Vector Integration

Page 1 of 90
Unit-III Vector Integration

Introduction: The line integral of a vector field plays a crucial role in vector calculus. Out of
the four fundamental theorems of vector calculus, three of them involve line integrals of
vector fields. Green's theorem and Stokes' theorem relate line integrals around closed curves
to double integrals or surface integrals. If you have a conservative vector field, you can relate
the line integral over a curve to quantities just at the curve's two boundary points. It's worth
the effort to develop a good understanding of line integrals.
INTEGRATION OF VECTORS
There are three types
(i) Line integral
(ii) Surface integral
(iii) Volume integral
Line integral: Any integral which is to be evaluated along a curve is called line integral.
Let 𝐹 = 𝑓1 𝑖 + 𝑓2 𝑗 + 𝑓3 𝑘 be a vector function defined throughout some region of space and let
C be any curve in that region then the line integral is defined as
Line Integral = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑇 𝑑𝑠
Where 𝑇 the unit is vector along tangent to the curve and 𝑑𝑠 is the elementary length of arc
of C.
If 𝑟 is a position vector of any point P of C then

𝑑𝑟
𝑇=
𝑑𝑠
Where 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘
∴ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑓1 𝑖 + 𝑓2 𝑗 + 𝑓3 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑓1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑓3 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑟
∴ 𝐶
𝐹 𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑠
𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐶
(𝑓1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑓3 𝑑𝑧)
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Physical Interpretation of 𝑪
𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 : If 𝐹 represents a force acting on a particle moving
along the curve C then the line integral 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 represents the work done by the force.
work done = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
Circulation: If 𝐹 represents the velocity of a liquid then 𝐶

𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 is called the circulation of 𝐹
round the curve C.
Conservative Field: If 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 0 then the field 𝐹 is called conservative, i.e. no work is
done and the energy is conserved.
If curl𝐹 = ∇ × 𝐹 = 0 then 𝐹 is conservative.
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Where 𝐹 = 𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘, ∇= 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧
Note: When the path of integration is a closed curve then the notation of integration is in
place of
Work done on conservative field:
Type-I: When the path of integration is not given only end points are given
Method of finding work done when the path of integration is not given only end points are
given
Step I: Write down given vector 𝐹 = 𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘 , 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Step II: Find out 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = ∇ × 𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹3
If 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 0 then 𝐹 is conservative field.
Work done depends on end points.
Step III: Find out 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟
Step IV: Convert the terms of 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 in the form of 𝑑(𝑢 𝑣) by pairing the terms.
Step V: Work done = 𝐶

𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
Put up the expansion of 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 and given limits in the integration.
Step VI: Find out integration with the given limits.
The result we get will be the required work done.
Page 3 of 90
Ex1. Find the work done by the force 𝑭 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒛𝟑 𝒊 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒋 + 𝟑𝒙 𝒛𝟐 𝒌
along the curve between 𝟏, −𝟐, 𝟏 to 𝟑, 𝟏, 𝟒
Ans: Given, 𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 𝑘
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
Now, 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = ∇ × 𝐹
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 𝑥2
3𝑥 𝑧 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 3𝑥 𝑧 2 − 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 2 − 𝑗 3𝑥 𝑧 2 − 𝜕𝑧 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 +𝑘 𝑥 2 − 𝜕𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 3𝑥 𝑧 2 − 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 2 − 𝑗 3𝑥 𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝜕𝑧 𝑧 3 + 𝑘 𝑥 2 − 𝜕𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝜕𝑦 𝑧 3
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 0 − 𝑗 3(1) 𝑧 2 − 0 − 3𝑧 2 + 𝑘 2𝑥 − 2𝑥(1) − 0
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 0 − 𝑗 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 2 + 𝑘 2𝑥 − 2𝑥
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 𝑗 0 + 𝑘 0
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 0 − 0 + 0
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 0
𝐹 is conservative
Now, 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 {Pairing terms}
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑 𝑧 3 𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑦 {∵ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑(𝑢 𝑣)}
We know that
work done = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
3,1,4
work done = (1,−2,1)
𝑑 𝑧3𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑥2𝑦
Page 4 of 90
3,1,4
work done = 𝑑 𝑧3𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑥2𝑦 1,−2,1
3,1,4
work done = 𝑧 3 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 1,−2,1 [∵ 𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)]
3
work done = 4 3 + 3 2 (1) − 1 3
1 + 1 2
−2
work done = 64 3 + (9)(1) − 1 (1) + 1 (−2)
work done = 192 + 9 − 1 − 2
work done = 201 − −1
work done = 201 + 1
work done = 202 Units
Ex2. Find the work done by the force
𝑭 = 𝟐𝒙𝒛𝟑 + 𝟔𝒚 𝒊 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚𝒛 𝒋 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒌
along the curve from (0,0,0) to (1,0,0) then (1,0,0) to (1,1,1)
Ans: Given, 𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑧 3 + 6𝑦 𝑖 + 6𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
3
2𝑥𝑧 + 6𝑦 6𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 3𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑦 2
2 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝜕𝑧 6𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 −𝑗 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝜕𝑧 2𝑥𝑧 3 + 6𝑦 +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕
𝑘 6𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑧 3 + 6𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 − 𝑦2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 −𝑗 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 − 𝑦2 − 2𝑥𝑧 3 + 6𝑦 +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑘 6𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑧 3 + 6𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 2𝑦 − 0 − 2𝑦(1) − 𝑗 3(2𝑥)𝑧 2 − 0 − 2𝑥 3𝑧 2 + 0 + 𝑘 6(1) − 0 − 0 + 6(1)
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 2𝑦 − 0 − 2𝑦 −𝑗 6𝑥𝑧 2 − 0 − 6𝑥𝑧 2 + 0 + 𝑘 6 − 0 − 0 + 6
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 −2𝑦 − −2𝑦 −𝑗 6𝑥𝑧 2 − 6𝑥𝑧 2 +𝑘 6 − 6
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 −2𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 𝑗 6𝑥𝑧 2 − 6𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑘 6 − 6
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 𝑗 0 + 𝑘 0
Page 5 of 90
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 0 − 0 + 0
Now, 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥𝑧 3 + 6𝑦 𝑖 + 6𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥𝑧 3 + 6𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = −𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 − 2𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 6𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 {Pairing}
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 6 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 2 (3𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 [Adjustment]
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = −𝑑 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 6 𝑑(𝑦𝑥) + 𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑧 3 {∵ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑(𝑢 𝑣)}
We know that
Work done = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 .......... (1)
(i) Along a curve from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 0)
Equation (1) becomes

(1,0,0)
Work done = (0,0,0)
−𝑑 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 6 𝑑(𝑦𝑥) + 𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑧 3
1,0,0
work done = − 𝑑 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 6 𝑑(𝑦𝑥) + 𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑧 3 (0,0,0)
1,0,0
1,0,0
work done = −𝑦 2 𝑧 + 6𝑦𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 3 (0,0,0)
work done = − 0 2 (0) + 6(0)(1) + (1)2 (0)3 — − 0 2

0 +6 0 0 + 0 2
0 3
work done = −0 + 0 + 0 — −0 + 0 + 0
work done = 0
(ii) Along a curve from (1, 0,0) to (1,1,1)

(1,1,1)
Work done = (1,0,0)
−𝑑 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 6 𝑑(𝑦𝑥) + 𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑧 3
Page 6 of 90
1,1,1
1,1,1
1,1,1
work done = −𝑦 2 𝑧 + 6𝑦𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 3 (1,0,0) [∵ 𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)]
work done = − 1 2 (1) + 6(1)(1) + (1)2 (1)3 — − 0 2

0 +6 0 1 + 1 2
0 3
work done = − 1 1 + 6 1 1 + 1 (1) — − 0 0 + 6 0 1 + 1 (0)
work done = −1 + 6 + 1 — −0 + 0 + 0
work done = 6 — 0
work done = 6 − 0
work done = 6
Total work done = 0 + 6 = 6 units

𝝅
𝑭 = 𝒚𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒛𝟑 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒋 + 𝟑𝒙 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒌 from 𝟎, 𝟏, −𝟏 to , −𝟏, 𝟐
𝟐
Ans: Given, 𝐹 = 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑧 3 𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4 𝑗 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 + 2 𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑧 3 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4 2
3𝑥 𝑧 + 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 3𝑥 𝑧 2 + 2 − 𝜕𝑧 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4 −𝑗 3𝑥 𝑧 2 + 2 − 𝜕𝑧 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑧 3 +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕
𝑘 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4 − 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑧 3
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 3𝑥 𝑧 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 − 𝜕𝑧 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝜕𝑧 4 − 𝑗 3𝑥 𝑧 2 + 𝜕𝑥 2 − 𝜕𝑧 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝜕𝑧 𝑧 3 +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑘 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝜕𝑥 4 − 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦 𝑧 3
𝜕𝑥
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 0 + 0 − 0 + 0 − 𝑗 3(1) 𝑧 2 + 0 − 0 − 3𝑧 2 + 𝑘 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 0 − 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 0
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 𝑗 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 2 + 𝑘 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 𝑗 0 + 𝑘 0
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 0 − 0 + 0
Page 7 of 90
Now, 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑧 3 𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4 𝑗 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 + 2 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 + 2 𝑑𝑧
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 + 2𝑑𝑧
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑑𝑧 {Pairing terms}
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑 𝑧 3 𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑑𝑧 {∵ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑(𝑢 𝑣)}
We know that
work done = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
𝜋
,−1,2
work done = 2
(0,1,−1)
𝑑 𝑧 3 𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑑𝑧
𝜋
,−1,2
3 2 2
work done = 𝑑 𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑧 0,1,−1
𝜋
,−1,2
work done = 𝑑 𝑧 3 𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑧 2
0,1,−1
𝜋
,−1,2
3 2 2
work done = 𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 0,1,−1
[∵ 𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)]
3 𝜋 𝜋
work done = 2 + (−1)2 sin − 4(−1) + 2 2 − −1 3 (0) + 1 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛0 − 4(1) + 2(−1)
2 2
𝜋
work done = 8 2
+ (1) 1 + 4 + 4 − −1 0 + 1 0 −4−2
work done = 4𝜋 + 1 + 4 + 4 − 0 + 0 − 6
work done = 4𝜋 + 9 − −6
work done = 4𝜋 + 9 + 6
work done = 4𝜋 + 15 Units
work done = 64 3 + (9)(1) − 1 (1) + 1 (−2)
work done = 192 + 9 − 1 − 2
work done = 201 − −1
work done = 201 + 1
work done = 202 Units.
Page 8 of 90
𝑭 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒊 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚𝒛 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚𝒛 𝒌

𝝅
from 𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝟎, 𝟐 , 𝟏
Ans: Given, 𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦𝑧 𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 − 𝑗 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕
𝑘 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥2𝑧2 − 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 − 𝑗 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑘 𝑥2𝑧2 + 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 2𝑥 2 1 𝑧 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 𝑧
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
− 𝑗 2(2𝑥)𝑦𝑧 + 0 − 2𝑥𝑦(2𝑧) + 𝑘 (2𝑥)𝑧 2 + 0 − 2𝑥(1)𝑧 2
𝜕 𝜕
Using 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑦 = −𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑦 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑧 = −𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑧
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 2𝑥 2 𝑧 + −𝑦𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 (1) − 2𝑥 2 𝑧 − {— 𝑧𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 (1) ]
− 𝑗 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 0 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑘 2𝑥𝑧 2 + 0 − 2𝑥𝑧 2
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 2𝑥 2 𝑧 + −𝑦𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥 2 𝑧— {−𝑧𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 ] − 𝑗 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑧
+ 𝑘 2𝑥𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑧 2
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 2𝑥 2 𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥 2 𝑧 + 𝑧𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 − 𝑗 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑘 2𝑥𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑧 2
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 𝑗 0 + 𝑘 0
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 0 − 0 + 0
Now, 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
Page 9 of 90
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑧2 + 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥2 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧 {Pairing terms}
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑦 {∵ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑(𝑢 𝑣)}
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 𝑑 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑦 {𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑(𝑢 𝑣)}
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑧 + 𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑦 ∵ 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑓 𝑥 𝑑 𝑓 𝑥
We know that
work done = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
𝜋
0, ,1
work done = 2
(1,0,1)
𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑧 + 𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 2
𝜋
0, ,1
2 2 2
work done = 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑧 + 𝑑 𝑥 𝑦𝑧 1,0,1
𝜋
0, ,1
work done = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 2 2
1,0,1
[∵ 𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)]
𝜋 2 𝜋
work done = sin ×1 + 0 (1)2 − sin 0 × 1 + 1 2 (0)(1)2
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
work done = sin + 0 (1) − sin 0 + 1 (0)(1)
2 2
work done = 1 + 0 − 0 + 0
work done = 1 − 0
work done = 1 Units
Home Assignment-1 (10 Marks)
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑗 from (1,2) to (3,4) (05 Marks)
Ex2. Determine the work done by the force
𝐹 = 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + (𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 + 𝑦 2 )𝑘

𝜋
from 0,0,0 𝑡𝑜 , 1 ,0 (05 Marks)
2
Page 10 of 90
Type-II: When the path of integration is given with end points
Method of finding work done when the path of integration is given with end points
StepI: Write down given vector 𝐹 = 𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘 , 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
StepII: Find out 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟
StepIII: Work done = 𝐶

𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
Put up the value of 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 and given limits in integration.
StepIV: Along the given curve fixed x or y, then find dx or dy accordingly.
StepV : If x is fixed , write down the limits for y OR If y is fixed , write down the limits for
x
StepV: Find out integration with given limits. The result we get will be the required work
done.
Key Points: (i) whenever the given curve is a circle of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2
We use parametric equations of circle as follows
𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Along circle 𝜃 ∶ 0 to 2π
𝑥2 𝑦2
(ii) Whenever the given curve is an ellipse of the form + 𝑏2 = 1
𝑎2
We use parametric equations of ellipse as
𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Along ellipse 𝜃 ∶ 0 to 2π
(iii) The equation of straight line passing through two points 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 is given by
the formula
𝑦 −𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 2 −𝑥 1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
2 1
(iv) The equation of straight line passing through two points 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 is given by
the formula
𝑥−𝑎 𝑦−𝑏 𝑧−𝑐
= =
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
Page 11 of 90
(v) Reduction formulae
𝜋/2 𝑛 −1 𝑛 −3 𝑛−5 …. 𝜋
1. 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = × 2 , if 𝑛 is even
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛 −4 …
𝑛 −1 𝑛 −3 𝑛−5 ….
= × 1 , if 𝑛 is odd
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛 −4 …
𝜋/2 𝑛 −1 𝑛−3 𝑛 −5 …. 𝜋
2. 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = × 2 , if 𝑛 is even
𝑛 𝑛 −2 𝑛−4 …
𝑛 −1 𝑛 −3 𝑛−5 ….
= × 1, if 𝑛 is odd
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛 −4 …
𝜋/2 𝑚 −1 𝑚 −3 𝑚 −5 … 𝑛−1 𝑛 −3 𝑛−5 … 𝜋

3. 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = × , if m and n are even
𝑚 +𝑛 𝑚 +𝑛−2 𝑚 +𝑛−4 …. 2
𝑚 −1 𝑚 −3 𝑚 −5 … 𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛 −5 …
= × 1 for all other values of
𝑚 +𝑛 𝑚 +𝑛−2 𝑚 +𝑛−4 ….
m,n
2𝜋 𝜋/2
4. 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , if 𝑛 is even
= 0 , if 𝑛 is odd
2𝜋 𝜋/2
5. 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , for all values of 𝑛
2𝜋 𝜋/2
6. 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , if 𝑚 is even
= 0 , if 𝑚 is odd
Ex1 .Find the work done when a force 𝑭 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒊 + 𝒙𝒚 𝒋 moves a particle in x-y plane
from
𝟎, 𝟎 to 𝟏, 𝟏 along the path 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙
Ans: Given
𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑗
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑗 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
We know that
Work done = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
(1,1) 2
Work done = (0,0)
(𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦) ……….. (1) {∵ Limits are given (0, 0) to (1, 1)}
Along 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 {Given}
Page 12 of 90
𝑥 = 𝑦 2 (fixed)
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑(𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
Also, Limits for 𝑦 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 1

1
Work done = 0
(𝑦 2 ) 2 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1
Work done = 0
𝑦 4 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 {∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛 }
1
Work done = 0
2𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
1
Work done = 2𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
0
1
Work done = 2 𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
0
1
𝑦 5+1 𝑦 3+1 𝑥 𝑛 +1
Work done = 2 + {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
5+1 3+1 0 𝑛+1
1
𝑦6 𝑦4
Work done = 2 +
6 4 0
1
𝑦6 𝑦4
Work done = +
3 4 0
16 14 06 04
Work done = + − +
3 4 3 4
1 1 0 0
Work done = +4 − +4
3 3
1 1
Work done = + − 0+0
3 4
1 1
Work done = 3 + 4
7
Work done = 12 units {By using calculator}
Ex2. Calculate the work done in moving a particle in force field given by
𝑭 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒊 + 𝒚 𝒋 along 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒚 from (0,0) to (4,4)
Ans: Given, 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
Page 13 of 90
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
We know that
work done = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
4,4
work done = 0,0
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ……….. (1) {∵ Limits are given (0, 0) to (4, 4)}
Along 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 {Given}
4𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝑥2
𝑦= (fixed)
4
𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑 4
1
𝑑𝑦 = 4 𝑑 𝑥 2
1
𝑑𝑦 = 4 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑑𝑥
Also, Limits for 𝑥: 0 𝑡𝑜 4

2
4 𝑥2 𝑥2 1
work done = 0
𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4 2
2
4 2 𝑥2 𝑥3
work done = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
0 (4)2 8
4 𝑥4 𝑥3
work done = 0
𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 {∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛 }
16 8
4 𝑥6 𝑥3
work done = 0
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
16 8
4
𝑥6 𝑥3
work done = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
16 8 0
1 1 4
work done = 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 + 8 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
16 0
4
1 𝑥 6+1 1 𝑥 3+1 𝑥 𝑛 +1
work done = +8 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
16 6+1 3+1 0 𝑛 +1
4
1 𝑥7 1 𝑥4
work done = +8
16 7 4 0
4
𝑥7 𝑥4
work done = +
112 32 0
Page 14 of 90
47 44 07 04
work done = + − +
112 32 112 32
47 44 0 0
work done = + − +
112 32 112 32
47 44
work done = + − 0+0
112 32
47 44
work done = 112 + 32
work done = 153.875 {By using calculator}
Ex3. If a force 𝑭 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒊 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 𝒋 displaces a particle in the xy-plane from
(0, 0) to (1, 4) along a curve 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 find the work done.
Ans: Given 𝐹 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑗
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑗 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
We know that
Work done = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
(1,4)
Work done = (0,0)
2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 …………….. (1) {∵ Limits are given (0, 0) to (1, 4)}
Along 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 {Given}
𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 (fixed)
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑 4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 = 4 𝑑 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 = 4 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Also, for limits 𝑥 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 1

1
Work done = 0
2𝑥 2 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 4𝑥 2 (8𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
1
Work done = 0
[8𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 96𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥]
Page 15 of 90
1
Work done = 0
[ 8 + 96 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥]
1
Work done = 0
104𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
1 4
Work done = 104 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥5
Work done = 104 5 0
15 05
Work done = 104 −
5 5
1 0
Work done = 104 −
5 5
1
Work done = 104 −0
5
1
Work done = 104 5
104
Work done = 5
𝟏,𝟏
Ex4. If 𝑭 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒊 − 𝒙𝒚 𝒋 then find (𝟎,𝟎)
𝑭 𝒅𝒓 along the parabola 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
Ans: Ans: Given, 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑗
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 − 𝑥𝑦𝑗 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + −𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦
We know that
work done = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
1,1
work done = (0,0)
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 ……….. (1)
Along 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (Fixed) {Given}
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑(𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Also, Limits for 𝑥: 0 𝑡𝑜 1

1
work done = 0
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥 2 (2𝑥𝑑𝑥)
Page 16 of 90
1
work done = 0
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
1
work done = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 0
1
work done = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 0
1
work done = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 0
1
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 4+1 𝑥 𝑛 +1
work done = −2 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
2+1 4+1 0 𝑛+1
1
𝑥3 𝑥5
work done = −2
3 5 0
1
𝑥3 2𝑥 5
work done = −
3 5 0
13 2 (1)5 (0)3 2(0)5

work done = − − −
3 5 3 5
1 2 (1) 0 0
work done = − − −5
3 5 3
1 2
work done = −5 − 0−0
3
1 2
work done = 3 − 5
1
work done = − 15 Units {By Using calculator}
Ex5. Calculated the work done by the force 𝑭 = 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑 𝒊 + 𝒙𝒛 𝒋 + 𝒚𝒛 − 𝒙 𝒌
When it moves a particle from 𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎 to 𝟐, 𝟏, 𝟏 along the curve
𝒙 = 𝟐𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝒕 , 𝒛 = 𝒕𝟑
Ans: Given, 𝐹 = 2𝑦 + 3 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑘
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑦 + 3 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑥𝑑𝑧
We know that
Work done = 𝐶
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟
2,1,1
Work done = 0,0,0
2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑧 …………. (1) {Limits are
given}
Page 17 of 90
Along 𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑡3 {Given}
𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑 𝑡 2 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑 𝑡 , 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑 𝑡 3
𝑑𝑥 = 2 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
Also to get Limits for 𝑡 we take the equation
𝑦=𝑡
i.e. 𝑡 = 𝑦
when 𝑦 = 0, 𝑡 = 𝑦 = 0
when 𝑦 = 1 , 𝑡 = 𝑦 = 1
Limits for 𝑡: 0 𝑡𝑜 1

2,1,1
Work done = 0,0,0
2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑥𝑑𝑧
1
Work done = 0
2𝑡 4𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 3 4𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑡 2 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑡 3 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 − 2𝑡 2 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
1
Work done = 0
8𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 + 12𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑡 5 𝑑𝑡 + 3𝑡 6 𝑑𝑡 − 6𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡
1
Work done = 8𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 + 12𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 2𝑡 5 𝑑𝑡 + 3𝑡 6 𝑑𝑡 − 6𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 0
1
Work done = 8 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 + 12 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 2 𝑡 5 𝑑𝑡 + 3 𝑡 6 𝑑𝑡 − 6 𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 0
1
𝑡 2+1 𝑡 1+1 𝑡 5+1 𝑡 6+1 𝑡 4+1 𝑥 𝑛 +1
Work done = 8 2+1
+ 12 1+1
+2 5+1
+3 6+1
− 6 4+1 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
}
0
1
𝑡3 𝑡2 𝑡6 𝑡7 𝑡5
Work done = 8 + 12 +2 +3 −6
3 2 6 7 5 0
1
8𝑡 3 𝑡6 3𝑡 7 6𝑡 5
Work done = 3
+ 6𝑡 2 + 3
+ 7
− 5 0
8(1)3 1 6 3(1)7 6 (1)5 8(0)3 3(0)7 6 (0)5

Work done = 3
+ 6(1)2 + 3
+ 7
− 5
− 3
+ 6(0)2 + (0)6 + 7
− 5
8(1) 1 3(1) 6(1) 8(0) 3(0) 6 (0)

Work done = +6 1 +3+ − − + 6(0) + (0) + −
3 7 5 3 7 5
8 1 3 6
Work done = +6+3+7−5 − 0+0+0−0
3
8 1 3 6
Work done = +6+3+7−5 − 0
3
8 1 3 6
Work done = 3 + 6 + 3 + 7 − 5
Page 18 of 90
Work done = 8.23 Units {By using calculator}
Ex6. Find the work done by a force 𝑭 = 𝒚𝒛 𝒊 + 𝒙𝒛 𝒋 + 𝒙𝒚 𝒌 along

𝝅
𝒙 = 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 , 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 , 𝒛 = 𝒂𝒕 from 𝒕 = 𝟎 to 𝒕 = 𝟒
Ans: Given, 𝐹 = 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑧
We know that
Work done = 𝐶
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟
Work done = 𝐶
𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑧 …………. (1)
Along 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑡 (Given)
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 , 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎 𝑑(𝑡)
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑡

𝜋 𝜋
Also, Limits for 𝑡 are given 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = i.e. 𝑡 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜
4 4

𝜋/4
W.D. = 0
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 −𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑎𝑑𝑡)
𝜋/4
W.D. = 0
−𝑎3 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎3 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋/4
W.D. = 0
−𝑎3 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 + 𝑎3 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 + 𝑎3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 {Take 𝑑𝑡 common for simplification}
𝜋/4
W.D. = 0
𝑎3 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 − 𝑎3 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 + 𝑎3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋/4
W.D. = 0
𝑎3 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 + 𝑎3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Using 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡
W.D. = 0
4 𝑎3 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑎3 𝑑𝑡
2
𝜋/4 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡
W.D. = 0
𝑎 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡 {Taking 𝑎3 common}
2
Page 19 of 90
𝜋/4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡
W.D. = 𝑎3 0
𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡
2
𝜋
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 4
W.D. = 𝑎 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡
2 0
𝜋
3 1 4
W.D. = 𝑎 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥
Using successive integration by parts for first term & 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎
, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
𝜋
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 4
W.D. = 𝑎 𝑡 − 1 − +2 −
2 4 2 0
𝜋
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 4
W.D. = 𝑎3 + −
2 4 4 0
𝜋
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 4
W.D. = 𝑎3 2 0
𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0
W.D. = 𝑎3 4 2
−
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 (0)
W.D. = 𝑎3 4 2
−
2 2
𝜋
(1) 𝜋
3 4
W.D. = 𝑎 −0 ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = 1 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0
2
𝜋
W.D. = 𝑎3 4
2
𝜋
W.D. = 𝑎3 8
𝑎3𝜋
W.D. = 8
Ex7. Find the work done in moving a particle once round the circle
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗 , 𝒛 = 𝟎 in the force field given by:
𝑭 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛 𝒊 + 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛𝟐 𝒋 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟒𝒛 𝒌
Ans: Given,
𝐹 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 2 𝑗 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑧 𝑘
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 2 𝑗 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑧 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Page 20 of 90
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 𝑑𝑧 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑧 − 4𝑧𝑑𝑧
We know that
work done = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
work done = 𝐶
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 𝑑𝑧 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑧 − 4𝑧𝑑𝑧 …….. (1)
Given curve is 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 9 , 𝑧 = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 9
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 32
This is standard equation of circle of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2
Here 𝑟 = 3
𝑥 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝑧 = 0 {∵ 𝑧 = 0 Given}
𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) , 𝑑𝑦 = 3 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) , 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑(0)
𝑑𝑥 = 3 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃) , 𝑑𝑦 = 3 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃) , 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑥 = −3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑧 = 0
Along Circle 𝜃 ∶ 0 to 2π
work done = 𝐶
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 𝑑𝑧 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑧 − 4𝑧𝑑𝑧
2𝜋
work done = 0
2 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 0 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃) − 0 + 0 − 0 − 0
2𝜋
work done = 0
−18𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 0 + 9𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 0 + 0 − 0 − 0
2𝜋
work done = 0
−18 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 9𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
work done = 0
−18 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 9𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
work done = 0
(−18 + 9) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 9 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
work done = 0
(−9) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 9 1 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
work done = 0
−9 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 9 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
work done = (−9) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 9 𝑑𝜃 0
2𝜋
work done = −9 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 9 𝑑𝜃 0
Page 21 of 90
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 2𝜋
work done = −9 𝑑𝜃 + 9 𝑑𝜃
2 0
9 2𝜋
work done = − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 9 𝑑𝜃
0
9 2𝜋
work done = − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 9 𝑑𝜃
0
9 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥
work done = − 2 − + 9𝜃 {∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − }
2 0 𝑎
9 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 2𝜋
work done = + 9𝜃
4 0
9 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝜋 9 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 0
work done = + 9 2𝜋 − +9 0
4 4
9 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜋 9 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0
work done = + 18𝜋 − +0
4 4
9(1) 9(1)
work done = + 18𝜋 − +0 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜋 = 1, 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1
4 4
9 9
work done = + 18𝜋 − +0
4 4
9 9
work done = + 18𝜋 −
4 4
9 9
work done = 4 + 18𝜋 − 4
work done = 18𝜋 units
Ex8. Evaluate 𝑪
𝑭 . 𝒅𝒓 , 𝑭 = 𝒚𝒛 𝒊 + 𝒙𝒛 𝒋 + 𝒙𝒚 𝒌 where C is the intersection of 𝒙𝟐 +
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏 and 𝒛 = 𝒚𝟐
Ans: Given,
𝐹 = 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑧
We know that
work done = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
Page 22 of 90
work done = 𝐶
𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑧 …….. (1)
Given curve is 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1 , 𝑧 = 𝑦2
Now, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 12
Here 𝑟 = 1
𝑥 = 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝑧 = 𝑦 2 {∵ 𝑧 = 𝑦 2 Given}
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝑧 = 𝑦 2
Put 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝑧 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) , 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2

𝑛 𝑛−1
Using 𝑑[ 𝑓 𝑥 ]=𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑧 = 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2−1 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑧 = 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑧 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃

2𝜋
work done = 0
𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑧
work done =
2𝜋
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
work done = 0
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
work done = 0
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 {Adding like terms}
2𝜋 2𝜋
work done = − 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 0
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋
work done = − 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 3 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 𝜋/2
Using 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , if 𝑛 is even
Page 23 of 90
2𝜋 𝜋/2
and 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , if 𝑚 is even
𝜋 𝜋
work done = −4 2
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 3 (4) 2
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
By using reduction formula

3.1 𝜋 1 [1] 𝜋
work done = −4 ×2+3 4 ×2
4.2 4.2
3𝜋 3𝜋
work done = − +
4 4
work done = 0
Note: Whenever 𝑭 includes sine or cosine terms we will adjust the terms of 𝑭 . 𝒅𝒓 in the
form of 𝒅(𝒖. 𝒗) by pairing
Ex9. Find the work done in moving a particle once round the circle
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒛 = 𝟎 in the force field given by: 𝑭 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 𝒊 + (𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚)𝒋
Ans: Given,
𝐹 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑖 + (𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦)𝑗
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑖 + (𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦)𝑗 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 {Pairing terms}
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 {∵ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑(𝑢𝑣)}
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
We know that
work done = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
work done = 𝐶
𝑑 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 …….. (1)
Given curve is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
Here 𝑟 = 𝑎
Page 24 of 90
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
work done = 𝐶
𝑑 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝜋
work done = 0
𝑑 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 sin 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
work done = 0
𝑑 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 sin 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋 2
work done = 0
𝑑 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 sin 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 0
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋
work done = 0
𝑑 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 sin 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑎2 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
2𝜋
Using 𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) for first term and 0
0
In second term, we get

𝜋
work done = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 sin 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2π
0 + 𝑎2 (4) 2
0
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Using reduction formula in second term

1 𝜋
work done = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠2π sin 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2π − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 sin 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝑎2 4 2
×2
work done = 𝑎 1 sin 𝑎 0 − 𝑎 (1) sin 𝑎 (0) + 𝜋𝑎2
work done = 𝑎 sin0 − 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝜋𝑎2
work done = 𝑎 0 − 𝑎(0) + 𝜋𝑎2
work done = 0 − 0 + 𝜋𝑎2
work done = 0 + 𝜋𝑎2
work done = 0 + 𝜋𝑎2
work done = 𝜋𝑎2
Page 25 of 90
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
Ex10. Find the work done in moving a particle once round an ellipse + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟏 in the
𝟐𝟓
plane 𝒛 = 𝟎 in the force field given by: 𝑭 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 𝒋 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒌
Ans: Given,
𝐹 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑖 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑦 2 𝑘
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑖 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑦 2 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧
We know that
work done = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟
work done = 𝐶
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 ……….. (1)
𝑥2 𝑦2
Given + 16 = 1
25
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1 {Adjustment}
52 42
𝑥2 𝑦2
Given curve is an ellipse of the form + 𝑏2 = 1
𝑎2
Here 𝑎 = 5 , 𝑏 = 4
We use parametric equations of ellipse as follows
𝑥 = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝑧 = 0 {∵ 𝑧 = 0 Given}
𝑑𝑥 = 5 𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) , 𝑑𝑦 = 4 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) , 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑(0)
𝑑𝑥 = 5 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃) , 𝑑𝑦 = 4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃) , 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑥 = −5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑦 = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑧 = 0

2𝜋
work done = 0
15𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 12𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃) + 0
2𝜋
work done = 0
15𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 12𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃)
2𝜋
work done = 0
15𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 8𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 12𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
Page 26 of 90
{Taking 𝑑𝜃 common for simplification}
2𝜋
work done = 0
−75𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 40𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 40 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 48𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
work done = 0
−75𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 40𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 40 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 48𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
work done = 0
−75𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 48𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 40𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 40 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
work done = 0
−75 + 48 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 40 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
work done = 0
−27 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 40 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
work done = 0
−27𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 40 𝑑𝜃 { ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1}
2𝜋
work done = − 27𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 40 𝑑𝜃 0
2𝜋
work done = −27 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 40 𝑑𝜃 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 2𝜋
work done = −27 𝑑𝜃 + 40 𝑑𝜃 [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]
2 0
27 2𝜋
work done = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 40 𝑑𝜃
2 0
27 cos 2θ 2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥
work done = − − + 40 θ [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ]
2 2 0 𝑎
27 cos 2θ 2𝜋
work done = + 40 θ
4 0
27 cos 2 2𝜋 27 cos 2(0)

work done = + 40 2𝜋 − +4 0
4 4
27 cos 4π 27 cos 0
work done = + 80π − +0
4 4
27 (1) 27 (1)
work done = + 80π − +0 {∵ cos4π = 1 , cos0 = 1}
4 4
27 27
work done = + 80π −
4 4
27 27
work done = + 80π −
4 4
work done = 80𝜋 units
Page 27 of 90
Q1. Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field 𝐹 = 3𝑥𝑦 𝑖 − 5𝑧 𝑗 + 10𝑥 𝑘
𝜋
along 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1 , 𝑦 = 2𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = (05 Marks)
4
Q2. Find the circulation of 𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑧 2 𝑖 + 𝑥 3 + 4𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + 2𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑧 𝑘 once round
the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 above the plane 𝑧 = 0 (05 Marks)
Green’s theorem
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Statement: If M and N are two functions of x, y and their partial derivatives , are
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Continuous single valued function over the closed region bounded by a curve c
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
then 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑅
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Method of finding 𝑪
𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 by Green’s theorem
We know that by Green’s theorem

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ………………….. (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
StepI: Write down given vector𝐹 = 𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘 , 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
StepIII: Compare 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 & Take M and N

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
StepIV: Find and
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
StepV: Put this value in equation (1), the equation obtain make as equation (2)
StepVI: Trace the given curve and consider the strip parallel to x-axis or parallel to y-axis.
Find out four limits of double integration by using this stip.
Note: (i) If the strip is taken as parallel to x-axis then we have to take two limits for x from
left to right by using this strip and remaining two limits for y should taken from bottom to top
by using two point of intersection.
(ii) If the strip is taken as parallel to y-axis then we have to take two limits for y from bottom
to top by using this strip and remaining two limits for x should taken from left to right by
using two point of intersection.
(iii) If the given curve is a circle of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 for double integration
Page 28 of 90
𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
Along circle 𝜃 ∶ 0 to 2π , 𝑟 ∶ 0 to 𝑎
put these four limits in double integration and evaluate it.
(iv) If all the four limits of double integrations are constants then we can evaluate both the
integration at the same time.
(v) If the any one of the limit of double integration includes variable x or y then first we
should evaluate the integral in which the limit is in variable form & then the remaining
integral should be evaluated accordingly.
𝒙𝒏+𝟏
Remark: 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = , 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 , 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 , 𝒆−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒆−𝒙
𝒏+𝟏
Basic Graphs
1. Graph of the straight line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 is plotted as follows
First we find point of intersection of the straight line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 on x-axis and y-axis as
𝐶 𝐶
On x-axis 𝑦 = 0 ∴ 𝑥 = 𝑎 i.e. ,0
𝑎
𝐶 𝐶
On y-axis 𝑥 = 0 ∴ 𝑦 = i.e. 0,
𝑏 𝑏
𝐶 𝐶
Plotting the points , 0 and 0, 𝑏 we get the graph as
𝑎
𝑐
0, 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐
X
𝐶
,0
𝑎
Page 29 of 90
2. The Graph of the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = −𝑥 OR 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑦 = −𝑎𝑥 OR 𝑥 = 𝑦 and 𝑥 = −𝑦
is
𝑦=𝑥
𝑦 = −𝑥
Page 30 of 90
3. The graph of the parabola 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 OR 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 OR 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is
𝑥2 = 4𝑎𝑦 OR 𝑥2 =
𝑦
(0, 0)
4. The graph of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 OR 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 OR 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 is
𝑥=2
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 𝑂𝑅 𝑦2 = 𝑥
Page 31 of 90
5. Standard equation of circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 , centre ≡ 0,0 , Radius ≡ 𝑎
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦2
8. Standard equation of ellipse is + 𝑏2 = 1 , 𝑎 > 𝑏
𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
a X
Page 32 of 90
Ex1. Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate: 𝑪
𝑭 𝒅𝒓 where 𝑭 = 𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒊 + 𝟑𝒙 𝒋 over 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
and
𝒚=𝒙
Ans: We know that
By Green’s theorem
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑅
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ……………… (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Given, 𝐹 = 2𝑦 2 𝑖 + 3𝑥 𝑗 , 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑦 2 𝑖 + 3𝑥 𝑗 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Comparing RHS with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0
We get, 𝑀 = 2𝑦 2 , 𝑁 = 3𝑥
Now, 𝑀 = 2𝑦 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕
= 2𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀
= 2 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀
= 4𝑦
𝜕𝑦
Also, 𝑁 = 3𝑥
𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 3𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁
= 3(1)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁
=3
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐶
3 − 4𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ……………… (2)
Given, The region is bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥
Here 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is a parabola of the form 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 is a straight line passing through
the origin.
Page 33 of 90
Y
𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦=𝑥
𝑥=1 (1,1)
𝑦=𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑥 = 0 (0, 0)
We have to find out point of intersection of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥
Now, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
Put 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑥 − 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥(1 − 𝑥) = 0
𝑥 = 0 ,1 − 𝑥 = 0 {∵ 𝐼𝑓 𝑎𝑏 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 0 , 𝑏 = 0}
𝑥 = 0 , −𝑥 = −1
𝑥 = 0 ,𝑥 = 1
For 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 = 0 𝑖. 𝑒. (0,0)
For 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 = 1 𝑖. 𝑒. (1,1)
Consider the strip parallel to y-axis
The four limits are
𝑥 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 1
𝑦 ∶ 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑥
Page 34 of 90
1 𝑥
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0 𝑥2
3 − 4𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 𝑥
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0 𝑥2
3 − 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
3 − 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
3𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
3 𝑑𝑦 − 4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
3𝑦 − 4 𝑑𝑥 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
2 𝑥 2 𝑛+1
1 𝑥
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
3𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 2 2
𝑑𝑥
1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 {∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛 }
1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
3𝑥 − 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 {Adding like terms}
1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 5𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 0
1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 5 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 0
1
𝑥 1+1 𝑥 2+1 𝑥 4+1 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 3 −5 +2 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
1+1 2+1 4+1 0 𝑛+1
1
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥5
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 3 −5 +2
2 3 5 0
1
3𝑥 2 5𝑥 3 2𝑥 5
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = − +
2 3 5 0
3(1)2 5(1)3 2(1)5 3(0)2 5(0)3 2(0)5

𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = − + − − +
2 3 5 2 3 5
3(1) 5(1) 2(1) 3(0) 5(0) 2(0)

𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = − + − − +
2 3 5 2 3 5
3 5 2
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = − +5 − 0−0+0
2 3
3 5 2
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = − +
2 3 5
7
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 30 {By using calculator}
Page 35 of 90
𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚 where C is the closed
curve of the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
Ans: We know that
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ……………… (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Given, 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
Comparing RHS with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 we get
We get, 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑁 = 𝑥 2
Now, 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑦 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑦 𝑥𝑦 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀
= 𝑥(1) + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀
= 𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦
Also, 𝑁 = 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐶
2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶
2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶
𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ……………… (2)
Given, The region is bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥
Page 36 of 90
Here 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is a parabola of the form 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 is a straight line passing through
the origin.
𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦=𝑥
𝑥=1 (1,1)
𝑦=𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑥 = 0 (0, 0)
We have to find out point of intersection of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥
Now, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
Put 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑥 − 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥(1 − 𝑥) = 0
𝑥 = 0 ,1 − 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 = 0 , −𝑥 = −1
𝑥 = 0 ,𝑥 = 1
For 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 = 0 𝑖. 𝑒. (0,0)
For 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 = 1 𝑖. 𝑒. (1,1)
The four limits are
𝑥 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 1
𝑦 ∶ 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑥
Page 37 of 90
1 𝑥
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0 𝑥2
𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 𝑥
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0 𝑥2
𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
1 𝑥
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑥𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑥 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
2 𝑥 2 𝑛 +1
1 𝑥
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 2
𝑑𝑥
1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑥2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 − 𝑥4 𝑑𝑥 {∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛 }
1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
0 − 𝑥3 − 𝑥4 𝑑𝑥
1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
0 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
−𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 0
1
𝑥 4+1 𝑥 3+1 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = − {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
4+1 3+1 0 𝑛 +1
1
𝑥5 𝑥4
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = −
5 4 0
15 14 05 04
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = − − −
5 4 5 4
1 1 0 0
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = −4 − −4
5 5
1 1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = −4 − 0−0
5
1 1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 5 − 4
1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = − 20 {By using calculator}
Page 38 of 90
1
i.e. 𝐶
𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = − 20
Ex3.Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate 𝑪

𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 for
𝑭 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒊 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑 𝒋 , 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟖𝒙 , 𝒙 = 𝟐
Ans: We know that
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑅
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ……….(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
We have given 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3 𝑗 , 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 =[ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3 𝑗] . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 =(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3 𝑑𝑦
Comparing RHS with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 we get
𝑀 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 , 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3
Now, 𝑀 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 − 𝜕𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀
= 0 − 2𝑥(1)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑦
= 0 − 2𝑥
𝜕𝑀
= −2𝑥
𝜕𝑦
Also, 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3
𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑥 3
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁
= 1 𝑦2 + 0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁
= 𝑦2 + 0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁
= 𝑦2
𝜕𝑥

Page 39 of 90
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑅
𝑦 2 − −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑅
𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 …………. (2)
Given 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 (parabola of the form 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 , 𝑥 = 2
Plotting parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 and 𝑥 = 2
𝑥=2
𝑦 2 = 8𝑥
𝑦 = 4 (2, 4)
𝑦2
𝑥= 8
𝑥=2
2 X
𝑦 = −4 (2, - 4)
First we find out the point of intersections of 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 and 𝑥 = 2
Now, 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥
Put 𝑥 = 2
𝑦2 = 8 2
𝑦 2 = 16
𝑦 = 16
𝑦 = ±4
i.e. 𝑦 = 4 , 4
and 𝑥 = 2 is fixed (Given)
The point of intersections are (2, 4) and (2,-4)
Consider the strip parallel to x-axis
Page 40 of 90
The four limits are
𝑦2
𝑥: 𝑡𝑜 2
8
𝑦: −4 𝑡𝑜 4

4 2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= −4 𝑦
2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
8
4 2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= −4 𝑦2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
8
4 2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= −4
𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
8
4 2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= −4
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
8
4 2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= −4
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
8
2
4 𝑥2
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑦2𝑥 + 2 2 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 −4 2 𝑦
8
4 2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= −4
𝑦2𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
8
2
4 𝑦2 𝑦2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= −4
𝑦 2 (2) + 22 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑦
8 8
4 𝑦4 𝑦4
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= −4
2𝑦 2 + 4 − + 64 𝑑𝑦
8
4 8𝑦 4 𝑦4
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= −4
2𝑦 2 + 4 − + 64 𝑑𝑦 {Adjustment}
64
4 9𝑦 4 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= −4
2𝑦 2 + 4 − 𝑑𝑦 ∵𝑐+𝑐 =
64 𝑐
4 9𝑦 4
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= −4
2𝑦 2 + 4 − 𝑑𝑦
64
4
9𝑦 4
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 4𝑑𝑦 − 64 −4
9 4
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 4 𝑑𝑦 − 64 𝑦 4
−4
4
𝑦 2+1 9 𝑦 4+1 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 2 + 4𝑦 − 64 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
2+1 4+1 −4 𝑛+1
Page 41 of 90
4
𝑦3 9 𝑦5
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 2 + 4𝑦 − 64
3 5 −4
4
2𝑦 3 9𝑦 5
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= + 4𝑦 − 320
3 −4
2(4)3 9(4)5 2(−4)3 9(−4)5

𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= + 4(4) − − + 4(−4) −
3 320 3 320
2(4)3 9(4)5 2(4)3 9(4)5 3

𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= + 16 − − − − 16 + −4 = − 4 3 , −4 5
=
3 320 3 320
−45
2(4)3 9(4)5 2(4)3 9(4)5
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= + 16 − + + 16 −
3 320 3 320
2(4)3 9(4)5
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟=2 + 32 − 2 ∵ 𝑎 + 𝑎 = 2𝑎 , − 𝑎 − 𝑎 = −2𝑎
3 320
4(4)3 9(4)5
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= + 32 −
3 160
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = 59.73 {By using calculator}
Ex4. Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate 𝑪

𝒆−𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 𝒅𝒚 where C is the
𝝅 𝝅
rectangle whose vertices are 𝟎, 𝟎 , 𝝅, 𝟎 , 𝝅, and 𝟎,
𝟐 𝟐
Ans: We know that
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ………… (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
We have
𝐹 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑗 , 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑗 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Comparing RHS with 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 we get
We get, 𝑀 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 , 𝑁 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
Now, 𝑀 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕
= 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀
= 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝜕𝑦
Also, 𝑁 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
Page 42 of 90
𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁
= −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐶
−𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶
−2𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ∵ −𝑎 − 𝑎 = −2𝑎
𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = −2 𝑅
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ………… (2)
𝜋 𝜋
Given C is the rectangle whose vertices are 0,0 , 𝜋, 0 , 𝜋, 2 and 0, 2
𝜋 𝜋
Graph: Plotting all the given points 0,0 , 𝜋, 0 , 𝜋, 2 and 0, 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
0, 2 𝑦= 2
𝜋, 2
𝑥=0 𝑥=𝜋 X
(0,0) 𝑦=0 (𝜋, 0)
The limits are
𝑥 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋
𝜋
𝑦 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 2

𝜋
𝜋
𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = −2 0 0
2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜋 𝜋/2
𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = −2 0
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Page 43 of 90
𝜋
𝑒 −𝑥 𝜋 2
𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 0
−1 0
𝜋
𝜋
𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 2 𝑒 −𝑥 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 2
0
𝜋
𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 2 𝑒 −𝜋 − 𝑒 −0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0
𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 2 𝑒 −𝜋 − 1 1−0
𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 2 𝑒 −𝜋 − 1
i.e. 𝐶
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑒 −𝜋 − 1

𝑭 𝒅 𝒓 where 𝑭 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒊 + 𝒙𝒚 𝒋 and C is a
triangle having vertices A (0, 2), B (2, 0) and C (4, 2)
Ans: We know that
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑅
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ……….(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
We have given 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑗 , 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 =(𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑗 ). (𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗)
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑀 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦
Now, 𝑀 = 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀
=0
𝜕𝑦
Also, 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁
= (1)𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁
=𝑦
𝜕𝑥
Page 44 of 90
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑅
𝑦 − 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑅
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 …………. (2)
Given vertices of triangle are A (0, 2), B (2, 0) and C (4, 2)
𝑦=2
(0,2) (4,2)
𝑥 =2−𝑦 𝑥 =2+𝑦
𝑥+𝑦 =2 𝑥−𝑦 =2
2,0
𝑦=0
We have to find out equation of straight line passing through the points (0, 2) and (2, 0)
We know that the equation of straight line passing through two points 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
is given by the formula

𝑦 −𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 2 −𝑥 1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
2 1
Let, (0, 2) = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , (2, 0) = 𝑥2 , 𝑦2

0−2
𝑦 − 2 = 2−0 𝑥 − 0
−2
𝑦−2= 𝑥
2
𝑦 − 2 = −𝑥
𝑥+𝑦 =2 {Rearrangement of terms}
Similarly we have to find out equation of straight line passing through the points (2, 0) and
(4, 2)
We know that the equation of straight line passing through two points 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
Page 45 of 90
𝑦 −𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 2 −𝑥 1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
2 1
Let, (2, 0) = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , (4, 2)= 𝑥2 , 𝑦2

2−0
𝑦 − 0 = 4−2 𝑥 − 2
2
𝑦 = 2 𝑥−2
𝑦 = (1) 𝑥 − 2
𝑦 =𝑥−2
𝑥−𝑦 =2 {Rearrangement of terms}
The four Limits are
𝑥 ∶ 2 − 𝑦 𝑡𝑜 2 + 𝑦
𝑦 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 2

2 2+𝑦
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 0 2−𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2 2+𝑦
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 0 2−𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 2+𝑦
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 0
𝑑𝑥 2−𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 2+𝑦
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 0
[𝑥]2−𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 0
2+𝑦 − 2−𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 0
2 + 𝑦 − 2 + 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 0
2𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 0
2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟=2 0
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
𝑦3 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟=2 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
3 0 𝑛 +1
23 03
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟=2 −
3 3
8 0
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟=2 −3
3
Page 46 of 90
8
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟=2 −0
3
8
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟=2 3
16
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 3

𝑭 𝒅 𝒓 where 𝑭 = 𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒊 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒋 over
𝝅 𝟐𝒙
𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = ,𝒚 =
𝟐 𝝅
Ans: We know that By Green’s theorem

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑅
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ………. (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
We have given 𝐹 = 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑗 , 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑗 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑀 = 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 , 𝑁 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Now, 𝑀 = 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ,
𝜕𝑀 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 − 𝜕𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀
=1−0
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀
=1
𝜕𝑦
Also, 𝑁 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑅
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Page 47 of 90
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟=− 𝑅
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 …………. (2) {Taking minus sign common}
𝜋 2𝑥
Given 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = (Straight line of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 )
2 𝜋
Y
𝜋
𝑥= 2
2
𝑦 =𝜋𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
1 𝑥= 2 2
,1
2
𝑦=𝜋𝑥
0,0 𝑦=0
𝜋
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 2
X
The four limits are

𝜋
𝑥: 0 𝑡𝑜 2
2𝑥
𝑦: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋

𝜋 2𝑥
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟=− 0
2 𝜋
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥
𝜋/2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟=− 0
[ 0𝜋 𝑑𝑦] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
𝜋/2 𝜋
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟=− 0
𝑑𝑦 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
𝜋/2 𝜋
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟=− 0
𝑦 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2 2𝑥
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟=− 0
−0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Page 48 of 90
𝜋/2 2𝑥
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟=− 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2 𝜋/2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟 =−𝜋 0
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋/2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟 =−𝜋 0
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋/2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟 =−𝜋 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0
𝑥 𝑛 +1
Using successive integration by parts for first term & 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = for second term
𝑛+1
𝜋/2
2 𝑥2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟 =−𝜋 𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 2 0
𝜋/2
2 𝑥2
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = − 𝜋 – 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2 0
𝜋 2
2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2 0 2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟 =−𝜋 – 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + − – 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 +
2 2
𝜋2
2 𝜋 4 0 𝜋 𝜋
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟 =−𝜋 – 2 (0) + 1 + − – 0 (1) + 0 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 1, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 0, 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 =
2 2 2
0,𝑐𝑜𝑠0=1
2 𝜋2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟 =−𝜋 −0 + 1 + − –0 + 0 + 0
8
2 𝜋2 𝜋 𝜋
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟 =−𝜋 1+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = 1, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = 0
8
2 𝜋2
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟 =−𝜋 1+ 8

𝑭 𝒅 𝒓 where 𝑭 = 𝒚𝟑 𝒊 − 𝒙𝟑 𝒋 over
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 in XY-Plane
Ans: We know that
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑅
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ………. (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
We have given 𝐹 = 𝑦 3 𝑖 − 𝑥 3 𝑗 , 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = 𝑦 3 𝑖 − 𝑥 3 𝑗 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦
Page 49 of 90
𝑀 = 𝑦 3 , 𝑁 = −𝑥 3
Now, 𝑀 = 𝑦 3 ,
𝜕𝑀 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 3
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑀
= 3𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦
Also, 𝑁 = −𝑥 3
𝜕𝑁 𝜕
= − 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 3
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁
= −3𝑥 2
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑅
−3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟= 𝑅
(−3) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 {Taking (-3) common}
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = −3 𝑅
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 …………. (2)
Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
This is standard equation of circle of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 Here 𝑟 = 𝑎
𝑟=𝑎
𝜃=0
𝜃 = 2𝜋
The four limits are
𝑟 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
Page 50 of 90
𝜃 ∶ 0 to 2π

2π 𝑎
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = −3 0 0
𝑟2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2π 𝑎
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = −3 0 0
𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 𝑎
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = −3 0
𝑑𝜃 0
𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟
2𝜋 𝑎
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = −3 𝑑𝜃 0 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 0
𝑎
2𝜋 𝑟 3+1 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = −3 𝜃 0 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
3+1 0 𝑛+1
𝑎
2𝜋 𝑟4
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = −3 𝜃 0 4 0
𝑎4 04
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = −3 2𝜋 − 0 −
4 4
𝑎4 0
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = −3 2𝜋 −4
4
𝑎4
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = −3 2𝜋 −0
4
𝑎4
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 = −3 2𝜋 4
3𝜋𝑎 4
𝐶
𝐹𝑑𝑟=− 2
Ex1. Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate 𝐶

𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 , 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑗 over
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 (05 Marks)

𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 where C is the boundary of
the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1) (05 Marks)

𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 , 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑗
where C is the square with vertices A (0, 0), B(1, 0), C(1, 1) and D(0,1) (05 Marks)
Ex2. Apply Green’s theorem evaluate 𝐶

𝐹 𝑑 𝑟 where 𝐹 = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑗 and C is the curve
enclosing a region 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 , 𝑥 = 2 (05 Marks)
Page 51 of 90
Stoke’s theorem.
Statement: The integral of the normal component of the curl of a vector 𝐹 over a
surface s is equal to the line integral of the tangential component of 𝐹 around the
curve bounding s i.e 𝑐

𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑠
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 OR 𝑐
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑠
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
∇ϕ
Key Points: (i) 𝑛 = |∇ϕ| is the unit outward normal to the surface.
(ii) In x-y plane 𝑛 = 𝑘 and 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

∇ϕ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(iii) In x-y-z plane 𝑛 = |∇ϕ| , 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑛 .𝑘
(iv) Whenever the given curve is a circle of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 for double integration
We convert equation (2) into polar form by using the following polar coordinates
Along circle 𝜃 ∶ 0 to 2π , 𝑟: 0 to 𝑎
(v) The equation of the plane passing through three points 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3

𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
Method of finding 𝑪
𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 by Stoke’s theorem
We know that by Stoke’s theorem
𝑐
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 ………………….. (1)
StepI: Write down given vector 𝐹 = 𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘
StepII: Find out ∇ × 𝐹

∇ϕ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
StepIII: If given curve is in x-y-z plane, 𝑛 = |∇ϕ| , 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑛 .𝑘
& If given curve is in x-y plane, 𝑛 = 𝑘 , 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
StepIV: If given curve is in x-y-z plane then take the value of ϕ from the given equation
StepV: Find ∇ϕ & |∇ϕ|
StepVI: Find 𝑛 & 𝑑𝑠
StepVII: Find the expansion of ∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
Page 52 of 90
Put this value in equation (1) & the equation which obtained make this equation as equation (2)
StepVIII: Trace the given curve and consider the strip parallel to x-axis or parallel to y-axis.
Find out four limits of double integration by using this strip and evaluate the double
integration by putting these four limits in equation (2)
Ex1. Apply Stoke’s theorem to evaluate 𝑪

𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 , 𝑭 = 𝒚𝟐 𝒊 + 𝒙𝒚 𝒋 + 𝒙𝒛 𝒌 where C is the
boundary of the curve of sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒛 > 0 in positive
direction.
Ans: We know that
By Stoke’s theorem
𝑐
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 ………. (1)
We have given, 𝐹 = 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑧 𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Now, ∇ × 𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑦2 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 = 𝑖 𝑥𝑧 − 𝜕𝑧 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑗 𝑥𝑧 − 𝜕𝑧 𝑦 2 + 𝑘 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 0 − 𝑗 (1)𝑧 − 0 + 𝑘 (1)𝑦 − 2𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 0 − 𝑗 𝑧 − 0 + 𝑘[𝑦 − 2𝑦]
∇ × 𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 𝑗 𝑧 + 𝑘 [−𝑦]
∇ × 𝐹 = 0𝑖 − 𝑧 𝑗 − 𝑦 𝑘
Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 (It lies in x-y-z plane)

∇ϕ
𝑛 = |∇ϕ| .............. (2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = ................. (3)
𝑛. 𝑘
Now we select ɸ from the given equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 = 0
Let, ɸ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ϕ = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2
𝜕𝑧
Page 53 of 90
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ϕ = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ϕ = 𝑖 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑗 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑘 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑎2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
∇ϕ = 𝑖(2𝑥 + 0 + 0 − 0) + 𝑗(0 + 2𝑦 + 0 − 0) + 𝑘(0 + 0 + 2𝑧 − 0)
∇ϕ = 𝑖(2𝑥) + 𝑗(2𝑦) + 𝑘(2𝑧)
∇ϕ = 2𝑥 𝑖 + 2𝑦 𝑗 + 2𝑧 𝑘
∴ ∇ɸ = (2𝑥)2 + (2𝑦)2 + (2𝑧)2
∇ɸ = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2
∇ɸ = 4(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
∇ɸ = 4𝑎2 ∵ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 Given
∇ɸ = 4 𝑎2 [∵ ab = a b ]
∇ɸ = 2𝑎

∇𝜙
𝑛= ∇𝜙
2𝑥 𝑖+2𝑦𝑗 +2𝑧 𝑘
𝑛= 2𝑎
2 𝑥 𝑖+𝑦 𝑗 +𝑧 𝑘
𝑛= 2𝑎
𝑥 𝑖+𝑦 𝑗 +𝑧 𝑘
𝑛= 𝑎

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑛. 𝑘
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑥 𝑖+𝑦 𝑗 +𝑧 𝑘
. 𝑘
𝑎
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑐𝑎
𝑑𝑠 = ∵ 𝑏 =
𝑥 𝑖+𝑦 𝑗 +𝑧 𝑘 . 𝑘 𝑏
𝑐
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = {Adjustment, 𝑘 = 0 𝑖 + 0 𝑗 + 1 𝑘 }
𝑥 𝑖+𝑦 𝑗 +𝑧 𝑘 . 0 𝑖+0 𝑗 +1 𝑘
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑥 0 +𝑦 0 +𝑧(1)
Page 54 of 90
𝑑𝑠 = 0+0+𝑧
𝑎 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑧
𝑥 𝑖+𝑦 𝑗 +𝑧 𝑘 𝑎 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∴ ∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0𝑖 − 𝑧 𝑗 − 𝑦 𝑘 . 𝑎 𝑧
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0𝑖 − 𝑧 𝑗 − 𝑦 𝑘 . 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘 𝑧
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = (0) 𝑥 + −𝑧 𝑦 + −𝑦 𝑧 𝑧
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 − 𝑧𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧
𝑧
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −𝑧𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑧
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2𝑧𝑦 ∵ −𝑎 − 𝑎 = −2𝑎
𝑧
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2𝑦𝑧 𝑧
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑐
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
𝑐
−2𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = −2 𝑠
𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ………… (2)
Now, Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2
In x-y plane, 𝑧 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (Standard equation of circle)
This is Standard equation of circle of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 Here 𝑟 = 𝑎
We have to convert equation (2) into polar form by using polar coordinates of circle as
follows
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
Page 55 of 90
Y
𝑟=𝑎
𝜃=0
r=0
X
𝜃 = 2𝜋
The four limits are
𝜃 ∶ 0 to 2π
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = −2 𝑠
𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2𝜋 𝑎
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = − 0 0
𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 𝑎
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = − 0 0
𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 𝑎
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = − 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 0
𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
2𝜋 𝑎
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 0
𝑎
2𝜋 𝑟3 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = − −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
3 0 𝑛+1
2𝜋 𝑎3 03
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = − −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 − −𝑐𝑜𝑠0 0 −
3 3
𝑎3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = − −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 −0
3
𝑎3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = − −1 + 1 3
𝑎3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = − 0 3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
Page 56 of 90
Ex2. Apply Stoke’s theorem to evaluate 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 − 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙𝒛 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒅𝒛
Over the surface of the hemisphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟗
Ans: We know that
𝑐
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 ………. (1)
We have given
𝐹 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 − 4 𝑖 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑗 + 2𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2 𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥2 + 𝑦 − 4 3𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 =𝑖 2𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑗 2𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥2 + 𝑦 − 4 +𝑘 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥2 + 𝑦 − 4
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 =𝑖 2𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧2 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑗 2𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦+ 4 +𝑘 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦+ 4
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 = 𝑖 0 + 0 − 0 − 𝑗 2(1)𝑧 + 0 − 0 − 0 + 0 + 𝑘 3(1)𝑦 − 0 − 1 + 0
∇ × 𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 𝑗 2𝑧 + 𝑘 [3𝑦 − 1]
∇ × 𝐹 = 0 𝑖 − 2𝑧 𝑗 + 3𝑦 − 1 𝑘
Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 (It lies in x-y-z plane)

∇𝜙
𝑛 = |∇𝜙 | .............. (2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = .................(3)
𝑛 .𝑘
Now we select ɸ from the given equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 − 9 = 0
Let, ɸ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 9
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ϕ = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 − 9
𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ϕ = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 9 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 9 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 9
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ϕ = 𝑖 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 − 9 + 𝑗 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 − 9 +𝑘 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 − 9
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
∇ϕ = 𝑖 2𝑥 + 0 + 0 − 0 + 𝑗 0 + 2𝑦 + 0 − 0 + 𝑘 (0 + 0 + 2𝑧 − 0)
∇ϕ = 𝑖(2𝑥) + 𝑗(2𝑦) + 𝑘(2𝑧)

Page 57 of 90
∇ϕ = 2𝑥 𝑖 + 2𝑦 𝑗 + 2𝑧 𝑘
∴ ∇ɸ = (2𝑥)2 + (2𝑦)2 + (2𝑧)2
∇ɸ = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2
∇ɸ = 4(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
∇ɸ = 4(9) ∵ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 Given
∇ɸ = 36
∇ɸ = 6

∇ϕ
n= ∇ϕ
2𝑥 𝑖+2𝑦𝑗 +2𝑧 𝑘
𝑛= 6
2 𝑥 𝑖+𝑦 𝑗 +𝑧 𝑘
𝑛= 6
𝑥 𝑖+𝑦 𝑗 +𝑧 𝑘
𝑛= 3

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑛 .𝑘
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑥 𝑖+𝑦 𝑗 +𝑧 𝑘
. 𝑘
3
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑎 𝑐𝑎
𝑑𝑠 = ∵ 𝑏 =
𝑥 𝑖+𝑦 𝑗 +𝑧 𝑘 . 𝑘 𝑏
𝑐
𝑥 𝑖+𝑦 𝑗 +𝑧 𝑘 . 0 𝑖+0 𝑗 +1 𝑘
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑥 0 +𝑦 0 +𝑧(1)
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = 0+0+𝑧
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑧
𝑥 𝑖+𝑦 𝑗 +𝑧 𝑘 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ ∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 𝑖 − 2𝑧 𝑗 + 3𝑦 − 1 𝑘 . 3 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 𝑖 − 2𝑧 𝑗 + 3𝑦 − 1 𝑘 . 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘 𝑧
Page 58 of 90
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = (0) 𝑥 + −2𝑧 𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 1 𝑧 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 − 2𝑧𝑦 + 3𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 − 2𝑧𝑦 + 3𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑦 − 1 𝑧 {Take z common}
𝑧
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑦 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
𝑐
(𝑦 − 1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ………… (2)
Now, Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2
In x-y plane, 𝑧 = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 9
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 32
This is Standard equation of circle of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 Here 𝑟 = 3
follows
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑟=3
𝜃=0
𝑟=0
X
𝜃 = 2𝜋
The four limits are
𝑟 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 3
𝜃 ∶ 0 to 2π
Page 59 of 90
𝑐
(𝑦 − 1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2𝜋 3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0 0
𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 1 𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0 0
𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 1 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0 0
𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 1 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 1 𝑑𝑟 0 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟 − 1 𝑑𝑟 0 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 − 𝑑𝑟 0 𝑑𝜃
3
2𝜋 𝑟3 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −𝑟 𝑑𝜃 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
3 0 𝑛+1
2𝜋 33 03
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −0 𝑑𝜃
3 3
2𝜋 27 0
𝑐
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −0 𝑑𝜃
3 3
2𝜋
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (9) − 3 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (0) − 0 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
9𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3 − (0 − 0) 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
(9𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3) 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
9𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 0
3 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 9 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 3 0
𝑑𝜃
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 9[−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]2𝜋 2𝜋
0 − 3[𝜃]0
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = −9[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]2𝜋 2𝜋
0 − 3[𝜃]0
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = −9[𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0] − 3[2𝜋 − 0]
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = −9[1 − 1] − 3[2𝜋 − 0]
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = −9 0 − 3 2𝜋
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = −0 − 6𝜋
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = −6𝜋
Page 60 of 90
Ex3.Apply Stokes-theorem evaluate 𝑪
[ 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝒛 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒚 − 𝒛 𝒅𝒛] where C is the
boundary of the triangle with vertices ( 2, 0, 0 ) , (0 , 3, 0 ) and ( 0, 0, 6 ).
Ans: We know that
𝑐
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 ………. (1)
We have given 𝐹 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑥 − 𝑧 𝑗 + (𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑥−𝑧 𝑦−𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 =𝑖 𝑦−𝑧 − (𝑥 − 𝑧) − 𝑗 𝑦−𝑧 − 𝑥 + 2𝑦 +𝑘 (𝑥 − 𝑧) − 𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 =𝑖 𝑦− 𝑧− 𝑥+ 𝑧 −𝑗 𝑦− 𝑧− 𝑥− 2𝑦 + 𝑘 𝑥− 𝑧− 𝑥− 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 = 𝑖 1 − 0 − 0 + 1 − 𝑗 0 − 0 − 0 − 0 + 𝑘 1 − 0 − 0 − 2(1)
∇ × 𝐹 = 𝑖 1 + 1 − 𝑗 0 + 𝑘[1 − 2]
∇ × 𝐹 = 𝑖 2 − 𝑗 0 + 𝑘 [−1]
∇×𝐹 = 2𝑖−0𝑗−1𝑘
To select ɸ we have to find out equation of plane passing through the points (2, 0, 0),
(0 , 3, 0 ) and ( 0, 0, 6 ).
The equation of the plane passing through three points 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3 is

given by the formula
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
Let, (2, 0, 0) ≡ 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 , (0 , 3, 0 ) ≡ 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 , ( 0, 0, 6 ) ≡ 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3
𝑥−2 𝑦−0 𝑧−0

0−2 3−0 0−0 =0
0−2 0−0 6−0
𝑥−2 𝑦 𝑧
−2 3 0 =0
−2 0 6
(𝑥 − 2) 18 − 0 − 𝑦 −12 − 0 + 𝑧 −0 − (−6) = 0
(𝑥 − 2) 18 − 𝑦 −12 + 𝑧 −0 + 6 = 0
Page 61 of 90
𝑥 − 2 18 − 𝑦 −12 + 𝑧 6 = 0
18𝑥 − 36 + 12𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 0
18𝑥 − 36 + 12𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 0
18𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 36
6(3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧) = 36
36
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 6 = 0
It lies in x-y-z plane

∇ϕ
𝑛 = |∇ϕ| .............. (2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = .................(3)
𝑛. 𝑘
Now to select ɸ , we have 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 6 = 0
Let, ɸ = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 6
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ϕ = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 6
𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ϕ = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 6 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 6 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 6
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ϕ = 𝑖 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧− 6 +𝑗 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧− 6 +𝑘 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧− 6
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
∇ϕ = 𝑖 3(1) + 0 + 0 − 0 + 𝑗 0 + 2(1) + 0 − 0 + 𝑘 0 + 0 + 1 − 0
∇ϕ = 𝑖 3 + 𝑗 2 + 𝑘 1
∇ϕ = 3 𝑖 + 2 𝑗 + 1 𝑘
∴ ∇ɸ = 32 + 22 + 12
∇ɸ = 9 + 4 + 1
∇ɸ = 14

∇ϕ
𝑛= ∇ϕ
3 𝑖+2 𝑗 +1 𝑘
𝑛= 14
Page 62 of 90
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = 3 𝑖+2 𝑗 +1 𝑘
. 𝑘
14
𝑑𝑠 = ∵ 𝑏 =
3 𝑖+2 𝑗 +1 𝑘 . 𝑘 𝑏
𝑐
14 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
3 𝑖+2 𝑗 +1 𝑘 . 0 𝑖+0 𝑗 +1 𝑘
𝑑𝑠 = 3 0 +2 0 +1(1)
𝑑𝑠 = 0+0+1
14 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = 1
𝑑𝑠 = 14 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
3 𝑖+2 𝑗 +1 𝑘
∴ ∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 2 𝑖 − 0 𝑗 − 1 𝑘 . 14
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 2 𝑖 − 0 𝑗 − 1 𝑘 . 3 𝑖 + 2 𝑗 + 1 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 2 3 + −0 2 + −1 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 6 − 0 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = [5] 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 5 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
𝑐
5 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 5 𝑠
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ……………… (2)
C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices ( 2, 0, 0 ) , (0 , 3, 0 ) and ( 0, 0, 6 ).
We have the equation of plane passing through these three points as follows
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 6 = 0
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6
Page 63 of 90
In x-y plane 𝑧 = 0
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 0 = 6
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6
On x-axis 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 2 𝑖. 𝑒. 2,0
On y-axis 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 3 𝑖. 𝑒. 0,3
𝑦=3 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6
(0, 3)
6−2𝑦
𝑥=0 𝑥= 3
(0,0) (2, 0) X
𝑦=0
The four limits are

6−2𝑦
𝑥 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 3
𝑦 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 3

6−2𝑦
3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 5 0 0
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
6−2𝑦
3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 5 0 0
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
6−2𝑦
3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 5 0
[𝑥]0 3 𝑑𝑦
3 6−2𝑦
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 5 0
[ 3 − 0] 𝑑𝑦
3 6−2𝑦
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 5 0
𝑑𝑦
3
5 3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 3 0
(6 − 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
Page 64 of 90
5 3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 3 6 𝑑𝑦 − 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 0
5 3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 3 6 𝑑𝑦 − 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 0
3
5 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 3 6𝑦 − 2 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
2 0 𝑛 +1
5 3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 3 6𝑦 − 𝑦 2 0
5
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 3 6(3) − 32 − 6(0) − 02
5
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 18 − 9 − 0 − 0
3
5
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 3 9 − 0
5
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 3 9 − 0
5
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 3 9
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 15
Ex4. Apply stokes theorem to evaluate 𝑪

𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 for
𝑭 = 𝟐𝒚 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒊 + 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒌 over the area of the triangle
𝒙+𝒚+𝒛=𝟐
Ans: We know that
𝑐
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 ………. (1)
We have given 𝐹 = 2𝑦 1 − 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2𝑦 1 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑦22
𝑥2 + 𝑦 + 𝑧2 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 = 𝑖 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑗 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) − 𝜕𝑧 2𝑦 1 − 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕
+𝑘 𝑥 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 − 2𝑦 1 − 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 =𝑖 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑥+ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑗 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 − 2𝑦 1 − 𝑥 +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑘 𝑥− 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 − 2𝑦 1 − 𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Page 65 of 90
∇ × 𝐹 = 𝑖 0 + 2𝑦 + 0 − 0 + 0 + 0 − 𝑗 2𝑥 + 0 + 0 − 0 + 𝑘[1 − 2𝑥 − 2(1)(1 − 𝑥)]
∇ × 𝐹 = 𝑖 2𝑦 − 𝑗 2𝑥 + 𝑘[1 − 2𝑥 − 2(1 − 𝑥)]
∇ × 𝐹 = 𝑖 2𝑦 − 𝑗 2𝑥 + 𝑘 [1 − 2𝑥 − 2 + 2𝑥]
∇ × 𝐹 = 𝑖 2𝑦 − 𝑗 2𝑥 + 𝑘 [−1]
∇ × 𝐹 = 2𝑦 𝑖 − 2𝑥 𝑗 − 1𝑘
Given, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 ( It lies in x-y-z plane )

∇ϕ
𝑛= .............. (2)
|∇ϕ|
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = .................(3)
𝑛. 𝑘
Now we select ɸ we have 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧−2=0
Let, ɸ = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ϕ = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧−2
𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ϕ = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ϕ = 𝑖 𝑥+ 𝑦+ 𝑧− 2 +𝑗 𝑥+ 𝑦+ 𝑧− 2 +𝑘 𝑥+ 𝑦+ 𝑧− 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
∇ϕ = 𝑖 1 + 0 + 0 − 0 + 𝑗 0 + 1 + 0 − 0 + 𝑘 0 + 0 + 1 − 0
∇ϕ = 𝑖 1 + 𝑗 1 + 𝑘 1
∇ϕ = 1 𝑖 + 1 𝑗 + 1 𝑘
∴ ∇ɸ = 12 + 12 + 12
∇ɸ = 1 + 1 + 1
∇ɸ = 3

∇ϕ
𝑛= ∇ϕ
1 𝑖+1 𝑗 +1 𝑘
𝑛= 3
Page 66 of 90
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = 1 𝑖+1 𝑗 +1 𝑘
. 𝑘
3
𝑑𝑠 = ∵ 𝑏 =
1 𝑖+1 𝑗 +1 𝑘 . 𝑘 𝑏
𝑐
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 𝑖+1 𝑗 +1 𝑘 . 0 𝑖+0 𝑗 +1 𝑘
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = 1 0 +1 0 +1(1)
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = 0+0+1
3 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 = 1
𝑑𝑠 = 3 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
1 𝑖+1 𝑗 +1 𝑘
∴ ∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝑦 𝑖 − 2𝑥 𝑗 − 1𝑘 . 3
3 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝑦 𝑖 − 2𝑥 𝑗 − 1𝑘 . 1 𝑖 + 1 𝑗 + 1 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝑦 1 + −2𝑥 1 + −1 (1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
𝑐
2𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ……………… (2)
For limits we have 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =2
In x-y plane 𝑧 = 0
𝑥+𝑦+0=2
𝑥+𝑦 =2
On x-axis 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 = 2 i.e. (2,0)
On y-axis 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 i.e. 0,2
Page 67 of 90
(0, 2) 𝑦 =2−𝑥
𝑥+𝑦 =2
𝑥 = 0 (0,0) 𝑦=0 (2, 0) 𝑥 = 2 X
The four limits are
𝑥 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 2
𝑦 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 2 − 𝑥
𝑐
2𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2 2−𝑥
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0 0
2𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2 2−𝑥
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0 0
(2𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 2−𝑥
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
(2𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0
2 2−𝑥
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
2𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦 0 𝑑𝑥
2 2−𝑥
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦 0 𝑑𝑥
2−𝑥
2 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
2 0 𝑛+1
2 2−𝑥
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 0 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
2−𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥 − 0−0−0 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
2−𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
22 − 2 2 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∵ (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Page 68 of 90
2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
2 − 7𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 {Adding like terms}
2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 𝑑𝑥 − 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 0
2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 𝑑𝑥 − 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 0
2
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥 − 7 +3 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
2 3 0 𝑛+1
2
7𝑥 2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥 − + 𝑥3
2 0
7(2)2 7(0)2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2(2) − + (2)3 − 2(0) − + (0)3
2 2
7(4) 0
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 4 − +8 − 0−2+0
2
28
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 4 − +8 − 0−0+0
2
28
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 4 − +8
2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 4 − 14 + 8
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = −2

𝑭. 𝒅𝒓 for
𝑭 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒊 + 𝒙𝒚 𝒋 and C is the boundary of the rectangle 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝒂, 𝒚 = 𝒃
Ans: We know that
𝑐
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 ………. (1)
We have given 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑗
i.e. 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑗 + 0𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2
𝑥 𝑥𝑦 0
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 = 𝑖 0− 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑗 0− 𝑥2 + 𝑘 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 0 − 𝑗 0 − 0 + 𝑘 (1)𝑦 − 0
∇×𝐹 = 𝑖 0 −𝑗 0 +𝑘 𝑦−0
Page 69 of 90
∇×𝐹 = 𝑖 0 −𝑗 0 +𝑘 𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 = 0𝑖 − 0𝑗 + 𝑦𝑘
Given C is the boundary of the rectangle 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏 (It lies in x-y plane )
𝑛 = 𝑘 , 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ ∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0𝑖 − 0𝑗 + 𝑦𝑘 . 𝑘 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0𝑖 − 0𝑗 + 𝑦𝑘 . 0 𝑖 + 0 𝑗 + 1 𝑘 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 0 + −0 0 + 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 − 0 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
𝑐
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ........... (2)
Given C is the boundary of the rectangle 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏
𝑥=𝑎
0, 𝑏 𝑦=𝑏 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑦=𝑏
𝑥=0 𝑥=𝑎 X
(0,0) 𝑦=0 (𝑎, 0)
The limits are
𝑥 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
Page 70 of 90
𝑦 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏
𝑐
𝑎 𝑏
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0 0
𝑎 𝑏
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑑𝑥 0
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑏
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0 0
𝑏
𝑎 𝑦2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 0 2 0
𝑏2 02
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑎 − 0 −
2 2
𝑏2 0
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑎 −
2 2
𝑏2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑎 −0
2
𝑏2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑎 2
𝑎𝑏 2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2

[ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒊 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒋]. 𝒅𝒓 for
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 C is the boundary of the region enclosed by circles 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
Ans: We know that
𝑐
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 ………. (1)
We have given 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑗
i.e. 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑗 + 0𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 0
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 =𝑖 𝜕𝑦
0 − 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 −𝑗 𝜕𝑥
0 − 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 +𝑘 𝜕𝑥
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 − 𝜕𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
Page 71 of 90
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇×𝐹 =𝑖 0− 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑗 0− 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 + 𝑘 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 0 + 0 − 𝑗 0 − 0 − 0 + 𝑘 2𝑥 − 0 − 0 − 2𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 𝑗 0 + 𝑘 2𝑥 − 2𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 = 0𝑖 − 0𝑗 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑘
Given circles are 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
It lies in xy-plane
𝑛 = 𝑘 , 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ ∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0𝑖 − 0𝑗 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑘 . 𝑘 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0𝑖 − 0𝑗 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑘 . 0 𝑖 + 0 𝑗 + 1 𝑘 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 0 + −0 0 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 0 − 0 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 2 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
𝑐
2 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 𝑠
𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ............ (2)
Given C is the boundary of the region enclosed by circles
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 22 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 42
Here 𝑟 = 2 & 𝑟 = 4
follows
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
Page 72 of 90
Y
𝑟=4
r=2 𝜃=0
𝜃 = 2𝜋
The four limits are
𝑟 ∶ 2 𝑡𝑜 4
𝜃 ∶ 0 to 2π
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 𝑠
𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝜋 4
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 0 2
( 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 4
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 0 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 {Take 𝑟 common}
2𝜋 4
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 0 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 4 2
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2
𝑟 𝑑𝑟
2𝜋 4
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 2
0
2𝜋 4
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 2
4
2𝜋 𝑟 2+1 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
2+1 2 𝑛 +1
4
2𝜋 𝑟3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0 3 2
43 23
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 −
3 3
64 8
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 0 + 1 − 0 + 1 −3
3
64−8
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 1 − 1 3
Page 73 of 90
56
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2 0 3
𝑐
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 0
Method of finding 𝒔
𝛁 × 𝑭 . 𝒏 𝒅𝒔 by Stoke’s theorem
We know that by Stoke’s theorem
𝑐
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑠
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
𝑠
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐶
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 ………….......(1)
StepI: Write down given vector 𝐹 = 𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘 , 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
StepIII: Put up the value of 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 in equation (1) & make this equation as equation (2)
StepIV: Along the given curve fixed x or y, then find dx or dy accordingly.
StepV : If x is fixed , write down the limits for y OR If y is fixed , write down the limits for
x
StepVI: Find out integration with given limits.
Note: (i) whenever the given curve is a circle of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑥2 𝑦2
(ii) Whenever the given curve is an ellipse of the form + 𝑏2 = 1
𝑎2
We use parametric equations of ellipse as
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Page 74 of 90
Ex1. Evaluate: 𝑺
𝛁 × 𝑭 . 𝒅𝒔 where 𝑭 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑 𝒊 − 𝒙𝒚𝒛 𝒋 + 𝒚𝟑 𝒌 and S is the surface
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟒 above the plane 𝒙 = 𝟎
Ans: We know that
𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑆
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
𝑆
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟
𝑆
∇ × 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 ……………… (1)
Given, 𝐹 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 𝑖 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑦 3 𝑘 , 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 𝑖 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + 𝑦 3 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + −𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑧
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑧
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑧
𝑆
∇ × 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐶
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑧 ……….. (2)
Given, 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 2𝑥 = 4 above the plane 𝑥 = 0
Now, 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 2𝑥 = 4
Put 𝑥 = 0 we get
02 + 4𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 2(0) = 4
0 + 4𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 0 = 4
4𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 4
Dividing by 4
4𝑦 2 𝑧2 4
+ =4
4 4
𝑦2 𝑧2
+ =1
1 4
𝑦2 𝑧2
+ 22 = 1
12
𝑥2 𝑦2
This is standard equation of ellipse of the form + 𝑏2 = 1
𝑎2
Page 75 of 90
Here 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 2
We use parametric equation of ellipse as follows
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑧 = 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑦 = (1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑧 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑧 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑧 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 {∵ 𝑥 = 0 Given}
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑 0 , 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑑𝑧 = 2 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 0 , 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Along ellipse 𝜃 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋
𝑆
∇ × 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐶
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋 3
𝑆
∇ × 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 0
0 0 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)3 0 − 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 3
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
𝑆
∇ × 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 0
0 − 0 − 0 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 4 𝑑𝜃 ∵ 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 +𝑛
2𝜋
𝑆
∇ × 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 0
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 4 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
𝑆
∇ × 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 2 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 4 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
𝑆
∇ × 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 2 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 𝜋/2
Using 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 for all values of 𝑛
𝜋
𝑆
∇ × 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 2 (4) 0
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋/2
𝑆
∇ × 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 8 0
3.1 𝜋
𝑆
∇ × 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 8 ×2 [∵ By reduction formula]
4.2
3𝜋
𝑆
∇ × 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 2
Page 76 of 90
2. Evaluate: 𝑺
𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑭 . 𝒅𝒔 where 𝑭 = 𝒙 + 𝒛 𝒊 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝒛 𝒋 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒌 and S is the
surface 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 = 𝒛 − 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
above the plane 𝒛 = 𝟎
Ans: We know that
𝐶
∇ × 𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠
𝐶
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 {∵ 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = ∇ × 𝐹 }
𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 . 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟
𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐶
𝐹 𝑑𝑟 ……………… (1)
Given, 𝐹 = 𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑗 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑘 , 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑗 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + −3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧
𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧
𝑆
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 ……….. (2)
Given, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 − 2 2
above the plane 𝑧 = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑧 − 2 2
Put 𝑧 = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 0 − 2 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = −2 2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 22
This is the standard equation of circle of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2
Here 𝑟 = 2
𝑥 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∵𝑟=2
𝑥 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝑧 = 0 { ∵ 𝑧 = 0 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛}

Page 77 of 90
𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 2 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 , 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑(0)
𝑑𝑥 = 2 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑆
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋 3
𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 0
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃) + 0 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 0 − 0
2𝜋
𝑆
−4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
𝑆
−4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 16 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑆
−4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 0
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = −4 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 16 0
2𝜋 𝜋/2
Using 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 & 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 for all values of 𝑛
𝜋
2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = −4 0
𝑑𝜃 + 16 (4) 0
2
𝜋
4 2𝜋
𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = − 2 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 16 (4) 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥
Using 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎
& reduction formulae for second term we get
4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 2𝜋 3.1 𝜋
𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = − 2 – + 16(4) ×2
2 0 4.2
4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(0) 3.1 𝜋

𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = − 2 – − – + 16 (4) ×2
2 2 4.2
4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 3.1 𝜋

𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = − 2 – − – + 16 (4) ×2
2 2 4.2
4 1 1 3.1 𝜋
𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = − 2 –2 − –2 + 16 4 ×2 {∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜋 = 1 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1}
4.2
4 1 1
𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = − 2 –2 − –2 + 112𝜋
4 1 1
𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = − 2 − 2 + 2 + 12𝜋
4
𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = − 2 0 + 12𝜋
𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = −0 + 12𝜋
Page 78 of 90
𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 𝑑𝑠 = 12𝜋
Ex1. Apply Stoke’s theorem to evaluate 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 − 4 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
Over the surface of the hemisphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 16 (05 Marks)
Ex2. Apply stokes theorem to evaluate 𝐶

𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 for 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑗 and C is the
boundary of the rectangle 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏 (05 Marks)
Surface integral:
The integral determined on the surface is known as surface integral.
Surface integral= 𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑠
𝐹 . 𝑑𝑠
Gauss divergence theorem.
Statement: Let, 𝐹 be vector function of position, having continuous derivatives in a volume V

bounded by closed surface S then 𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣
∇. 𝐹 𝑑𝑣 .
where 𝑛 is the outward normal to S.
Key Points: (i) In Cartesian coordinates 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
(ii) In the surface of sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2
We use spherical polar coordinates system as follows
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑟 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 , 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
𝑟: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 , 𝜃 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋 , ϕ: 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋
(iii) In the surface of cylinder we use cylindrical polar coordinates system as follows
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 , 𝑧 = 𝑧
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑧
𝑟 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 , 𝜙: 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋 & the limits for 𝑧 are given in the example.
Method of finding 𝒔
𝑭 . 𝒏 𝒅𝒔 by Gauss divergence theorem.
We know that by Gauss divergence theorem
𝑠
∇. 𝐹 𝑑𝑣 …………….(1)
StepI: Write down given vector 𝐹 = 𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘
Page 79 of 90
StepII: Find ∇. 𝐹
Put this value in (1) and make this equation as (2)
StepIII: If the given curve is a sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2
we use spherical polar coordinates system as follows
𝑟: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 , 𝜃 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋 , 𝜙: 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋 Putting these limits in (2) and evaluate triple integration.
OR if the given curve is a surface of cylinder we use cylindrical polar coordinates system as
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 , 𝑧 = 𝑧 , 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑧
𝑟: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 , 𝜙: 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋 & the limits for 𝑧 are given in the example.
Ex1. Evaluate: 𝑺
𝑭 . 𝒏 𝒅𝒔 where 𝑭 = 𝒙𝟑 𝒊 + 𝒚𝟑 𝒋 + 𝒛𝟑 𝒌 over 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐
Ans: We know that
By Gauss-Divergence theorem
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑆
∇. 𝐹 𝑑𝑣 …………. (1)
We have given 𝐹 = 𝑥3 𝑖 + 𝑦3 𝑗 + 𝑧3 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐹 = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧 . 𝑥3 𝑖 + 𝑦3 𝑗 + 𝑧3 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐹 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑥3 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑦3 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑧3
∇. 𝐹 = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2
∇. 𝐹 = 3 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 𝑆
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑣 ………….. (2)
Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 (Sphere)
We use spherical coordinates system as follows
ɸ ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋
Page 80 of 90
𝜃 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 𝑆
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑣
𝑎 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 0 0 0
𝑟 2 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑ɸ
𝑎 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 0 0 0
𝑟 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑ɸ
𝑎 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 0
𝑟 4 𝑑𝑟 0
𝑑ɸ 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑎 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 𝑟 4 𝑑𝑟 𝑑ɸ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 0 0
𝑎
𝑟5 2𝜋 𝜋 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 ɸ 0 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0
{∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
5 0 𝑛+1
𝑎5 05
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 − 2𝜋 − 0 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − −𝑐𝑜𝑠0
5 5
𝑎5 0
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 −5 2𝜋 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
5
𝑎5
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 −0 2𝜋 −(−1) + 1 [∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 = −1 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1]
5
𝑎5
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 2𝜋 1+1
5
𝑎5
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 2𝜋 2
5
12𝜋𝑎 5
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 5
Ex2. Evaluate 𝒔
𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒛 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒛𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 where S surface bounded by the
cylinder 𝒛 = 𝟎 , 𝒛 = 𝟑 & 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒
Ans: We know that
𝑠
∇. 𝐹 𝑑𝑣 …………. (1)
We have given 𝐹 = 𝑥3 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐹 = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧 . 𝑥3 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐹 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑥3 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 2 𝑧
∇. 𝐹 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 (1) + 𝑥 2 (1)
Page 81 of 90
∇. 𝐹 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2
∇. 𝐹 = 5𝑥 2
𝑠
∇. 𝐹 𝑑𝑣
𝑠
5𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 5 𝑣
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 ………….. (2)
Given surface of cylinder is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 22 (Circle)
Here 𝑟 = 2
We use cylindrical polar coordinates system as follows
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 , 𝑧 = 𝑧 , 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑ɸ 𝑑𝑧
𝑟 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 2
ɸ ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋
𝑧 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 3
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 5 𝑣
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣
2 2𝜋 3 2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 5 0 0 0
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ɸ (𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑ɸ 𝑑𝑧)
2 2𝜋 3 3
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 5 0 0 0
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ɸ 𝑑𝑟 𝑑ɸ 𝑑𝑧
2 3 2𝜋 3
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 5 0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ɸ 𝑑ɸ 0
𝑑𝑧
2𝜋 𝜋/2
Using 0
2 3 𝜋/2 3
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 5 0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 4 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ɸ 𝑑ɸ 0
𝑑𝑧
2
𝑟4 1 𝜋
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 5 4 × 2 [𝑧]30 {∵ By reduction formula}
4 0 2
24 04
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 5 − 𝜋 [3 − 0]
4 4
24 0
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 5 −4 𝜋 [3]
4
Page 82 of 90
16
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 5 −0 𝜋 [3]
4
16
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 5 𝜋 3
4
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 60𝜋
Ex3. Evaluate: 𝑺
𝒙𝟑 𝒊 + 𝒚𝟑 𝒋 + 𝒛𝟑 𝒌 𝒅𝒔 over 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔 .
Ans: We know that
𝑠
∇. 𝐹 𝑑𝑣 …………. (1)
We have given 𝐹 = 𝑥3 𝑖 + 𝑦3 𝑗 + 𝑧3 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐹 = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧 . 𝑥3 𝑖 + 𝑦3 𝑗 + 𝑧3 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐹 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑥3 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑦3 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑧3
∇. 𝐹 = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2
∇. 𝐹 = 3 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 𝑆
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑣 ………….. (2)
Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 16 (Sphere)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 42
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 Here 𝑎 = 4
We use spherical coordinates system as follows
𝑟 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 i.e. 𝑟 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 4
ɸ ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋
𝜃 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 𝑆
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑣
Page 83 of 90
4 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 0 0 0
𝑟 2 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑ɸ
4 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 0 0 0
𝑟 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑ɸ
4 4 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 0
𝑑ɸ 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑎 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 𝑟 4 𝑑𝑟 𝑑ɸ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 0 0
4
𝑟5 2𝜋 𝜋 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 ɸ 0 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0
{∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
5 0 𝑛+1
45 05
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 − 2𝜋 − 0 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − −𝑐𝑜𝑠0
5 5
45 0
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 −5 2𝜋 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0
5
1024
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 −0 2𝜋 −(−1) + 1 [∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 = −1 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1]
5
1024
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 2𝜋 1+1
5
1024
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 2𝜋 2
5
12288 𝜋
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 5
Ex4. Evaluate: 𝒔
𝑭 𝒏 𝒅𝒔 where 𝑭 = 𝟒𝒙𝒊 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒋 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒌 and S is the region bounded by
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒙 , 𝒙 = 𝟏 , 𝒛 = 𝟎 , 𝒛 = 𝟑
Ans: We know that
𝑠
∇. 𝐹 𝑑𝑣 …………. (1)
We have given 𝐹 = 4𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐹 = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧 . 4𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦 2 𝑗 + 𝑧 2 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐹 = 𝜕𝑥 4𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 −2𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑧 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐹 = 𝜕𝑥 4𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦 2𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑧 2
∇. 𝐹 = 4(1) − 2(2𝑦) + 2𝑧
∇. 𝐹 = 4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧
Page 84 of 90
𝑠
∇. 𝐹 𝑑𝑣
𝑠
4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑑𝑣 ………….. (2)
S is the region bounded by 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 , 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑧 = 0 , 𝑧 = 3
Graph: Plotting all the given curves 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 , 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑧 = 0 , 𝑧 = 3
Here 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 is a parabola of the form 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑥=1
𝑦 2 = 4𝑥
(1, 2) 𝑦 = 2
𝑦2
𝑥= 𝑥=1
4
(0, 0)
(1,-2) 𝑦 = −2
Here to find the point of intersection of 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 , 𝑥 = 1
We have 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥
Put 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 2 = 4(1)
𝑦2 = 4
𝑦 = 4
𝑦 = ±2
𝑦 = 2, −2
The points of intersections are 1,2 & 1, −2
The four limits are
Page 85 of 90
𝑦2
𝑥∶ 𝑡𝑜 1
4
𝑦 ∶ −2 𝑡𝑜 2
𝑧: 0 𝑡𝑜 3 {∵ Given 𝑧 = 0 , 𝑧 = 3 }
Also, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

2 3 1
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2 0 𝑦2 4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
4
2 3 1
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2 0
[ 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥] 4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
4
2 3 1
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2
4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
4
2 3 1
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2 0
𝑥 𝑦2
4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
4
2 3 𝑦2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2 0
1− 4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
4
2 3 𝑦2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2 0
1− 4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
4
2 3 𝑧𝑦2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2 0
[4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 − ] 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
2
2 3 𝑧𝑦2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2 0
4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 − 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
2
3
2 𝑧𝑦2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2
4 − 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 − 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
2 0
3
2 𝑧𝑦2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2
4 𝑑𝑧 − 4𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑦2 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑦3 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
2 0
3
2 𝑦2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2
4 𝑑𝑧 − 4𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑦2 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑦3 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
2 0
3
2 𝑧2 𝑦2 𝑧2 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2
4𝑧 − 4𝑦𝑧 + 2 − 𝑦2 𝑧 + 𝑦3 𝑧 − 𝑑𝑦 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
2 2 2 0 𝑛 +1
3
2 𝑦2 𝑧2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2
4𝑧 − 4𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧2 − 𝑦2 𝑧 + 𝑦3 𝑧 − 𝑑𝑦
4 0
2 𝑦 2 (3)2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2
4(3) − 4𝑦(3) + 32 − 𝑦 2 (3) + 𝑦 3 (3) − − 0−0+0−0+0−0 𝑑𝑦
4
2 𝑦 2 (9)
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2
12 − 12𝑦 + 9 − 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 3 − − 0 𝑑𝑦
4
Page 86 of 90
2 9𝑦 2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = −2
12 − 12𝑦 + 9 − 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 3 − 𝑑𝑦
4
2
9𝑦 2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 12 𝑑𝑦 − 12𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 9 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦
4 −2
9 2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 12 𝑑𝑦 − 12 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 9 𝑑𝑦 − 3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 3 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 − 4 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
−2
2
𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 9 𝑦3 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 12𝑦 − 12 + 9𝑦 − 3 +3 −4 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
2 3 4 3 −2 𝑛+1
2
3𝑦 4 3𝑦 3
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 12𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 + 9𝑦 − 𝑦 3 + −
4 4 −2
2 3(2)4 3(2)3 3(−2)4 3(−2)3

𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 12(2) − 6 2 + 9(2) − (2)3 + − − 12(−2) − 6 −2 2 + 9(−2) − (−2)3 + −
4 4 4 4
3(16) 3(8) 3(16) 3(−8)

𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 24 − 6 4 + 18 − 8 + − − −24 − 6(4) + (−18) − (−8) + −
4 4 4 4
48 24 48 24
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 24 − 24 + 18 − 8 + − − −24 − 24 − 18 + 8 + +
4 4 4 4
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 24 − 24 + 18 − 8 + 12 − 6 − −24 − 24 − 18 + 8 + 12 + 6
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 16 − −40
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 16 + 40
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 56
Ex5. Evaluate: 𝒔
𝑭 𝒏 𝒅𝒔 where 𝑭 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒛 𝒊 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒋 − (𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚)𝒌 over the volume
bounded by 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟔 , 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟎.
Ans: : We know that
𝑠
∇. 𝐹 𝑑𝑣 …………. (1)
We have given 𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑗 − (𝑥 + 3𝑦)𝑘

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐹 = 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧 . [ 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑗 − (𝑥 + 3𝑦)𝑘 ]
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐹 = 𝜕𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 2 − 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 3𝑦)
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇. 𝐹 = 𝜕𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝜕𝑥 𝑧 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 2 − 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 − 𝜕𝑧 3𝑦
∇. 𝐹 = 2(1)𝑦 + 0 + 2𝑦 − 0 − 0
Page 87 of 90
∇. 𝐹 = 2𝑦 + 2𝑦
∇. 𝐹 = 4𝑦
𝑠
∇. 𝐹 𝑑𝑣
𝑠
4y 𝑑𝑣
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 𝑆
y 𝑑𝑣 ………….. (2)
S is the region bounded by 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0
Lower limit for 𝑧 is given 𝑧 = 0
Now, 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6
𝑧 = 6 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦
The limits are 𝑧 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 6 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦
Now, put 𝑧 = 0 in 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6 we get
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6
2 𝑥+𝑦 =6
6
𝑥+𝑦 =2
𝑥+𝑦 =3
𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥 & lower limit for 𝑦 is given 𝑦 = 0
The limits are 𝑦 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 3 − 𝑥
Now, put 𝑦 = 0 & 𝑧 = 0 in 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6 we get
2𝑥 = 6
6
𝑥=2
𝑥 = 3 & lower limit for 𝑥 is given 𝑥 = 0
The limits are 𝑥 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 3
The limits are
𝑥 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 3
𝑦 ∶ 0 𝑡𝑜 3 − 𝑥
Page 88 of 90
𝑧: 0 𝑡𝑜 6 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 , 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 𝑆
y 𝑑𝑣
3 3−𝑥 6−2𝑥−2𝑦
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0 0 0
𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
3 3−𝑥 6−2𝑥−2𝑦
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0 0 0
𝑑𝑧 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
3 3−𝑥 6−2𝑥−2𝑦
𝑠
𝐹 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0 0
𝑑𝑧 0 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
3 3−𝑥 6−2𝑥−2𝑦
𝑠
𝐹 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0 0
𝑧 0 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
3 3−𝑥
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0 0
(6 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦) − 0 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
3 3−𝑥
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0 0
6 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
3 3−𝑥
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0 0
6 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
3 3−𝑥
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0 0
6𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
3 3−𝑥
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0
6𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 0 𝑑𝑥
3 3−𝑥
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0
6 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 0 𝑑𝑥
3−𝑥
3 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0
6 − 2𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 {∵ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = }
2 2 3 0 𝑛+1
3−𝑥
3 2𝑦 3
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0
3𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑑𝑥
3 0
3 2 3−𝑥 3
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0
3(3 − 𝑥)2 − 𝑥(3 − 𝑥)2 − − 0−0−0 𝑑𝑥
3
3 2 2 2 3−𝑥 3
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0
3 3−𝑥 −𝑥 3−𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
3
3 2 2 3−𝑥
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0
3−𝑥 3−𝑥− 𝑑𝑥
3
3 2 9 3𝑥 2 3−𝑥
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0
3−𝑥 − − 𝑑𝑥 {Adjustment}
3 3 3
3 21
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 4 0
3−𝑥 9 − 3𝑥 − 2(3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3
4 3 2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 0
3−𝑥 9 − 3𝑥 − 2(3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 3 2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 0
3−𝑥 9 − 3𝑥 − 6 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Page 89 of 90
4 3 2
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 0
3−𝑥 3 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 3 3
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 0
3−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑏−𝑎𝑥 𝑛 +1
Using 𝑏 − 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎 (𝑛+1)
3
4 3−𝑥 3+1
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 −1 3+1 0
3
4 3−𝑥 4
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 −1 4 0
3
4 3−𝑥 4
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 − 4 0
4 3−3 4 3−0 4
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 − − −
4 4
4 3−3 4 3−0 4
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 − +
4 4
4 0 4 3 4
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 − +
4 4
4 0 81
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 − 4 + 4
4 81
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 −0 + 4
4 81
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 3 4
𝑠
𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 27
Page 90 of 90

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Page 1 of 90

Unit-III Vector Integration

There are three types

(i) Line integral

(ii) Surface integral

(iii) Volume integral

If 𝑟 is a position vector of any point P of C then

Circulation: If 𝐹 represents the velocity of a liquid then 𝐶

If curl𝐹 = ∇ × 𝐹 = 0 then 𝐹 is conservative.

Work done on conservative field:

Step I: Write down given vector 𝐹 = 𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘 , 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘

If 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 0 then 𝐹 is conservative field.

Work done depends on end points.

Step III: Find out 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟

Step V: Work done = 𝐶

Put up the expansion of 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 and given limits in the integration.

Step VI: Find out integration with the given limits.

The result we get will be the required work done.

along the curve between 𝟏, −𝟐, 𝟏 to 𝟑, 𝟏, 𝟒

Ans: Given, 𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 𝑘

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 0 − 𝑗 3(1) 𝑧 2 − 0 − 3𝑧 2 + 𝑘 2𝑥 − 2𝑥(1) − 0

Work done depends on end points.

𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 {Pairing terms}

work done = 64 3 + (9)(1) − 1 (1) + 1 (−2)

work done = 192 + 9 − 1 − 2

work done = 201 − −1

work done = 201 + 1

work done = 202 Units

Ex2. Find the work done by the force

𝑭 = 𝟐𝒙𝒛𝟑 + 𝟔𝒚 𝒊 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚𝒛 𝒋 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 𝒌

along the curve from (0,0,0) to (1,0,0) then (1,0,0) to (1,1,1)

Ans: Given, 𝐹 = 2𝑥𝑧 3 + 6𝑦 𝑖 + 6𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑘

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 2𝑦 − 0 − 2𝑦(1) − 𝑗 3(2𝑥)𝑧 2 − 0 − 2𝑥 3𝑧 2 + 0 + 𝑘 6(1) − 0 − 0 + 6(1)

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 2𝑦 − 0 − 2𝑦 −𝑗 6𝑥𝑧 2 − 0 − 6𝑥𝑧 2 + 0 + 𝑘 6 − 0 − 0 + 6

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 −2𝑦 − −2𝑦 −𝑗 6𝑥𝑧 2 − 6𝑥𝑧 2 +𝑘 6 − 6

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 −2𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 𝑗 6𝑥𝑧 2 − 6𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑘 6 − 6

Work done depends on end points.

Now, 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥𝑧 3 + 6𝑦 𝑖 + 6𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 𝑗 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘

𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧

𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝑥𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧

𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = −𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 − 2𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 6𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 {Pairing}

𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 + 6 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 2 (3𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 [Adjustment]

𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = −𝑑 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 6 𝑑(𝑦𝑥) + 𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑧 3 {∵ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑(𝑢 𝑣)}

(i) Along a curve from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 0)

Equation (1) becomes

work done = − 0 2 (0) + 6(0)(1) + (1)2 (0)3 — − 0 2

(ii) Along a curve from (1, 0,0) to (1,1,1)

Equation (1) becomes

work done = − 1 2 (1) + 6(1)(1) + (1)2 (1)3 — − 0 2

work done = − 1 1 + 6 1 1 + 1 (1) — − 0 0 + 6 0 1 + 1 (0)

Total work done = 0 + 6 = 6 units

Ex3. Find the work done by the force

Ans: Given, 𝐹 = 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑧 3 𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4 𝑗 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 + 2 𝑘

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 0 + 0 − 0 + 0 − 𝑗 3(1) 𝑧 2 + 0 − 0 − 3𝑧 2 + 𝑘 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 0 − 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 0

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 = 𝑖 0 − 𝑗 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 2 + 𝑘 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Work done depends on end points.

Now, 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑧 3 𝑖 + 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4 𝑗 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 + 2 𝑘 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘

𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 + 2𝑑𝑧

𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑑𝑧 {Pairing terms}

𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑 𝑧 3 𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑑𝑧 {∵ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑(𝑢 𝑣)}