −6s 2 +11s−6 s−1 s−2 (s−3)

2s 2 −6s+5 1 1 1 5 1
L−1 = L−1 − s−2 + 2
s 3 −6s 2 +11s−6 2 s−1 s−3

2s 2 −6s+5 1 1 1 5 1
L−1 = 2 L−1 − L−1 + 2 L−1
s 3 −6s 2 +11s−6 s−1 s−2 s−3

2s 2 −6s+5 1 5 1
L−1 = 2 e1t − e2t + 2 e3t ∵ L−1 = eat
s 3 −6s 2 +11s−6 s−a

Home Assignement-8
s 2 +3s+7
Ex1. Find L−1 (02 Marks)
s3

1
Ex2. Find: L−1 (04 Marks)
s 2 +2s+2

s−4
Ex3. Find L−1 (04 Marks)
s s−1 (s+4)

First shifting property: If L −1 F s = f(t) then

(a) L −1 F s − a = eat L −1 F s
(b) L −1 F s + a = e−at L −1 F s

Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following:

s−3 (s+2)
(i) 2 +16
(ii) s 2 +4s+8
s−3

𝐬−𝟑
Sol: (i) We have to find out 𝐋 −𝟏 𝐬−𝟑 𝟐 +𝟏𝟔

Using L −1 F s − a = eat L −1 F s
s−3 s
L −1 2 +16
= e3t L −1 ∵ Here a = 3 & 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 −3 to get F(s)
s−3 s 2 +16

s−3 s
L −1 = e3t L −1
s−3 2 +16 s 2 +4 2

s−3 s
L −1 = e3t cos4t ∵ L −1 = cosat
s−3 2 +16 s 2 +a 2

Page 128 of 182

 (𝐬+𝟐)
(ii) We have to find out 𝐋 −𝟏
𝐬 𝟐 +𝟒𝐬+𝟖

1 2
Third term= × coefficient of s
2

1 2
2
Third term= ×4 = 2 =4
2

(s+2) (s+2)
L −1 = L −1 {Add & Subtract third term in the denominator}
s 2 +4s+8 s 2 +4s+4+8−4

(s+2) (s+2)
L −1 = L −1
s 2 +4s+8 s 2 +4s+4 +8−4

(s+2) (s+2)
L −1 = L −1
s 2 +4s+8 s 2 +2 s 2 +22 +4

(s+2) (s+2)
L −1 = L −1 [∵ a2 − 2ab + b2 = (a − b)2 ]
s 2 +4s+8 s+2 2 +4

Using L −1 F s + a = e−at L −1 F s on RHS

(s+2) s
L −1 = e−2t L −1 ∵ Here a = 2 & 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐹(𝑠)
s 2 +4s+8 s 2 +4

(s+2) s
L −1 = e−2t L −1
s 2 +4s+8 s 2 +22

(s+2) s
L −1 = e−2t cos2t ∵ L −1 = cosat
s 2 +4s+8 s 2 +a 2

Second shifting property: If L −1 F s = f(t) then

L−1 e−as F s =f t−a U t−a

𝐎𝐛𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 the following:

π 4π s
− s 3π −
e −as −4s 1 e 2 e −s e −2s − s s e 6 s
(i) (ii) e (iii) s 2 +16 (iv) (v) (vi) e 4 (vii)
s2 s 2 +9 s+1 2 s+4 3 s 2 +16 s 2 +25

e −π s /2 +e −3π s /2
(viii) s 2 +1

𝐞−𝐚𝐬 𝟏
Sol: (i) We have to find 𝐋 −𝟏 i.e. 𝐋 −𝟏 𝐞−𝐚𝐬
𝐬𝟐 𝐬𝟐

This is in the form of L−1 e−as F s

1
Here F s = s 2

1
∴ L −1 F s = L −1 s2

Page 129 of 182

 1 t n −1
Using L −1 = (n−1)!
sn

t 2−1
L −1 F s = (2−1)!

t1
L −1 F s = 1!

t
L −1 F s =1

L −1 F s = t = f(t) ………….. (1)

Using L−1 e−as F s =f t−a U t−a

1
∴ L−1 e−as = f t − a U(t − a)
s2

e −as
L −1 = t − a U(t − a) [ ∵ By (1)]
s2

𝟏
(ii) We have to find 𝐋−𝟏 𝐞−𝟒𝐬 𝐬𝟐 +𝟗

This is in the form of L−1 e−as F s

s
Here F s = &𝑎 =4
s 2 +25

1
∴ L −1 F s = L −1
s 2 +9

1
L −1 F s = L −1 s 2 +32

1 1 1
L −1 F s = 3 sin3t = f(t) ………. (1) ∵ L −1 = a sinat
s 2 +a 2

Using L−1 e−as F s =f t−a U t−a

1
∴ L−1 e−4s s 2 +9 = f t − 4 U(t − 4) ∵ a = 4

1 1
L−1 e−4s s 2 +9 = 3 sin3(t − 4) U t − 4 [∵ By (1)]
𝛑
− 𝐬 𝛑
𝐞 𝟐 𝟏
(iii) We have to find out 𝐋 −𝟏
i.e 𝐋−𝟏 𝐞−𝟐𝐬
𝐬 𝟐 +𝟏𝟔 𝐬 𝟐 +𝟏𝟔

This is in the form of L−1 e−as F s

1 π
Here F s = s 2 +16 & 𝑎 = 2

1
∴ L−1 F s = L−1 s 2 +16

Page 130 of 182

 1
L−1 F s = L−1 [Adjustment]
s 2 +4 2

1 1 1
L−1 F s = 4 sin4t = f t …….. (1) ∵ L−1 = a sinat
s 2 +a 2

Using L−1 e−as F s =f t−a U t−a

π
1 π π π
∴ L−1 e−2 s =f t−2 U t−2 ∵a=
s 2 +16 2

π
− s
−1 e 2 1 π π
L = 4 sin4 t − 2 U t−2 [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +16

π
− s
−1 e 2 1 4π π
L = 4 sin 4t − U t−2
s 2 +16 2

π
− s
−1 e 2 1 π
L = 4 sin 4t − 2π U t − 2
s 2 +16

Using sin A − B = sinA cosB − cosA sinB

π
− s
−1 e 2 1 π
L = 4 sin4t cos2π − cos4t sin2π U t − 2
s 2 +16

π
− s
−1 e 2 1 π
L = 4 sin4t 1 – cos4t 0 U t−2 [∵ sin2π = 0 , cos2π = 1 ]
s 2 +16

π
− s
−1 e 2 1 π
L = 4 sin4t − 0 U t − 2
s 2 +16

π
− s
−1 e 2 1 π
L = 4 sin4t U t − 2
s 2 +16

𝐞−𝐬 𝟏
(iv) We have to find 𝐋 −𝟏 i.e 𝐋 −𝟏 𝐞−𝟏𝐬 (𝐬+𝟏) 𝟐
(𝐬+𝟏) 𝟐

This is in the form of L−1 e−as F s

1
Here F s = (s+1) 2 & 𝑎 = 1

1
∴ L−1 F s = L−1 (s+1) 2

1 e −at t n −1
Using L−1 =
(s+a)n (n−1)!

e −t t 2−1
L−1 F s = (2−1)!

Page 131 of 182

 e −t t 1
L−1 F s = 1!

e −t t
L−1 F s = 1

L−1 F s = e−t t = f(t) ………… (1)

Using L−1 e−as F s =f t−a U t−a

1
∴ L−1 e−1s (s+1) 2 = f t − 1 U(t − 1) [∵ a = 1]

e −s
L−1 = e−(t−1) (t − 1) U(t − 2) [∵ By (1)]
(s+1) 2

𝐞−𝟐𝐬 𝟏
(v) We have to find 𝐋−𝟏 i.e 𝐋−𝟏 𝐞−𝟐𝐬 (𝐬+𝟒)𝟑
(𝐬+𝟒)𝟑

This is in the form of L−1 e−as F s

1
Here F s = (s+4)3 & 𝑎 = 2

1
∴ L−1 F s = L−1 s+4 3

1 e −at t n −1
Using L−1 =
(s+a)n (n−1)!

e −4t t 3−1
L−1 F s = (3−1)!

e −4t t 2
L−1 F s = 2!

e −4t t 2
L−1 F s = = f(t) ………… (1)
2

Using L−1 e−as F s =f t−a U t−a

1
∴ L−1 e−2s (s+4)3 = f t − 2 U(t − 2) [∵ a = 2]

e −2s e −4 t−2 (t−2)2

L−1 = U(t − 2) [∵ By (1)]
(s+4)3 2

𝟑𝛑
𝐬
(vi) We have to find 𝐋 −𝟏 𝐞− 𝟒 𝐬 𝐬 𝟐 +𝟏𝟔

This is in the form of L−1 e−as F s

s 3π
Here F s = s 2 +16
&𝑎 = 4

Page 132 of 182

 s
∴ L −1 F s = L −1 s 2 +16

s
L −1 F s = L −1 s 2 +4 2

s
L −1 F s = cos4t = f(t) ………. (1) ∵ L −1 = cosat
s 2 +a 2

Using L−1 e−as F s =f t−a U t−a

3π
s 3π 3π 3π
∴ L−1 e− 4
s
=f t− U t− ∵a=
s 2 +16 4 4 4

3π
s 3π 3π
L−1 e− 4 s = cos4 t − U t− [∵ By (1)]
s 2 +16 4 4

3π
s 3π 3π
L−1 e− 4 s = cos 4t − 4 U t−
s 2 +16 4 4

3π
s 3π
L−1 e− 4 s = cos 4t − 3π U t −
s 2 +16 4

Using cos A − B = cosA cosB + sinA sinB

3π
s 3π
L−1 e− 4 s = {cos4t cos3π + sin4t sin3π} U t −
s 2 +16 4

3π
s 3π
L−1 e− 4 s = {cos4t −1 + sin4t 0 } U t − ∵ sin3π = 0, cos3π = −1
s 2 +16 4

3π
s 3π
L−1 e− 4 s = {−cos4t + 0} U t −
s 2 +16 4

3π
s 3π
L−1 e− 4 s = −cos4t U t −
s 2 +16 4

𝟒𝛑𝐬
− 𝟒𝛑𝐬
−𝟏 𝐞 𝟔 𝐬 𝐬
(vii) We have to find 𝐋 i.e. 𝐋 −𝟏 𝐞− 𝟔
𝐬 𝟐 +𝟐𝟓 𝐬 𝟐 +𝟐𝟓

This is in the form of L−1 e−as F s

s 4π
Here F s = &𝑎 =
s 2 +25 6

s
∴ L −1 F s = L −1 s 2 +25

s
L −1 F s = L −1 s 2 +52

s
L −1 F s = cos5t = f(t) ………. (1) ∵ L −1 = cosat
s 2 +a 2

Using L−1 e−as F s =f t−a U t−a

Page 133 of 182

 4π s
s 4π 4π 4π
∴ L−1 e− 6 =f t− U t− ∵a=
s 2 +25 6 6 6

4π s
−
e 6 s 4π 4π
L−1 s 2 +25 = cos5 t − U t− [∵ By (1)]
6 6

4π s
−
e 6 s 20π 4π
L−1 s 2 +25 = cos 5t − U t−
6 6

4π s
−
e 6 s 10π 2π
L−1 s 2 +25 = cos 5t − U t−
3 3

𝐞−𝛑𝐬/𝟐 +𝐞 −𝟑𝛑𝐬/𝟐
(viii) We have to find 𝐋 −𝟏 𝐬 𝟐 +𝟏

e −π s /2 +e −3π s /2 e −π s /2 e −3π s /2 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

L −1 = L −1 + ∵ =𝑐+𝑐
s 2 +1 s 2 +1 s 2 +1 𝑐

πs 3π s
−π s /2 +e −3π s /2 − −
−1 e −1 e 2 −1 e 2
L =L +L ……….. (A)
s 2 +1 s 2 +1 s 2 +1

πs
− πs
−1 e 2 1
(I) First we find L i.e L −1 e− 2
s 2 +1 s 2 +1

This is in the form of L−1 e−as F s

s π
Here F s = &𝑎 =
s 2 +1 2

s
∴ L −1 F s = L −1 s 2 +1

s
L −1 F s = L −1 s 2 +12

s
L −1 F s = cost = f(t) ………. (1) ∵ L −1 = cosat
s 2 +a 2

Using L−1 e−as F s =f t−a U t−a

πs
1 π π π
∴ L−1 e− 2 =f t− U t− ∵a=
s 2 +1 2 2 2

πs
−
e 2 π π
L−1 s 2 +1 = cos t − 2 U t−2 {∵ By (1) }

Using cos A − B = cosA cosB + sinA sinB

πs
−
e 2 π π π
L−1 s 2 +1 = cost cos 2 + sint sin 2 U t−2

Page 134 of 182

 πs
−
e 2 π π π
L−1 s 2 +1 = cost 0 + sint (1) U t − 2 ∵ sin 2 = 1 , cos 2 = 0

πs
−
e 2 π
L−1 s 2 +1 = 0 + sint U t − 2

πs
−
e 2 π
L−1 = sint U t − 2
s 2 +1

3π s
− 3π s
−1 e 2 1
(II) We find L i.e. L −1 e− 2
s 2 +1 s 2 +1

Using L−1 e−as F s =f t−a U t−a

3π s
1 3π 3π 3π
L −1 e− 2 = f t− U t− ∵a=
s 2 +1 2 2 2

3π s
−
−1 e 2 3π 3π
L = cos t − U t− {∵ By (1) }
s 2 +1 2 2

Equation (A) becomes

e −π s /2 +e −3π s /2 π 3π 3π
L −1 = sint U t − 2 + cos t − U t−
s 2 +1 2 2

F s t
Division by 𝐬 Property ∶ If L −1 F s = f t then L −1 = 0
f t dt
s

Obtain inverse Laplace Transform of the following

1 1 𝑠 2 +3
(i) 𝑠(𝑠+𝑎) (ii) 𝑠 (iii) 𝑠(𝑠 2 +9)
𝑠 2 +1

𝟏 𝟏
−𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒔+𝒂 𝟏 𝒂
Sol: (i) we have to find 𝐋 i.e. 𝐋 ∵ 𝒂𝒃 =
𝒔 𝒔+𝒂 𝒔 𝒃

F s
This is in the form of L −1 s

1
Here F s =
s+a

1
L −1 F s = L −1 s+a

L −1 F s = e−at = f(t) ……….. (1)

F s t
Using L −1 = 0
f t dt
s

Page 135 of 182

 1
−1 𝑠+𝑎 t −at
∴ L = 0
e dt ∵ By 1
𝑠

t
1 e −at e ax
L−1 = {∵ eax dx = }
𝑠 𝑠+𝑎 −a 0 a

1 1 t
L−1 = e−at 0
𝑠 𝑠+𝑎 −𝑎

1 1
L−1 = − 𝑎 e−at − e−a(0)
𝑠 𝑠+𝑎

1 1
L−1 = − 𝑎 e−at − e−0
𝑠 𝑠+𝑎

1 1
L−1 =− e−at − 1
𝑠 𝑠+𝑎 𝑎

1 1
L−1 = 𝑎 −e−at + 1
𝑠 𝑠+𝑎

1 1
L−1 = 𝑎 1 − e−at
𝑠 𝑠+𝑎

𝟏 𝟏
−𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟏 𝟏 𝒂
(ii) We have to find 𝐋 i.e. 𝐋 ∵ 𝒂𝒃 =
𝒔 𝒔𝟐 +𝟏 𝒔 𝒃

F s
This is in the form of L −1 s

1
Here F s = 𝑠 2 +1

1
L −1 F s = L −1 𝑠 2 +1

1
L −1 F s = L −1 𝑠 2 +12

1
L −1 F s = 1 sin1t

1 1
L −1 F s = sint = f(t) ……….. (1) ∵ L −1 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 +𝑎 2

F s t
Using L −1 = 0
f t dt
s

1
−1 𝑠 2 +1 t
∴ L = 0
f t dt
𝑠

1 t
L−1 = sint dt ∵ By 1
𝑠 𝑠 2 +1 0

Page 136 of 182

 1 t
L−1 = −cost 0
𝑠 𝑠 2 +1

1 t
L−1 = − cost 0
𝑠 𝑠 2 +1

1
L−1 = − cost − cos0
𝑠 𝑠 2 +1

1
L−1 = − cost − 1
𝑠 𝑠 2 +1

1
L−1 = 1 − cost
𝑠 𝑠 2 +1

𝟏
Note: 𝐋−𝟏 =𝟏
𝒔

𝒔𝟐 +𝟑
(iii) We have to find 𝐋−𝟏 𝒔(𝒔𝟐 +𝟗)

𝑠 2 +3 𝑠 2 +9 +3−9
L−1 = L−1 [Adjustment, Add & subtract 9 in the numerator]
𝑠(𝑠 2 +9) 𝑠(𝑠 2 +9)

𝑠 2 +3 𝑠 2 +9 −6
L−1 = L−1
𝑠(𝑠 2 +9) 𝑠(𝑠 2 +9)

𝑠 2 +3 𝑠 2 +9 6 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
L−1 = L−1 − 𝑠(𝑠 2 +9) ∵ =𝑐−𝑐
𝑠(𝑠 2 +9) 𝑠(𝑠 2 +9) 𝑐

𝑠 2 +3 1 6
L−1 = L−1 − 𝑠(𝑠 2 +9)
𝑠(𝑠 2 +9) 𝑠

𝑠 2 +3 1 1
L−1 = L−1 − 6 L−1
𝑠(𝑠 2 +9) 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

𝑠 2 +3 1 1
L−1 = L−1 − 6 L−1
𝑠(𝑠 2 +9) 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

𝑠 2 +3 1 1
L−1 = 1 − 6 L−1 …………. (A) ∵ L−1 =1
𝑠(𝑠 2 +9) 𝑠 𝑠 2 +9 𝑠

1 1
−1 1 −1 𝑠 2 +9 1 𝑎
Now we find L i.e. L ∵ 𝑎𝑏 =
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9 𝑠 𝑏

F s
This is in the form of L −1 s

1
Here F s = 𝑠 2 +9

1
L −1 F s = L −1 𝑠 2 +9

1
L −1 F s = L −1 𝑠 2 +32

Page 137 of 182

 1 1 1
L −1 F s = 3 sin3t = f(t) ……….. (1) ∵ L −1 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 +𝑎 2

F s t
Using L −1 = 0
f t dt
s

1
−1 𝑠 2 +9 t F s t
∴ L = 0
f t dt ∵ L −1 = 0
f t dt
𝑠 s

1 t1
L−1 = sin3t dt ∵ By 2
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9 03

1 1 t
L−1 =3 sin3t dt
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9 0

1 1 cos 3t t cosax
L−1 = − ∵ sinax dx = −
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9 3 3 0 a

1 1 1 t
L−1 = 3 −3 cos3t 0
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

1 1 t
L−1 = − 9 cos3t 0
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

1 1
L−1 = − 9 cos3t − cos3(0)
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

1 1
L−1 = − 9 cos3t − cos0
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

1 1
L−1 = − 9 cos3t − 1
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

1 1
L−1 = 9 −cos3t + 1
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

1 1
L−1 = 9 1 − cos3t
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

Putting this value in (A) we get

s 2 +3 1
L−1 = 1 − 6 9 (1 − cos3t)
s(s 2 +9)

s 2 +3 6
L−1 = 1 − 9 (1 − cos3t)
s(s 2 +9)

s 2 +3 2
L−1 = 1 − 3 (1 − cos3t)
s(s 2 +9)

s 2 +3 2 2
L−1 = 1 − 3 + 3 cos3t
s(s 2 +9)

s 2 +3 2 2
L−1 = 1 − 3 + 3 cos3t
s(s 2 +9)

Page 138 of 182

 s 2 +3 1 2 2
L−1 = − 3 + 3 cos3t
s(s 2 +9) 1

s 2 +3 1 2
L−1 = 3 + 3 cos3t
s(s 2 +9)

s 2 +3 1
L−1 = 3 1 + 2cos3t
s(s 2 +9)

Inverse Laplace transforms by Derivatives:

1 d
Formula: L−1 F s = − t L−1 F s
ds

Note:
d 1
1. Logx = x
dx
d 1 d
2. Log f x =f f x
dx x dx
d 1
3. tan−1 x = 1+x 2
dx
d 1 d
4. tan−1 f x = 1+ f f x
dx x 2 dx
d 1
5. cot −1 x = − 1+x 2
dx
d 1 d
6. cot −1 f x = − 1+ f 2
f x
dx x dx
d 1
7. tanh −1 x = − x 2 −1
dx
d 1 1
8. = − x2
dx x
m
9. Logm − Logn = Log n
n
10. n Logm = Logm

𝐎𝐛𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 the following:

s+a 1+s s−1 1 s 2 +36 a2 s 2 +4

(i) Log ii Log iii Log iv Log (v) Log 1 − s 2 (vi) Log
s+b s s+1 2 s 2 +16 s2

s 2 +1 a s+a s 2
(vii) Log s(s+1) vii tan −1 s (ix) tan −1 (x) cot −1 (xi)2tanh −1 s (xii) tan −1
b a s2

𝐬+𝐚
Sol: (i) We have to find out 𝐋−𝟏 𝐋𝐨𝐠 𝐬+𝐛

We know that
1 d
L−1 F s = − t L−1 F s
ds

s+a 1 d s+a
∴ L−1 Log s+b = − t L−1 Log s+b
ds

Page 139 of 182

 m
Using Log = Logm − Logn on RHS
n

s+a 1 d
L−1 Log s+b = − t L−1 Log s + a − Log s + b
ds

s+a 1 d d
L−1 Log s+b = − t L−1 Log s + a − ds Log(s + b)
ds

𝑑 1 𝑑
Using 𝑑𝑥 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥

s+a 1 1 d 1 d
L−1 Log s+b = − t L−1 s + a − s+b (s + b)
s+a ds ds

s+a 1 1 d d 1 d d
L−1 Log s+b = − t L−1 s+ a − s+b s+ b
s+a ds ds ds ds

s+a 1 1 1
L−1 Log s+b = − t L−1 1 + 0 − s+b (1 + 0)
s+a

s+a 1 1 1
L−1 Log s+b = − t L−1 1 − s+b (1)
s+a

s+a 1 1 1
L−1 Log s+b = − t L−1 − s+b
s+a

s+a 1 1 1
L−1 Log s+b = − t L−1 − L−1
s+a s+b

s+a 1
L−1 Log s+b = − t e−at − e−bt

s+a 1
L−1 Log s+b = −e−at + e−bt
t

s+a 1
L−1 Log s+b = e−bt − e−at
t

𝟏+𝐬
(ii) We have to find out 𝐋−𝟏 𝐋𝐨𝐠 𝐬

We know that
1 d
L−1 F s = − t L−1 F s
ds

1+s 1 d 1+s
∴ L−1 Log = − t L−1 Log
s ds s

m
Using Log = Logm − Logn
n

1+s 1 d
L−1 Log = − t L−1 Log 1 + s − Logs
s ds

d 1 d
Using ds Log f s =f f(s)
s ds

Page 140 of 182

 1+s 1 d d
L−1 Log = − t L−1 Log 1 + s − ds Logs
s ds

𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑 1
Using 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1+s 1 1 d 1
L−1 Log = − t L−1 1+s −s
s 1+s ds

1+s 1 1 d d 1
L−1 Log = − t L−1 1 + ds s − s
s 1+s ds

1+s 1 1 1
L−1 Log = − t L−1 1+0 −s
s 1+s

1+s 1 1 1
L−1 Log = − t L−1 1 −s
s 1+s

1+s 1 1 1
L−1 Log = − t L−1 −s
s s+1

1+s 1 1 1
L−1 Log =−t L−1 − L−1
s s+1 s

1+s 1 1 1
L−1 Log = − t e−1t − 1 ∵ L−1 = e−at , L−1 =1
s s+a s

1+s 1
L−1 Log = 1 − e−t
s t

𝐬−𝟏
(iii) We have to find out 𝐋−𝟏 𝐋𝐨𝐠 𝐬+𝟏

We know that
1 d
L−1 F s = − t L−1 F s
ds

s−1 1 d s−1
∴ L−1 Log s+1
= − t L−1 ds
Log s+1

1
1
−1 s−1 1 −1 d s−1 2
L Log =−t L Log ∵ 𝑎 = 𝑎2
s+1 ds s+1

Using Logmn = n Logm

s−1 1 d 1 s−1
L−1 Log = − t L−1 Log
s+1 ds 2 s+1

s−1 1 1 d s−1
L−1 Log =−t L−1 Log
s+1 2 ds s+1

Page 141 of 182

 s−1 1 d s−1
L−1 Log = − 2t L−1 Log
s+1 ds s+1

m
Using Log = Logm − Logn
n

s−1 1 d
L−1 Log = − 2t L−1 Log s − 1 − Log s + 1
s+1 ds

s−1 1 d d
L−1 Log = − 2t L−1 Log s − 1 − ds Log s + 1
s+1 ds

𝑑 1 𝑑
Using 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

s−1 1 1 d 1 d
L−1 Log = − 2t L−1 s − 1 − s+1 s+1
s+1 s−1 ds ds

s−1 1 1 d d 1 d d
L−1 Log = − 2t L−1 s − ds 1 − s+1 s + ds 1
s+1 s−1 ds ds

s−1 1 1 1
L−1 Log = − 2t L−1 1 − 0 − s+1 1 + 0
s+1 s−1

s−1 1 1 1
L−1 Log = − 2t L−1 1 − s+1 1
s+1 s−1

s−1 1 1 1
L−1 Log = − 2t L−1 − s+1
s+1 s−1

s−1 1 1 1
L−1 Log = − 2t L−1 − L−1
s+1 s−1 s+1

s−1 1 1 1
L−1 Log s+1
= − 2t e1t − e−1t ∵ L−1 s−a
= eat , L−1 s+a
= e−at

s−1 1
L−1 Log = − 2t et − e−t
s+1

s−1 1 e t −e −t
L−1 Log =−t [Adjustment]
s+1 2

s−1 1 e θ −e −θ
L−1 Log = − t sinht [∵ sinhθ = ]
s+1 2

Page 142 of 182

 𝟏 𝐬 𝟐 +𝟑𝟔
(iv) We have to find out 𝐋 −𝟏 𝐋𝐨𝐠
𝟐 𝐬 𝟐 +𝟏𝟔

We know that
1 d
L−1 F s = − t L−1 F s
ds

1 s 2 +36 1 d 1 s 2 +36
L −1 Log = − t L−1 Log
2 s 2 +16 ds 2 s 2 +16

1 s 2 +36 1 1 d s 2 +36
L −1 Log =−t L−1 Log
2 s 2 +16 2 ds s 2 +16

1 s 2 +36 1 d s 2 +36
L −1 Log = − 2t L−1 Log
2 s 2 +16 ds s 2 +16

m
Using Log = Logm − Logn
n

1 s 2 +36 1 d
L −1 Log = − 2t L−1 Log s2 + 36 − Log s 2 + 16
2 s 2 +16 ds

1 s 2 +36 1 d d
L −1 Log = − 2t L−1 Log s2 + 36 − ds Log s2 + 16
2 s 2 +16 ds

𝑑 1 𝑑
Using 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 s 2 +36 1 1 d 1 d
L −1 Log = − 2t L−1 s2 + 36 − s 2 +16 (s 2 + 16)
2 s 2 +16 s 2 +36 ds ds

1 s 2 +36 1 1 d d 1 d d
L −1 Log = − 2t L−1 s2 + ds 36 − s 2 +16 s2 + ds 16
2 s 2 +16 s 2 +36 ds ds

1 s 2 +36 1 1 1
L −1 Log = − 2t L−1 2s + 0 − s 2 +16 (2s + 0)
2 s 2 +16 s 2 +36

1 s 2 +36 1 1 1
L −1 Log = − 2t L−1 2s − s 2 +16 (2s)
2 s 2 +16 s 2 +36

1 s 2 +36 1 2s 2s
L −1 Log = − 2t L−1 − s 2 +16
2 s 2 +16 s 2 +36

1 s 2 +36 2 s s
L −1 Log = − 2t L−1 − s 2 +16
2 s 2 +16 s 2 +36

1 s 2 +36 1 s s
L −1 Log =−t L−1 − L−1
2 s 2 +16 s 2 +36 s 2 +16

1 s 2 +36 1 s s
L −1 Log =−t L−1 − L−1
2 s 2 +16 s 2 +62 s 2 +4 2

1 s 2 +36 1 s
L −1 Log = − t cos6t − cos4t ∵ L−1 = cosat
2 s 2 +16 s 2 +a 2

Page 143 of 182

 𝐚𝟐
(v) We have to find out 𝐋 −𝟏 𝐋𝐨𝐠 𝟏 − 𝐬𝟐

We know that
1 d
L−1 F s = − t L−1 F s
ds

a2 1 d a2
L −1 Log 1 − s 2 = − t L−1 Log 1 − s 2
ds

a2 1 d 1 a2
L −1 Log 1 − s 2 = − t L−1 Log − s2
ds 1

a2 1 d s 2 −a 2 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐
L −1 Log 1 − s 2 = − t L−1 Log ∵𝑏−𝑑 =
ds s2 𝑏𝑑

m
Using Log = Logm − Logn
n

s 2 −a 2 1 d
L −1 Log = − t L−1 Log s2 − a2 − Logs2
s2 ds

Using Logmn = n Logm

s 2 −a 2 1 d
L −1 Log = − t L−1 Log s2 − a2 − 2 Logs
s2 ds

s 2 −a 2 1 d d
L −1 Log = − t L−1 Log s2 − a2 − 2 Logs
s2 ds ds

𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑 1
Using 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

s 2 −a 2 1 1 d 1
L −1 Log = − t L−1 s 2 − a2 − 2
s2 s 2 −a 2 ds s

s 2 −a 2 1 1 d d 1
L −1 Log = − t L−1 s 2 − ds a2 − 2
s2 s 2 −a 2 ds s

s 2 −a 2 1 1 2
L −1 Log = − t L−1 2s + 0 − s
s2 s 2 −a 2

s 2 −a 2 1 1 2
L −1 Log = − t L−1 2s − s
s2 s 2 −a 2

s 2 −a 2 1 2s 2
L −1 Log = − t L−1 −s
s2 s 2 −a 2

s 2 −a 2 2 s 1
L −1 Log = − t L−1 −s {Taking 2 common}
s2 s 2 −a 2

s 2 −a 2 2 s 1
L −1 Log =−t L−1 − L−1
s2 s 2 −a 2 s

s 2 −a 2 2
L −1 Log = − t coshat − 1
s2

Page 144 of 182

 s 2 −a 2 2
L −1 Log = – coshat + 1
s2 t

s 2 −a 2 2
L −1 Log = 1 − coshat
s2 t

𝐬 𝟐 +𝟒
(vi) We have to find out 𝐋 −𝟏 𝐋𝐨𝐠 𝐬𝟐

We know that
1 d
L−1 F s = − t L−1 F s
ds

s 2 +4 1 d s 2 +4
L −1 Log = − t L−1 Log
s2 ds s2

m
Using Log = Logm − Logn
n

s 2 +4 1 d
L −1 Log = − t L−1 Log s 2 + 4 − Logs2
s2 ds

Using Logmn = n Logm

s 2 +4 1 d
L −1 Log = − t L−1 Log s 2 + 4 − 2 Logs
s2 ds

s 2 +4 1 d d
L −1 Log = − t L−1 Log s2 + 4 − 2 ds Logs
s2 ds

𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑 1
Using 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

s 2 +4 1 1 d 1
L −1 Log = − t L−1 s2 + 4 − 2
s2 s 2 +4 ds s

s 2 +4 1 1 d d 2
L −1 Log = − t L−1 s2 + ds 4 − s
s2 s 2 +4 ds

s 2 +4 1 1 2
L −1 Log = − t L−1 2s + 0 − s
s2 s 2 +4

s 2 +4 1 1 2
L −1 Log = − t L−1 2s − s
s2 s 2 +4

s 2 +4 1 2s 2
L −1 Log = − t L−1 −s
s2 s 2 +4

s 2 +4 2 s 1
L −1 Log = − t L−1 −s {Taking 2 common}
s2 s 2 +4

s 2 +4 2 s 1
L −1 Log =−t L−1 − L−1
s2 s 2 +4 s

s 2 +4 2 s 1
L −1 Log =−t L−1 − L−1
s2 s 2 +22 s

Page 145 of 182

 s 2 +4 2 s 1
L −1 Log = − t cos2t − 1 ∵ L−1 = cosat , L−1 =1
s2 s 2 +a 2 s

s 2 +4 2
L −1 Log = −cos2t + 1
s2 t

s 2 +4 2
L −1 Log = 1 − cos2t
s2 t

𝐬 𝟐 +𝟏
(vii) We have to find out 𝐋−𝟏 𝐋𝐨𝐠 𝐬(𝐬+𝟏)

We know that
1 d
L−1 F s = − t L−1 F s
ds

s 2 +1 1 d s 2 +1
∴ L−1 Log s(s+1) = − t L−1 Log s(s+1)
ds

m
Using Log = Logm − Logn
n

s 2 +1 1 d
L−1 Log s(s+1) = − t L−1 Log s 2 + 1 − Logs(s + 1)
ds

Using 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚𝑛 = 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑚 + 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑛 in second term

s 2 +1 1 d
L−1 Log s(s+1) = − t L−1 Log s2 + 1 − Logs + log s + 1
ds

s 2 +1 1 d
L−1 Log s(s+1) = − t L−1 Log s2 + 1 − Logs − log s + 1
ds

s 2 +1 1 d d d
L−1 Log s = − t L−1 Log s 2 + 1 − ds Logs − ds Log s + 1
s+1 ds

𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑 1
Using 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

s 2 +1 1 1 d 1 1 d
L−1 Log s = − t L−1 s 2 + 1 − s − s+1 (s + 1)
s+1 s 2 +1 ds ds

s 2 +1 1 1 d d 1 1 d d
L−1 Log s = − t L−1 s2 + 1 − s − s+1 s + ds 1
s+1 s 2 +1 ds ds ds

s 2 +1 1 1 1 1
L−1 Log s = − t L−1 2s + 0 − s − s+1 (1 + 0)
s+1 s 2 +1

s 2 +1 1 1 1 1
L−1 Log s = − t L−1 2s − s − s+1 (1)
s+1 s 2 +1

s 2 +1 1 2s 1 1
L−1 Log s = − t L−1 − s − s+1
s+1 s 2 +1

Page 146 of 182

 s 2 +1 1 s 1 1
L−1 Log s = − t 2 L−1 − L−1 − L−1
s+1 s 2 +1 s s+1

s 2 +1 1 s 1 1
L−1 Log s = − t 2 L−1 − L−1 − L−1
s+1 s 2 +12 s s+1

s 2 +1 1 s 1 1
L−1 Log s = − t 2 cost − 1 + e−1t ∵ L−1
s 2 +a 2
= cosat , L−1 = 1, L−1 = e−at
s+1 s s+1

𝐚
(viii) We have to find out 𝐋 −𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 𝐬

We know that
1 d
L−1 F s = − t L−1 F s
ds

a 1 d a
L −1 tan −1 s = − t L−1 tan −1 s
ds

d 1 d
Using dx tan −1 f x = 1+ f 2 f(x)
x dx

a 1 1 d a
L −1 tan −1 s = − t L−1 a 2
1+ ds s
s

a 1 1 d 1
L −1 tan −1 s = − t L−1 a 2
a
1+ ds s
s

a 1 1 1 d 1 1
L −1 tan −1 s = − t L−1 a2
a − s2 ∵ dx x = − x 2
1+ 2
s

a 1 1 a
L −1 tan −1 s = − t L−1 1 a2
− s2
+
1 s2

a 1 1 a 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 +𝑏𝑐
L −1 tan −1 s = − t L−1 s 2 +a 2
− s2 ∵𝑏+𝑑 = 𝑏𝑑
s2

a 1 s2 a 1 𝑏
L −1 tan −1 s = − t L−1 − s2 ∵ 𝑎 =𝑎
s 2 +a 2
𝑏

a 1 1
L −1 tan −1 s = − t L−1 −a
s 2 +a 2

a 1 −a
L −1 tan −1 s = − t L−1 s 2 +a 2

a (−a) 1
L −1 tan −1 s = − L−1
t s 2 +a 2

a a 1
L −1 tan −1 s = sinat
t a

Page 147 of 182

 a 1
L −1 tan −1 s = sinat
t

𝐬+𝐚
(ix) We have to find out 𝐋 −𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 −𝟏 𝐛

We know that
1 d
L−1 F s = − t L−1 F s
ds

s+a 1 d s+a
L −1 tan −1 = − t L−1 tan −1
b ds b

d 1 d
Using dx tan −1 f x = 1+ f f(x)
x 2 dx

s+a 1 1 d s+a
L −1 tan −1 = − t L−1 s +a 2
b 1+ ds b
b

s+a 1 1 1 d
L −1 tan −1 = − t L−1 (s +a )2
s+a
b 1+ 2 b ds
b

s+a 1 1 1 d d
L −1 tan −1 = − t L−1 (s +a )2
s + ds a
b 1+ 2 b ds
b

s+a 1 1 1
L −1 tan −1 = − t L−1 1 (s +a )2
1+0
b + 2 b
1 b

s+a 1 1 1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 +𝑏𝑐
L −1 tan −1 = − t L−1 b 2 +(s +a )2
1 ∵𝑏+𝑑 =
b b 𝑏𝑑
b2

s+a 1 b2 1 1 𝑏
L −1 tan −1 = − t L−1 ∵ 𝑎 =𝑎
b b 2 +(s+a)2 b
𝑏

s+a 1 b
L −1 tan −1 = − t L−1
b b 2 +(s+a)2

s+a 1 b
L −1 tan −1 = − t L−1
b (s+a)2 +b 2

s+a b 1
L −1 tan −1 = − t L−1
b (s+a)2 +b 2

1 1
Using L−1 = b e−at sinbt
s+a 2 +b 2

s+a b 1
L −1 tan −1 =−t e−at sinbt
b b

s+a 1
L −1 tan −1 = − t e−at sinbt
b

Page 148 of 182

 𝐬
(x) We have to find out 𝐋 −𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝐚

We know that
1 d
L−1 F s = − t L−1 F s
ds

s 1 d s
L −1 cot −1 = − t L−1 cot −1
a ds a

d 1 d
Using dx cot −1 f x = − 1+ f 2
f(x)
x dx

s 1 1 d s
L −1 cot −1 = − t L−1 − s 2
a 1+ ds a
a

s (−1) 1 1 d
L −1 cot −1 =− L−1 s2
s
a t 1+ 2 a ds
a

s 1 1 1
L −1 cot −1 = L−1 1 s2
1
a t + a
1 a2

s 1 1 1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 +𝑏𝑐
L −1 cot −1 = L−1 a 2 +s 2
∵𝑏+𝑑 =
a t a 𝑏𝑑
a2

s 1 a2 1 1 𝑏
L −1 cot −1 = L−1 ∵ 𝑎 =
a t a 2 +s 2 a 𝑎
𝑏

s 1 a
L −1 cot −1 = L−1
a t s 2 +a 2

s a 1
L −1 cot −1 = L−1
a t s 2 +a 2

s a 1
L −1 cot −1 = sinat
a t a

s 1
L −1 cot −1 = sinat
a t

(xi) We have to find out 𝐋−𝟏 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 −𝟏 𝐬

We know that
1 d
L−1 F s = − t L−1 F s
ds

1 d
L−1 2tanh −1 s = − t L−1 2tanh −1 s
ds

2 d
L−1 2tanh −1 s = − t L−1 tanh −1 s
ds

Page 149 of 182

 d 1
Using dx tanh −1 x = − x 2 −1

2 1
L−1 2tanh −1 s = − t L−1 − s 2 −1

2 1
L−1 2tanh −1 s = L−1
t s 2 −1

2 1
L−1 2tanh −1 s = L−1
t s 2 −12

2 1 1
L−1 2tanh −1 s = sinht ∵ L−1 = a sinhat
t s 2 −a 2

Inverse Laplace transforms of Integrals:

∞ f(t)
If L −1 F s = f(t) then L −1 s
F s ds = t

Find Inverse Laplace Transform of the following

∞ s s ∞ 1 1 ∞ s+2
(i) − s 2 +b 2 ds (ii) − s+1 ds (iii) log ds
s s 2 +a 2 s s s s+1

∞ 𝐬 𝐬
Sol: (i) We have to find 𝐋 −𝟏 − 𝐬𝟐 +𝐛𝟐 𝐝𝐬
𝐬 𝐬 +𝐚𝟐
𝟐

∞
This is in the form of L −1 s
F s ds
s s
Here F s = s 2 +a 2 − s 2 +b 2

s s
L −1 F s = L −1 − s 2 +b 2
s 2 +a 2

s s
L −1 F s = L −1 − L −1
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2

L −1 F s = cosat − cosbt = f(t) …………… (1)

∞ f(t)
Using L −1 s
F s ds = t

∞ s s cosat −cosbt
∴ L −1 − s 2 +b 2 ds = ∵ By 1
s s 2 +a 2 t

∞ 𝟏 𝟏
(ii) We have to find 𝐋 −𝟏 𝐬
− 𝐬+𝟏 𝐝𝐬
𝐬

∞
This is in the form of L −1 s
F s ds

1 1
Here F s = s − s+1

1 1
L −1 F s = L −1 − s+1
s

Page 150 of 182

 1 1
L −1 F s = L −1 − L −1
s s+1

1
L −1 F s = 1 − e−1t = f(t) …………… (1) ∵ L −1 = e−at
s+a

∞ f(t)
Using L −1 s
F s ds = t

∞ 1 1 1− e −1t
∴ L −1 s
− s+1 ds = ∵ By 1
s t

∞ 𝐬+𝟐
(iii) We have to find 𝐋 −𝟏 𝐬
𝐋𝐨𝐠 𝐬+𝟏 𝐝𝐬

∞
This is in the form of L −1 s
F s ds

s+2
Here F s = Log s+1

s+2
L −1 F s = L −1 Log ………… (A)
s+1

Using Laplace transform of Derivative Property

We know that
1 d
L−1 F s = − t L−1 F s
ds

s+2 1 d s+2
∴ L−1 Log =− L−1 Log
s+1 t ds s+1

m
Using Log = Logm − Logn
n

s+2 1 d
L−1 Log s+1 = − t L−1 Log s + 2 − Log s + 1
ds

s+2 1 d d
L−1 Log s+1 = − t L−1 Log s + 2 − ds Log(s + 1)
ds

d 1 d
Using dx Log f x =f f(x)
x dx

s+2 1 1 d 1 d
L−1 Log =− L−1 s+2 − (s + 1)
s+1 t s+2 ds s+1 ds

s+2 1 1 d d 1 d d
L−1 Log s+1 = − t L−1 s + ds 2 − s+1 s + ds 1
s+2 ds ds

s+2 1 1 1
L−1 Log s+1 = − t L−1 1 + 0 − s+1 (1 + 0)
s+2

s+2 1 1 1
L−1 Log s+1 = − t L−1 1 − s+1 (1)
s+2

Page 151 of 182

 s+2 1 1 1
L−1 Log s+1 = − t L−1 − s+1
s+2

s+2 1 1 1
L−1 Log s+1 = − t L−1 − L−1
s+2 s+1

s+2 1 1
L−1 Log s+1 = − t e−2t − e−1t ∵ L −1 = e−at
s+a

s+2 1
L−1 Log s+1 = −e−2t + e−1t
t

s+2 1
L−1 Log s+1 = e−1t − e−2t = f(t) ……….. (1)
t

∞ f t
Using L −1 s
F s ds = t

∞ s+2 1
∴ L −1 s
log s+1 ds = f t
t

∞ s+2 1 1
L −1 s
log s+1 ds = e−1t − e−2t ∵ By 1
t t

∞ s+2 1
L −1 s
log s+1 ds = t 2 e−1t − e−2t

𝐈𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐛𝐲 Convolution Theorem:

t
If L−1 F s = F(t) and L−1 G s = G(t) then L−1 F s G(s) = 0
F u G t − u du

𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 𝐨𝐟 the following by Convolution Theorem:

s2 s2 s 1 1
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 s 2 +a 2 2 s 2 +a 2 2 s 2 +1 s 2 +9 s+1 s 2 +1

1 1 1 1 1
(vi) s (vii) s 2 (viii) s 2 (ix) (s+1) s+9 2 (x) (s−2) s+2
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2 s 2 −a 2 2

Note:
cosau
1. sinau du = − a
cos au +b
2. sin au + b du = − a
sinau
3. cosau du = a
sin au +b
4. cos au + b du = a
e au
5. eau du = a
e au
6. eau sinbu du = a 2 +b 2 (a sinbu − b cosbu)
e au
7. eau cosbu du = a 2 +b 2 (a cosbu + b sinbu)

Page 152 of 182

 𝐬𝟐
Sol: (i) We have to find out 𝐋−𝟏 𝐬 𝟐 +𝐚𝟐 𝐬 𝟐 +𝐛𝟐

s2 s s
L−1 = L−1 .
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2

This is in the form of L−1 F s G(s)

s s
Here F s = , G s =
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2

s s
L−1 F s = L−1 = cosat = F t , L−1 G s = L−1 = cosbt = G(t) …… (A)
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2

By convolution theorem
t
L−1 F s G s = 0
F u G t − u du

s s t
L−1 . = cosau cosb t − u du
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 0

s2 t
L−1 = cosau cos bt − bu du {∵ By (A)}
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 0

1
Using cosA cosB = cos A + B + cos A − B
2

1
cosau cos bt − bu = 2 cos au + bt − bu + cos au − bt − bu

1
cosau cos bt − bu = 2 cos au + bt − bu + cos 𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑏𝑢

1
cosau cos bt − bu = 2 cos au + bt − bu + cos 𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑏𝑢

1
cosau cos bt − bu = 2 cos au − bu + bt + cos 𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑢 − 𝑏𝑡

1
cosau cos bt − bu = 2 cos{ a − b u + bt} + cos{ a + b u − bt}

s2 t1
L−1 = cos{ a − b u + bt} + cos{ a + b u − bt} du
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 02

s2 1 t
L−1 =2 cos{ a − b u + bt} + cos{ a + b u − bt} du
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 0

s2 1 t
L−1 =2 cos{ a − b u + bt} du + cos{ a + b u − bt} du 0
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2

sin 𝑎𝑢 +𝑏
Using cos au + b du =
a

s2 1 sin { a−b u+bt } sin { a+b u−bt } t

L−1 =2 +
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 a−b a+b 0

Page 153 of 182

 s2 1 sin { a−b t+bt } sin { a+b t−bt } sin { a−b 0 +bt } sin { a+b 0 −bt }
L−1 =2 + − +
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 a−b a+b a−b a+b

s2 1 sin ⁡
(at −bt +bt ) sin ⁡
(at +bt −bt ) sin 0+𝑏𝑡 sin 0−bt
L−1 =2 + − +
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 a−b a+b a−b a+b

s2 1 sinat sinat sinbt sin ⁡

(−bt )
L−1 =2 + − +
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 a−b a+b a−b a+b

s2 1 sinat sinat sinbt −sinbt

L−1 =2 + − + ∵ sin −θ = −sinθ
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 a−b a+b a−b a+b

s2 1 sinat sinat sinbt sinbt

L−1 =2 + − −
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 a−b a+b a−b a+b

s2 1 1 1 1 1
L−1 = sinat + − sinbt −
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 2 a−b a+b a−b a+b

s2 1 a+b +(a−b) a+b −(a−b) 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 −𝑏𝑐

L−1 = 2 sinat − sinbt ∵ 𝑏 −𝑑 =
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 a−b (a+b) a−b (a+b) 𝑏𝑑

s2 1 a+b+a−b a+b−a+b
L−1 = 2 sinat − sinbt ∵ a − b a + b = a2 − b 2
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 a 2 −b 2 a 2 −b 2

s2 1 2a 2b
L−1 = 2 sinat − sinbt
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 a 2 −b 2 a 2 −b 2

s2 1 2a 2b
L−1 =2 sinat − a 2 −b 2 sinbt
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 a 2 −b 2

s2 1 2
L−1 =2 asinat − bsinbt
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2 a 2 −b 2

s2 1
L−1 = a 2 −b 2 asinat − bsinbt
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +b 2

𝐬𝟐
(ii) We have to find out 𝐋−𝟏 𝟐
𝐬 𝟐 +𝐚𝟐

s2 s s
L−1 = L−1 .
s 2 +a 2 2 s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2

This is in the form of L−1 F s G(s)

s s
Here F s = , G s =
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2

s s
L−1 F s = L−1 = cosat = F t , L−1 G s = L−1 = cosat = G(t)…. (A)
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2

By convolution theorem
t
L−1 F s G s = 0
F u G t − u du

Page 154 of 182

 s s t
L−1 . = cosau cosa t − u du {∵ By (A)}
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2 0

s2 t
L−1 = cosau cos at − au du
s 2 +a 2 2 0

1
Using cosA cosB = cos A + B + cos A − B
2

1
cosau cos at − au = 2 cos au + at − au + cos au − at − au

1
cosau cos at − au = 2 cos au + at − au + cos au − at + au

1
cosau cos at − au = 2 cosat + cos(2au − at)

s2 t1
L−1 = cosat + cos(2au − at) du
s 2 +a 2 2 02

s2 1 t
L−1 =2 cosat + cos(2au − at) du
s 2 +a 2 2 0

s2 1 t
L−1 =2 cosat du + cos 2au − at du 0
s 2 +a 2 2

s2 1 t
L−1 = 2 cosat du + cos 2au − at du 0
s 2 +a 2 2

sin 𝑎𝑢 +𝑏
Using cos au + b du = a

s2 1 sin 2𝑎𝑢 −𝑎𝑡 t

L−1 = 2 cosat u +
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 0

s2 1 sin 2𝑎𝑢 −𝑎𝑡 t

L−1 = 2 u cosat +
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 0

s2 1 sin 2at −at sin 2a 0 −at

L−1 =2 t cosat + − (0)cosat +
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 2a

s2 1 sinat sin ⁡
(0−at )
L−1 =2 t cosat + − 0+
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 2a

s2 1 sinat sin ⁡
(−at )
L−1 =2 t cosat + − 0+
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 2a

s2 1 sinat −sinat
L−1 =2 t cosat + − 0+ ∵ sin −θ = −sinθ
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 2a

s2 1 sinat sinat
L−1 =2 t cosat + − 0−
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 2a

s2 1 sinat sinat
L−1 =2 t cosat + − −
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 2a

Page 155 of 182

 s2 1 sinat sinat
L−1 = 2 t cosat + +
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 2a

s2 1 sinat
L−1 = 2 t cosat + 2 ∵ 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 2𝑎
s 2 +a 2 2 2a

s2 1 sinat
L−1 = 2 t cosat +
s 2 +a 2 2 a

𝐬
(iii) We have to find out 𝐋−𝟏 𝟐
𝐬 𝟐 +𝐚𝟐

s 1 s
L−1 = L−1 .
s 2 +a 2 2 s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2

This is in the form of L−1 F s G(s)

1 s
Let, F s = , G s =
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2

1 1 s
L−1 F s = L−1 = a sinat = F t , L−1 G s = L−1 = cosat = G(t) ….(A)
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2

By convolution theorem
t
L−1 F s G s = 0
F u G t − u du

1 s t1
L−1 . = sinau cosa t − u du {∵ By (A)}
s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2 0a

s 1 t
L−1 =a sinau cos at − au du
s 2 +a 2 2 0

1
Using sinA cosB = sin A + B + sin 𝐴 − 𝐵
2

1
sinau cos at − au = 2 sin au + at − au + sin au − at − au

1
sinau cos at − au = 2 sin au + at − au + sin au − at + au

1
sinau cos at − au = 2 sinat + sin 2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡

s t1
L−1 = sinat + sin 2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡 du
s 2 +a 2 2 02

s 1 t
L−1 =2 sinat + sin 2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡 du
s 2 +a 2 2 0

s 1 t
L−1 =2 sinat du + sin 2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡 du 0
s 2 +a 2 2

s 1 t
L−1 = 2 sinat du + sin 2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡 du 0
s 2 +a 2 2

Page 156 of 182

 cos (au +b)
Using sin au + b du = − a

s 1 cos 2au −at t

L−1 = 2 sinat u + −
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 0

s 1 cos 2au −at t

L−1 = 2 u sinat −
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 0

s 1 cos 2at −at cos 2a 0 −at

L−1 =2 t sinat − − (0)sinat −
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 2a

s 1 cosat cos 0−at

L−1 =2 t sinat − − 0−
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 2a

s 1 cosat cos −at

L−1 =2 t sinat − − 0−
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 2a

s 1 cosat cosat
L−1 =2 t sinat − − 0− ∵ cos −θ = cosθ
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 2a

s 1 cosat cosat
L−1 =2 t sinat − − −
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 2a

s 1 cos at cosat
L−1 = 2 t sinat − +
s 2 +a 2 2 2a 2a

s 1
L−1 = 2 t sinat
s 2 +a 2 2

𝟏
(iv) We have to find out 𝐋−𝟏 𝐬 𝟐 +𝟏 𝐬 𝟐 +𝟗

1 1 1
L−1 = L−1 .
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 s 2 +1 s 2 +9

This is in the form of L−1 F s G(s)

1 1
Let, F s = , G s =
s 2 +1 s 2 +9

1 1 1 1
L−1 F s = L−1 = sint = F t ,L−1 G s = L−1 L−1 = 3 sin3t = G(t)
s 2 +12 s 2 +9 s 2 +32

……….(A)

By convolution theorem
t
L−1 F s G s = 0
F u G t − u du

1 1 t 1
L−1 . = sinu 3 sin3 t − u du {∵ By (A)}
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 0

1 1 t
L−1 =3 sinu sin 3t − 3u du
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 0

Page 157 of 182

 1
Using sinA sinB = 2 cos A − B − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵

1
sinu sin 3t − 3u = 2 cos u − 3t − 3u − cos u + 3t − 3u

1
sinu sin 3t − 3u = 2 cos u − 3t + 3u − cos u + 3t − 3u

1
sinu sin 3t − 3u = 2 cos 4u − 3t − cos −2𝑢 + 3𝑡

1 1 t1
L−1 =3 cos 4u − 3t − cos −2𝑢 + 3𝑡 du
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 02

1 11 t
L−1 = 32 cos 4u − 3t − cos −2𝑢 + 3𝑡 du
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 0

1 1 t
L−1 =6 cos 4u − 3t du − cos −2𝑢 + 3𝑡 du 0
s 2 +1 s 2 +9

sin 𝑎𝑢 ±𝑏
Using cos au ± b du = a

1 1 sin 4𝑢 −3𝑡 sin −2𝑢+3𝑡 t

L−1 =6 −
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 −2 0

1 1 sin 4𝑢 −3𝑡 sin −2𝑢+3𝑡 t

L−1 =6 +
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 2 0

1 1 sin 4t−3t sin −2t+3t sin 4 0 −3t sin −2 0 +3t

L−1 =6 + − +
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 2 4 2

1 1 sint sint sin 0−3t sin −0+3t

L−1 =6 + − +
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 2 4 2

1 1 sint sint sin −3t sin 3t

L−1 =6 + − +
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 2 4 2

1 1 sint sint −sin 3t sin 3t

L−1 =6 + − + ∵ sin −θ = sinθ
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 2 4 2

1 1 1 1 −1 1
L−1 = 6 sint + 2 − sin3t +2
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 4

1 1 6 2
L−1 = sint − sin3t
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 6 8 8

1 1 3 1
L−1 = 6 sint − sin3t
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 4

1 1 3 1
L−1 =6 sint − 4 sin3t
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4

1 1 1
L−1 s 2 +1 s 2 +9
=6 4
3sint − sin3t

Page 158 of 182

 1 1
L−1 = 24 3sint − sin3t
s 2 +1 s 2 +9

1 3 1
L−1 = 24 sint − 24 sin3t
s 2 +1 s 2 +9

1 1 1
L−1 = 8 sint − 24 sin3t
s 2 +1 s 2 +9

𝟏
(v) We have to find 𝐋−𝟏 𝐬+𝟏 𝐬 𝟐 +𝟏

1 1 1
L−1 = L−1 .
s+1 s 2 +1 s 2 +1 s+1

1 1
Let, F s = , G s =
s 2 +1 s+1

1 1 1
L−1 F s = L−1 = L−1 = sint = F t , L−1 G s = L−1 = e−t = G(t)
s 2 +1 s 2 +12 s+1

……….(A)

By convolution theorem
t
L−1 F s G s = 0
F u G t − u du

s t
L−1 = sinu e−(t−u) du {∵ By (A)}
s 2 +a 2 2 0

s t
L−1 = e−(t−u) sinu du
s 2 +a 2 2 0

s t
L−1 = e−t+u sinu du
s 2 +a 2 2 0

s t
L−1 = e−t eu sinu du {∵ 𝑒 −𝑚 +𝑛 = 𝑒 −𝑚 𝑒 𝑛 }
s 2 +a 2 2 0

s t
L−1 = e−t eu sinu du
s 2 +a 2 2 0

e au
Using eau sinbu du = a 2 +b 2 (a sinbu − b cosbu)

s eu t
L−1 = e−t sinu − cosu
s 2 +a 2 2 12 +12 0

s eu t
L−1 = e−t sinu − cosu
s 2 +a 2 2 2 0

s et e0
L−1 = e−t sint − cost − sin0 − cos0
s 2 +a 2 2 2 2

Page 159 of 182

 s et 1
L−1 = e−t sint − cost − 0−1
s 2 +a 2 2 2 2

s et 1
L−1 = e−t sint − cost − −1
s 2 +a 2 2 2 2

s et 1
L−1 = e−t sint − cost − −2
s 2 +a 2 2 2

s et 1
L−1 = e−t sint − cost + 2
s 2 +a 2 2 2

s e −t e t e −t
L−1 = sint − cost +
s 2 +a 2 2 2 2

s e −t+t e −t
L−1 = sint − cost + {∵ 𝑒 −𝑚 𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑒 −𝑚 +𝑛 }
s 2 +a 2 2 2 2

s e0 e −t
L−1 = sint − cost +
s 2 +a 2 2 2 2

s 1 e −t
L−1 = sint − cost +
s 2 +a 2 2 2 2

s 1
L−1 = sint − cost + e−t
s 2 +a 2 2 2

𝟏
(vi) We have to find 𝐋−𝟏 𝐬 𝐬𝟐 +𝐚𝟐

1 1 1
L−1 = L−1 .s
s s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2

This is in the form of L−1 F s G(s)

1 1
Let, F s = , G s =
s 2 +a 2 s

1 1 1
L−1 F s = L−1 = a sinat = F t , L−1 G s = L−1 = 1 = G(t) ……..(A)
s 2 +a 2 s

By convolution theorem
t
L−1 F s G s = 0
F u G t − u du

1 1 t1
L−1 .s = sinau 1 du {∵ By (A)}
s 2 +a 2 0a

1 1 t
L−1 =a sinau du
s s 2 +a 2 0

cosau
Using sinau du = − a

Page 160 of 182

 1 1 cosau t
L−1 =a −
s s 2 +a 2 a 0

1 1 cosat cos 0
L−1 =a − − −
s s 2 +a 2 a a

1 1 cosat cos 0
L−1 =a − +
s s 2 +a 2 a a

1 1 cosat 1
L−1 =a − +a
s s 2 +a 2 a

1 11
L−1 = a a −cosat + 1
s s 2 +a 2

1 1
L−1 = a 2 1 − cosat
s s 2 +a 2

𝟏
(vii) We have to find 𝐋−𝟏 𝐬 𝟐 𝐬 𝟐 +𝐚𝟐

1 1 1
L−1 = L−1 . s2
s 2 s 2 +a 2 s 2 +a 2

This is in the form of L−1 F s G(s)

1 1
Let, F s = , G s = s2
s 2 +a 2

1 1 1
L−1 F s = L−1 = a sinat = F t , L−1 G s = L−1 = t = G(t) ……..(A)
s 2 +a 2 s2

By convolution theorem
t
L−1 F s G s = 0
F u G t − u du

1 t 1
L−1 = sinau t − u du {∵ By (A)}
s2 s 2 +a 2 0 a

1 1 t
L−1 =a sinau t − u du
s 2 s 2 +a 2 0

1 1 t
L−1 =a t − u sinau du
s 2 s 2 +a 2 0

1 1 t
L−1 =a t sinau − u sinau du
s2 s 2 +a 2 0

1 1 t
L−1 =a t sinau du − u sinau 0
s 2 s 2 +a 2

1 1 t
L−1 = a t sinau du − u sinau 0
s 2 s 2 +a 2

Using successive integration by parts in second integral

Page 161 of 182

 1 1 cosau cosau sinau t
L−1 =a t − − u − − 1 −
s2 s 2 +a 2 a a a2 0

1 1 t cosau u cosau sinau t

L−1 =a – − − +
s 2 s 2 +a 2 a a a2 0

1 1 t cosau u cosau sinau t

L−1 =a – + −
s2 s 2 +a 2 a a a2 0

1 1 t cosat t cosat sinat t cosa 0 0 cosa 0 sina 0

L−1 =a – + − − – + −
s2 s 2 +a 2 a a a2 a a a2

1 1 sinat t cos 0 0 cos 0 sin 0

L−1 =a − − – + −
s2 s 2 +a 2 a2 a a a2

1 1 sinat t 1 0 1 0
L−1 = − − – + −
s 2 s 2 +a 2 a a2 a a a2

1 1 sinat t
L−1 =a − − –a + 0 − 0
s 2 s 2 +a 2 a2

1 1 sinat t
L−1 =a − − –a
s 2 s 2 +a 2 a2

1 1 sinat t
L−1 =a − +a
s 2 s 2 +a 2 a2

1 1 t sinat
L−1 =a −
s 2 s 2 +a 2 a a2

1 11 sinat
L−1 = aa t−
s2 s 2 +a 2 a

1 1 sinat
L−1 = a2 t −
s2 s 2 +a 2 a

Note:
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒖
1. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒂
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒖
2. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒂
3. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟎 = 𝟎 , 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟎 = 𝟏

𝟏
(viii) We have to find 𝐋−𝟏 𝐬𝟐 𝐬 𝟐 −𝐚𝟐

1 1 1
L−1 = L−1 . s2
s2 s 2 −a 2 s 2 −a 2

This is in the form of L−1 F s G(s)

1 1
Let, F s = , G s = s2
s 2 −a 2

Page 162 of 182

 1 1 1
L−1 F s = L−1 = a sinhat = F t , L−1 G s = L−1 = t = G(t) ……… (A)
s 2 −a 2 s2

By convolution theorem
t
L−1 F s G s = 0
F u G t − u du

1 t1
L−1 = sinhau t − u du {∵ By (A)}
s 2 s 2 −a 2 0a

1 1 t
L−1 =a t − u sinhau du
s2 s 2 −a 2 0

1 1 t
L−1 =a t sinhau − u sinhau du
s 2 s 2 −a 2 0

1 1 t
L−1 =a t sinhau du − u sinhau 0
s 2 s 2 −a 2

1 1 t
L−1 = a t sinhau du − u sinhau 0
s2 s 2 −a 2

Using successive integration by parts in second integral

1 1 coshau coshau sinhau t

L−1 =a t − u − 1
s 2 s 2 −a 2 a a a2 0

1 1 t coshau u coshau sinhau t

L−1 =a − −
s2 s 2 −a 2 a a a2 0

1 1 t coshau u coshau sinhau t

L−1 =a − +
s 2 s 2 −a 2 a a a2 0

1 1 t coshat t coshat sinhat t cosha 0 0 cosha 0 sinha 0

L−1 =a − + − − +
s 2 s 2 −a 2 a a a2 a a a2

1 1 sinhat t cosh 0 0 cosh 0 sinh 0

L−1 =a − − +
s 2 s 2 −a 2 a2 a a a2

1 1 sinhat t (1) 0 1 0
L−1 =a − − + a2 ∵ sinh0 = 0, cosh0 = 1
s 2 s 2 −a 2 a2 a a

1 1 sinhat t
L−1 =a − −0+0
s 2 s 2 −a 2 a2 a

1 1 sinhat t
L−1 =a −
s 2 s 2 −a 2 a2 a

1 1 sinhat t
L−1 =a −a
s 2 s 2 −a 2 a2

1 1 1 sinhat
L−1 =a −t
s2 s 2 −a 2 a a

Page 163 of 182

 1 1 sinhat
L−1 = a2 −t
s 2 s 2 −a 2 a

𝟏
(ix) We have to find 𝐋−𝟏 (𝐬+𝟏) 𝐬+𝟗 𝟐

1 1 1
L−1 2
= L−1 .
(s+1) s+9 (s+9)2 s+1

This is in the form of L−1 F s G(s)

1 1
Let, F s = (s+9)2 , G s = s+1

1 e −9t t 2−1 1
L−1 F s = L−1 = = e−9t t = F t , L−1 G s = L−1 = e−t = G(t)
(s+9)2 (2−1)! s+1

……… (A)

By convolution theorem
t
L−1 F s G s = 0
F u G t − u du

1 1 t −9u
L−1 . = e u e−(t−u) du {∵ By (A)}
(s+9)2 s+1 0

1 t
L−1 = u e−9u e−t+u du
(s+1) s+9 2 0

1 t
L−1 = u e−9u e−t eu du {∵ 𝑒 −𝑚 +𝑛 = 𝑒 −𝑚 𝑒 𝑛 }
(s+1) s+9 2 0

1 t
L−1 2
= e−t 0
u e−9u eu du
(s+1) s+9

1 t
L−1 2
= e−t 0
u e−9u+u du {∵ 𝑒 −𝑚 𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑒 −𝑚 +𝑛 }
(s+1) s+9

1 t
L−1 = e−t u e−8u du
(s+1) s+9 2 0

Using successive integration by parts

t
1 e −8u e −8u 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
L−1 = e−t u − 1 {∵ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = }
(s+1) s+9 2 −8 64 0 𝑎

t
1 u e −8u e −8u
L−1 = e−t – −
(s+1) s+9 2 8 64 0

1 t e −8t e −8t 0 e −8 0 e −8 0
L−1 2
= e−t – − − – −
(s+1) s+9 8 64 8 64

1 t e −8t e −8t 0 e −0 e −0
L−1 2 = e−t – − − – −
(s+1) s+9 8 64 8 64

Page 164 of 182

 1 t e −8t e −8t 0 1 1
L−1 = e−t – − − – − 64
(s+1) s+9 2 8 64 8

1 t e −8t e −8t 1
L−1 2
= e−t – − − – 0 − 64
(s+1) s+9 8 64

1 t e −8t e −8t 1
L−1 2
= e−t – − − − 64
(s+1) s+9 8 64

1 t e −8t e −8t 1
L−1 2
= e−t − − + 64
(s+1) s+9 8 64

1 t e −t e −8t e −t e −8t e −t
L−1 =− − +
(s+1) s+9 2 8 64 64

1 t e −t−8t e −t−8t e −t
L−1 =− − + {∵ 𝑒 −𝑚 𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑒 −𝑚 +𝑛 }
(s+1) s+9 2 8 64 64

1 t e −9t e −9t e −t
L−1 =− − +
(s+1) s+9 2 8 64 64

𝟏
(x) We have to find 𝐋−𝟏 (𝐬−𝟐) 𝐬+𝟐 𝟐

1 1 1
L−1 = L−1 .
(s−2) s+2 2 (s+2)2 s−2

This is in the form of L−1 F s G(s)

1 1
Let, F s = , G s =
(s+2)2 s−2

1 e −2t t 2−1 1
L−1 F s = L−1 = = e−2t t = F t , L−1 G s = L−1 = e2t = G(t)
(s+2)2 (2−1)! s−2

….(A)

By convolution theorem
t
L−1 F s G s = 0
F u G t − u du

1 t −2u
L−1 2 = 0
e u e2(t−u) du {∵ By (A)}
(s−2) s+2

1 t
L−1 = u e−2u e2t−2u du
(s−2) s+2 2 0

1 t
L−1 = u e−2u e2t e−2u du {∵ 𝑒 𝑚 −𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝑒 −𝑛 }
(s−2) s+2 2 0

1 t
L−1 = e2t u e−2u e−2u du
(s−2) s+2 2 0

1 t
L−1 2
= e2t 0
u e−2u−2u du {∵ 𝑒 −𝑚 𝑒 −𝑛 = 𝑒 −𝑚 −𝑛 }
(s−2) s+2

Page 165 of 182

 1 t
L−1 = e2t u e−4u du
(s−2) s+2 2 0

Using successive integration by parts

t
1 e −4u e −4u 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
L−1 = e2t u − 1 {∵ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = }
(s−2) s+2 2 −4 16 0 𝑎

t
1 u e −4u e −4u
L−1 2
= e2t – −
(s−2) s+2 4 16 0

1 t e −4t e −4t 0 e −4 0 e −4 0
L−1 = e2t – − − – −
(s−2) s+2 2 4 16 4 16

1 t e −4t e −4t 0 e −0 e −0
L−1 = e2t – − − – −
(s−2) s+2 2 4 16 4 16

1 t e −4t e −4t 0 1 1
L−1 2
= e2t – − − – −
(s−2) s+2 4 16 4 16

1 t e −4t e −4t 1
L−1 2
= e2t – − − – 0 − 16
(s−2) s+2 4 16

1 t e −4t e −4t 1
L−1 2 = e2t – − − − 16
(s−2) s+2 4 16

1 t e −4t e −4t 1
L−1 = e2t – − + 16
(s−2) s+2 2 4 16

1 te 2t e −4t e 2t e −4t e 2t
L−1 =– − +
(s−2) s+2 2 4 16 16

1 t e 2t−4t e 2t−4t e 2t
L−1 2
=– − + {∵ 𝑒 𝑚 𝑒 −𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑚 −𝑛 }
(s−2) s+2 4 16 16

1 t e −2t e −2t e 2t
L−1 2 =– − +
(s−2) s+2 4 16 16

Home Assignment-9 (10 Marks)

𝑒 −3𝑠
Ex1. Find inverse Laplace transform of (02 Marks)
𝑠−2 3

1
Ex2. Find 𝐿−1 (02 Marks)
𝑠 𝑠 2 +25

𝑠+3
Ex3. Find inverse Laplace transform of 𝐿𝑜𝑔 (04 Marks)
𝑠2

∞ 1 𝑠
Ex4. Find 𝐿−1 − 𝑑𝑠 (02 Marks)
𝑠 𝑠 2 −9 𝑠 2 −36

Page 166 of 182

 Home Assignment-10 (10 Marks)
𝑠2
Ex1. Using convolution theorem, evaluate 𝐿−1 (05 Marks)
𝑠 2 +4 2

1
Ex2. Find 𝐿−1 (05 Marks)
𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 2

Applications of Laplace Transform in solving Differential Equation:

Laplace transform technique is a very powerful tool to solve the linear differential
equations. By the application of Laplace transform, the differential equation is transformed to an
ordinary algebraic equation which can be transformed in the form of complete solution. By its
application one variable (say t) can be eliminated in the partial differential equation. When
boundary conditions are the initial conditions i.e. t = 0 then the method is very useful.

Working procedure:

I. Take the Laplace transform of both sides of the given equation after putting the same in the
proper form.

II. Now use the following results to write the Laplace transform of the various derivatives.

L y′ = s y s − y(0)
L y′′ = s 2 y s − s y(0) − y′(0)

L y′′′ = s3 y s − s2 y 0 − sy ′ 0 − y ′′ (0)

L y n = sn y s − sn−1 y 0 − sn−2 y ′ 0 − s n−3 y ′′ 0 − ⋯ y n−1 (0)

III. Use Standard formulae/results for the Laplace transforms on RHS

IV: Solve using the given conditions and express L y in terms of parameter s i.e. L y = F(s)

V: Now take inverse Laplace transform of both sides and use standard formulae to get the
solution y = L−1 F s

VI: Finally find inverse Laplace transforms of RHS to get the complete solution
y s
Note: L y = y s , L y dt = , L−1 y s = y(t)
s

Page 167 of 182

Ex1. Using Laplace transforms, find the solution of the initial value problem

𝐲 ′′ + 𝟐𝟓𝐲 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟓𝐭 , 𝐲 𝟎 = 𝟐 , 𝐲 ′ 𝟎 = 𝟎

Sol: Given equation is

y ′′ + 25y = 10 cos5t

Taking Laplace transforms of both sides

L(y ′′ ) + 25 L(y) = 10 L(cos5t)

s s
s2 y s − s y 0 − y ′ 0 + 25 y s = 10 ∵ L cosat = s 2 +a 2
s 2 +52

Given y 0 = 2 , y ′ 0 = 0
10s
s2 y s − s (2) − 0 + 25 y s =
s 2 +25

10s
s2 y s − 2s + 25 y s = s 2 +25

10s
s2 y s − 2s + 25 y s = s 2 +25

10s
s2 y s + 25 y s = s 2 +25 + 2s

10s
(s 2 + 25) y s = s 2 +25 + 2s

1 10s
y s = (s 2 +25) + 2s
s 2 +25

10s 2s
y s = (s 2 +25)2 + s 2 +25

Taking inverse Laplace transforms of both sides

10s 2s
L−1 { y s } = L−1 + s 2 +25
(s 2 +25)2

s s
y t = 10 L−1 + 2 L−1 ∵ L−1 y s =y t
(s 2 +25)2 s 2 +25

s s
y t = 10 L−1 + 2 L−1
(s 2 +52 )2 s 2 +52

s s 1
Using L−1 = cosat , L −1 = 2a t sinat
s 2 +a 2 (s 2 +a 2 ) 2

1
y t = 10 t sin5t + 2 cos5t
2(5)

y t = t sin5t + 2cos5t This is the required solution.

Page 168 of 182

Ex2. Solve the following initial value problem

𝐲 ′′ + 𝐲 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑𝐭 , 𝐲 𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝐲 ′ 𝟎 = 𝟎

Sol: Given equation is

y ′′ + y = sin3t

Taking Laplace transforms of both sides

L(y ′′ ) + L y = L(sin3t)
3 𝑎
s2 y s − s y 0 − y′ 0 + y s = ∵ 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 = 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2
s 2 +32

Given y 0 = 0 , y ′ 0 = 0
3
s2 y s − s (0) − 0 + y s =
s 2 +9

3
s2 y s − 0 − 0 + y s = s 2 +9

3
s2 y s + y s = s 2 +9

3
s2 y s + y s = s 2 +9

3
s 2 + 1 y s = s 2 +9

3
y s = s 2 + 1 (s 2 +9)

Taking inverse Laplace transform of both sides

3
L−1 { y s } = L−1 s2 + 1 (s 2 +9)

1
y t = 3 L−1 ………. (A) ∵ L−1 y s =y t
s 2 + 1 (s 2 +9)

1
Applying convolution theorem to find L−1 s 2 + 1 (s 2 +9)

1 1 1
L−1 = L−1 .
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 s 2 +1 s 2 +9

This is in the form of L−1 F s G(s)

1 1
Let, F s = , G s =
s 2 +1 s 2 +9

1 1 1 1
L−1 F s = L−1 = sint = F t ,L−1 G s = L−1 L−1 = 3 sin3t = G(t)
s 2 +12 s 2 +9 s 2 +32

Page 169 of 182

 ……….(B)

By convolution theorem
t
L−1 F s G s = 0
F u G t − u du

1 1 t 1
L−1 . = sinu 3 sin3 t − u du {∵ By (B)}
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 0

1 1 t
L−1 =3 sinu sin 3t − 3u du
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 0

1
Using sinA sinB = 2 cos A − B − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵

1
sinu sin 3t − 3u = cos u − 3t − 3u − cos u + 3t − 3u
2

1
sinu sin 3t − 3u = 2 cos u − 3t + 3u − cos u + 3t − 3u

1
sinu sin 3t − 3u = 2 cos 4u − 3t − cos −2𝑢 + 3𝑡

1 1 t1
L−1 =3 cos 4u − 3t − cos −2𝑢 + 3𝑡 du
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 02

1 11 t
L−1 = 32 cos 4u − 3t − cos −2𝑢 + 3𝑡 du
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 0

1 1 t
L−1 = cos 4u − 3t du − cos −2𝑢 + 3𝑡 du 0
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 6

sin 𝑎𝑢 ±𝑏
Using cos au ± b du = a

1 1 sin 4𝑢 −3𝑡 sin −2𝑢+3𝑡 t

L−1 =6 −
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 −2 0

1 1 sin 4𝑢 −3𝑡 sin −2𝑢+3𝑡 t

L−1 =6 +
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 2 0

1 1 sin 4t−3t sin −2t+3t sin 4 0 −3t sin −2 0 +3t

L−1 =6 + − +
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 2 4 2

1 1 sint sint sin 0−3t sin −0+3t

L−1 =6 + − +
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 2 4 2

1 1 sint sint sin −3t sin 3t

L−1 =6 + − +
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 2 4 2

1 1 sint sint −sin 3t sin 3t

L−1 =6 + − + ∵ sin −θ = sinθ
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 2 4 2

1 1 1 1 −1 1
L−1 = 6 sint + 2 − sin3t +2
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 4

Page 170 of 182

 1 1 6 2
L−1 = 6 sint − sin3t
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 8 8

1 1 3 1
L−1 = 6 sint − sin3t
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4 4

1 1 3 1
L−1 =6 sint − 4 sin3t
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4

1 1 1
L−1 =6 3sint − sin3t
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 4

1 1
L−1 = 24 3sint − sin3t
s 2 +1 s 2 +9

1 3 1
L−1 = 24 sint − 24 sin3t
s 2 +1 s 2 +9

1 1 1
L−1 = sint − sin3t
s 2 +1 s 2 +9 8 24

1 1 1
L−1 = 8 sint − 24 sin3t
s 2 +1 s 2 +9

Equation (A) becomes

1
y t = 3 L−1 s2 + 1 (s 2 +9)

1 1
y t =3 sint − 24 sin3t
8

3 3
y t = 8 sint − 24 sin3t

3 1
y t = 8 sint − 8 sin3t

This is the required solution.

Ex3. Solve: 𝐲 ′′ + 𝟗𝐲 = 𝟗 𝐮(𝐭 − 𝟑) , 𝐲 𝟎 = 𝐲′ 𝟎 = 𝟎 by using Laplace transform.

Sol: Given equation is

y ′′ + 9y = 9 u t − 3

Taking Laplace transforms of both sides

L(y ′′ ) + 9 L(y) = 9 L u t − 3
e −3s e −as
s2 y s − s y 0 − y′ 0 + 9 y s = 9 ∵ L U t−a =
s s

Given y 0 = y′ 0 = 0

Page 171 of 182

 9 e −3s
s2 y s − s 0 − 0 + 9 y s = s

9 e −3s
s2 y s − 0 − 0 + 9 y s = s

9 e −3s
s2 y s + 9 y s = s

9 e −3s
s2 y s + 9 y s = s

9 e −3s
(s 2 + 9) y s = s

9 e −3s
y s = s (s 2 +9)

Taking inverse Laplace transforms of both sides

9 e −3s
L−1 { y s } = L−1 s (s 2 +9)

e −3s
y t = 9 L−1 ……………. (A) ∵ L−1 y s =y t
s (s 2 +9)

e −3s 1
Now we find L−1 i.e. L−1 e−3s s (s 2 +9)
s (s 2 +9)

This is in the form of L−1 e−as F s

1
Here F s = & 𝑎=3
s (s 2 +9)

1
Now, L−1 F s = L−1 …………(B)
s (s 2 +9)

1
We find L−1 separately
s (s 2 +9)

1 1
1 𝑠 2 +9 1
Now, L−1 i.e. L−1 ∵ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9 𝑠 𝑎

G s
This is in the form of L −1
s

1
Here G s = 𝑠 2 +9

1
L −1 G s = L −1 𝑠 2 +9

1
L −1 G s = L −1 𝑠 2 +32

Page 172 of 182

 1 1 1
L −1 G s = 3 sin3t = g(t) ……….. (1) ∵ L −1 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 +𝑎 2

G s t
Using L −1 = 0
g t dt
s

1
−1 𝑠 2 +9 t
∴ L = 0
g t dt
𝑠

1 t1
L−1 = sin3t dt ∵ By 1
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9 03

1 1 t
L−1 =3 sin3t dt
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9 0

1 1 cos 3t t co sax
L−1 = − ∵ sinax dx = −
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9 3 3 0 a

1 1 1 t
L−1 = 3 −3 cos3t 0
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

1 1 t
L−1 = − 9 cos3t 0
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

1 1
L−1 = − 9 cos3t − cos3(0)
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

1 1
L−1 = − 9 cos3t − cos0
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

1 1
L−1 = − 9 cos3t − 1
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

1 1
L−1 = 9 −cos3t + 1
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

1 1
L−1 = 9 1 − cos3t
𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

Equation (B) becomes

1
L−1 F s = L−1 s (s 2 +9)

1
L−1 F s = 9 1 − cos3t = 𝑓 𝑡 ………..(2)

Using L−1 e−as F s =f t−a U t−a

1
L−1 e−3s =f t−a U t−a
s (s 2 +9)

e −3s
L−1 = f t−3 U t−3 ∵ Here 𝑎 = 3
s (s 2 +9)

Page 173 of 182

 e −3s 1
L−1 = 9 1 − cos3(t − 3) U t − 3 [By (2)]
s (s 2 +9)

Equation (A) becomes

e −3s
y t = 9 L−1 s (s 2 +9)

1
y t =9 1 − cos3(t − 3) U t − 3
9

y t = 1 − cos3(t − 3) U t − 3

This is the required solution.

𝒅𝒊
Note: = 𝒊′ where ′ stands for derivative.
𝒅𝒕

𝐝𝐢
Ex4. Solve by Laplace transform: 𝐋 𝐝𝐭 + 𝐑𝐢 = 𝐄, 𝐢 𝟎 = 𝟎

Sol: Given equation is

di
L dt + Ri = E

Dividing both sides by L

L di
+ Ri = E
L dt

di R E
+Li=L
dt

R E
i′ + L 𝑖 = L

Taking Laplace transforms of both sides

𝑅 𝐸
𝐿(𝑖 ′ ) + 𝐿 𝐿(𝑖) = 𝐿(1)
𝐿

𝑅 𝐸 1
𝑠𝑖 𝑠 −𝑖 0 +𝐿 𝑖 𝑠 = 𝐿 𝑠

Given 𝑖 0 = 0
𝑅 𝐸
𝑠𝑖 𝑠 −0 + 𝐿 𝑖 𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠

𝑅 𝐸
𝑠𝑖 𝑠 + 𝐿 𝑖 𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠

𝑅 𝐸
𝑠 𝑖 𝑠 + 𝐿 𝑖 𝑠 = 𝐿𝑠

R E
s + L i s = Ls

Page 174 of 182

 E
i s = R
Ls s+
L

Taking inverse Laplace transforms of both sides

E
L−1 i s = L−1 R
L s s+
L

𝐸 1
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝑅 …………. (P) ∵ L−1 y s =y t
𝐿 𝑠 𝑠+
𝐿

1
Now we find L−1 R by partial fraction method
s s+
L

1 A B
R = + R …….. (Q)
s s+ s s+
L L

1 1 1 L
Now, A = R = R =R =R
s+ 0+
L s=0 L L

1 1 L
B= R = R = −R
s s =− −
L L

Equation (Q) becomes

L L
1 −
R R
R = + R
s s+ s s+
L L

1 L 1 L 1
R =R + −R R
s s+ s s+
L L

1 L 1 L 1
R =R −R R
s s+ s s+
L L

1 L 1 1
R =R − R
s s+ s s+
L L

Taking inverse Laplace transform of both sides

1 L 1 1
L−1 R = L−1 − R
s s+ R s s+
L L

1 L 1 1
L−1 R = R L−1 − R
s s+ s s+
L L

1 L 1 1
L−1 R = R L−1 − L−1 R
s s+ s s+
L L

Page 175 of 182

 R
1 L 1 1
L−1 R = R 1 − e− L t ∵ L−1 = 1 , L−1 = e−at
s s+ s s+a
L

Equation (P) becomes

𝐸 1
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝑅
𝐿 𝑠 𝑠+
𝐿

𝑅
𝐸 𝐿
𝑖 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑒 −𝐿 𝑡
𝐿 𝑅

𝑅
𝐸
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑅 1 − 𝑒 −𝐿 𝑡

This is the required solution.

𝐝𝐢
Ex5. Solve by Laplace transform: 𝐋 + 𝐑𝐢 = 𝛅 𝐭 − 𝟐 , 𝐢 𝟎 = 𝟎
𝐝𝐭

Sol: Given equation is

di
L dt + Ri = δ t − 2

Dividing both sides by L

𝐿 𝑑𝑖 𝑅 1
+𝐿𝑖 =𝐿 𝛿 𝑡−2
𝐿 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖 𝑅 1
+𝐿𝑖 =𝐿 𝛿 𝑡−2
𝑑𝑡

𝑅 1
i.e. 𝑖′ + 𝐿 𝑖 = 𝐿 𝛿 𝑡 − 2

Taking Laplace transforms of both sides

𝑅 1
𝐿(𝑖 ′ ) + 𝐿 𝐿(𝑖) = 𝐿 𝐿 𝛿 𝑡 − 2

R 1
s i s − i 0 + L i s = L e−2s ∵𝐿 𝛿 𝑡−𝑎 = e−as

Given i 0 = 0
R 1
s i s − 0 + L i s = L e−2s

R 1
s i s − 0 + L i s = L e−2s

R 1
s i s + L i s = L e−2s

R 1
s i s + L i s = L e−2s

Page 176 of 182

 R 1
s + L i s = L e−2s

1 e −2s
i s =L R
s+
L

Taking inverse Laplace transforms of both sides

1 e −2s
L−1 i s = L−1 R
L s+
L

1 e −2s
i t = L−1 R …………. (A) ∵ L−1 y s =y t
L s+
L

e −2s 1
We find L−1 R i.e. L−1 e−2s R
s+ s+
L L

This is in the form of L−1 e−as F s

1
Here F s = R
s+
L

1
∴ L −1 F s = L −1 R
s+
L

R
1
L −1 F s = e−L t = f(t) ………. (1) ∵ L −1 = e−at
s+a

Using L−1 e−as F s =f t−a U t−a

1
∴ L−1 e−2s R = f t − 2 U(t − 2) ∵a=2
s+
L

R
e −2s
L−1 R = e−L (t−2) U t − 2 {∵ By (1) }
s+
L

Equation (A) becomes

1 e −2s
i t = L−1 R
L s+
L

R
1
i t = e− L (t−2) U t − 2
L

This is the required solution.

Page 177 of 182

 𝐝𝐢 𝟏
Ex6. Solve by Laplace transform: 𝐋 𝐝𝐭 + 𝐜 𝐢 𝐝𝐭 = 𝐄 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐩𝐭 , 𝐢 = 𝟎, 𝐪 = 𝟎 when 𝐭 = 𝟎 where

𝟏
𝐩𝟐 = 𝐋𝐂

Sol: Given equation is

di 1
L dt + c i dt = E sinpt

Dividing both sides by L

𝐿 di 1 E
+ Lc i dt = L sinpt
𝐿 dt

di 1 E
+ i dt = sinpt
dt Lc L

1 E
i′ + Lc i dt = L sinpt

E 1
i′ + p 2 i dt = L sinpt ∵ p2 = LC

Taking Laplace transforms of both sides

E
L(i′ ) + p2 L{ i dt} = L L(sinpt)

i s E p y s
s i s − i 0 + p2 =L ∵L y dt =
s s 2 +p 2 s

Given i 0 = 0

i s E p
s i s − 0 + p2 =L
s s 2 +p 2

i s E p
s i s + p2 s
=L s 2 +p 2

i s E p
s i s + p2 =L
s s 2 +p 2

p2 E p
s + i s =
s L s 2 +p 2

s p2 E p
+ i s =L
1 s s 2 +p 2

s 2 +p 2 E p a c ad +bc
i s =L ∵b+d =
s s 2 +p 2 bd

s E p
i s = s 2 +p 2 L s 2 +p 2

Page 178 of 182

 E ps
i s =L s 2 +p 2 2

Taking inverse Laplace transforms of both sides

E ps
L−1 { i s } = L−1 L s 2 +p 2 2

pE s
i(t) = L−1 …………. (A) ∵ L−1 y s =y t
L s 2 +p 2 2

s
We find L−1 by convolution theorem
s 2 +p 2 2

s 1 s
L−1 = L−1 .
s 2 +p 2 2 s 2 +p 2 s 2 +p 2

This is in the form of L−1 F s G(s)

1 s
Let, F s = , G s =
s 2 +p 2 s 2 +p 2

1 1 s
L−1 F s = L−1 = p sinpt = F t , L−1 G s = L−1 = cospt = G(t)
s 2 +p 2 s 2 +p 2

………..(B)

By convolution theorem
t
L−1 F s G s = 0
F u G t − u du

s t1
L−1 = sinpu cosp t − u du {∵ By (B)}
s 2 +p 2 2 0p

s 1 t
L−1 =p sinpu cos pt − pu du
s 2 +p 2 2 0

1
Using sinA cosB = sin A + B + sin A − B
2

1
sinpu cos pt − pu = 2 sin pu + pt − pu + sin pu − pt − pu

1
sinpu cos pt − pu = 2 sin pu + pt − pu + sin pu − pt + pu

1
sinpu cos pt − pu = 2 sinpt + sin 2pu − pt

s 1 t1
L−1 =p sinpt + sin 2pu − pt du
s 2 +p 2 2 02

s 1 t
L−1 = 2p sinpt + sin 2pu − pt du
s 2 +p 2 2 0

s 1 t
L−1 = 2p sinpt du + sin 2pu − pt du 0
s 2 +p 2 2

Page 179 of 182

 s 1 t
L−1 = 2p sinpt du + sin 2pu − pt du 0
s 2 +p 2 2

cos (ax +b)

Using sin ax + b dx = − a

s 1 cos 2pu −pt t

L−1 = 2p sinpt u + −
s 2 +p 2 2 2p 0

s 1 cos 2pu −pt t

L−1 = 2p u sinpt −
s 2 +p 2 2 2p 0

s 1 cos 2pt −pt cos 2p 0 −pt

L−1 = 2p t sinpt − − (0)sinpt −
s 2 +p 2 2 2p 2p

s 1 cospt cos 0−pt

L−1 = t sinpt − − 0−
s 2 +p 2 2 2p 2p 2p

s 1 cospt cos −pt

L−1 = 2p t sinpt − − 0−
s 2 +p 2 2 2p 2p

s 1 cospt cospt
L−1 = 2p t sinpt − − 0− ∵ cos −θ = cosθ
s 2 +p 2 2 2p 2p

s 1 cospt cospt
L−1 = 2p t sinpt − − −
s 2 +p 2 2 2p 2p

s 1 cospt cospt
L−1 = 2p t sinpt − +
s 2 +p 2 2 2p 2p

s 1
L−1 = 2p t sinpt
s 2 +p 2 2

Equation (A) becomes

pE s
i(t) = L−1
L s 2 +p 2 2

pE 1
i(t) = t sinpt
L 2p

E
i t = 2L t sinpt

This is the required solution.

Ex7. A voltage 𝐄𝐞−𝐚𝐭 is applied at 𝐭 = 𝟎 to a circuit of inductance 𝐋 and resistance 𝐑. show

𝐑𝐭
𝐄
that the current at time 𝐭 is 𝐑−𝒂𝑳 𝐞−𝐚𝐭 − 𝐞− 𝐋

Sol: We know that the equation of L-R circuit is given by

di
L dt + Ri = E e−at

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Dividing both sides by L
L di R E
+ L i = L e−at
L dt

di R E
+ L i = L e−at
dt

R E
i′ + L i = L e−at

Taking Laplace transforms of both sides

R E
L(i′ ) + L L(i) = L L{e−at }

R E 1
si s −i 0 + i s =
L L s+a

Initially i 0 = 0
R E 1
si s −0 +L i s = L s+a

R E 1
si s +L i s =L s+a

R E 1
s +L i s =L s+a

E 1
i s =L R
(s+a) s +
L

Taking inverse Laplace transforms of both sides

E 1
L−1 { i s } = L−1 L (s+a) s +R
L

E 1
i t = L L−1 R …….. (P) ∵ L−1 y s =y t
(s+a) s +
L

1
We find L−1 R by partial fraction method
(s+a) s +
L

1 A B
R = + R ……………(Q)
(s+a) s + s+a s+
L L

1 1 1 1 1 L
Now, A = R = R = a R = −aL +R = R −aL = R−aL
s+ –a+ – +
L s=−a L 1 L L L

1 1 1 1 1 L L L
B= s+a s =−R
= R = R a = −R +aL = aL −R = aL −R = − R−aL = − R−aL
− +a − +
L L L 1 L L

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Equation (Q) becomes
L L
1 −
R −aL R −aL
R = + R
(s+a) s + s+a s+
L L

1 L 1 L 1
R = R−aL + − R−aL R
(s+a) s + s+a s+
L L

1 L 1 L 1
R = R−aL − R−aL R
(s+a) s + s+a s+
L L

1 L 1 1
R = R−aL − R
(s+a) s + s+a s+
L L

Taking inverse Laplace transform of both sides

1 L 1 1
L−1 R = R−aL L−1 − R
(s+a) s + s+a s+
L L

1 L 1 1
L−1 R = R−aL L−1 − L−1 R
(s+a) s + s+a s+
L L

R
1 L
L−1 R = R−aL e−at − e− L t
(s+a) s +
L

Equation (P) becomes

E 1
i t = L L−1 R
(s+a) s +
L

R
E L
i t =L e−at − e− L t
R−aL

R
E
i t = R−aL e−at − e− L t

Hence proved.

BY PROF. ZAMEER SHAIKH

_____________________________END OF UNIT_IV_________________________________

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