Scribd
Upload
15 views19 pages

GIS Lect

Uploaded by

fun.098765432.fun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
15 views19 pages

GIS Lect

Uploaded by

fun.098765432.fun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Geographic Information System

(GIS)

Dr. Eman Omar


Chapter 4: Raster Data Model

2
Elements of The Raster Data Model

• A raster is also called a grid or an image in


GIS.
• A raster represents a continuous surface, but
for data storage and analysis, a raster is
divided into rows, columns, and cells.

3
Elements of The Raster Data
Model (cont.)

• Raster data represent:


– points with single cells,
– lines with sequences of neighboring cells,
and
– polygons with collections of contiguous
cells

4
Elements of The Raster Data
Model (cont.)

5
Cell Value

• Cell values in a raster can be categorical or


numeric (i.e., integer or floating-point).
• A land cover raster, for example, contains
categorical data with 1 for urban land use, 2 for
forested land, 3 for water body, and so on.

6
Cell Size

• The cell size of a raster refers to the size of the


area represented by a single cell.
• If a raster has a cell size of 100 square meters, it
means each side of its cell is 10 meters in length.
The raster is typically called a 10-meter raster.
• The cell size determines the spatial resolution of a
raster. A 10-meter raster has a finer (higher)
resolution than a 30-meter raster.

7
Cell Depth

• The cell depth of a raster refers to the number of bits for


storing cell values.
• A bit has a single binary value of either 0 or 1.
• A byte is a sequence of bits, with 8 bits equaling 1 byte.
• A higher cell depth means that the cell can store a wider
range of values.
• For example, an 8-bit raster can store 256 (28 ) possible
values while a 16-bit (216) raster can store 65,536 possible
values.

8
Raster Bands

• A raster may have a single band or multiple


bands.
• Each cell in a single-band raster has only one cell
value. An example of a single-band raster is an
elevation raster, with one elevation value at each
cell location.
• Each cell in a multiband raster is associated with
more than one cell value

9
Raster Bands

10
RASTER DATA STRUCTURE

• Raster data structure refers to the method by


which raster data are encoded and stored in the
computer.
• Three common methods are examined here:
1. cell-by-cell encoding,
2. runlength encoding, and
3. quadtre

11
cell-by-cell encoding

• The cell-by-cell encoding method provides the


simplest raster data structure.
• A raster is stored as a matrix, and its cell values
are written into a file by row and column.
• this method is an ideal choice if the cell values of
a raster change continuously.

12
cell-by-cell encoding

13
run-length encoding (RLE)

• Cell-by-cell encoding becomes inefficient if a


raster contains many redundant cell values.
• Raster data with many repetitive cell values can
be more efficiently stored using the run-length
encoding (RLE) method, which records the cell
values by row and by group.
• A group refers to a series of adjacent cells with the
same cell value.

14
run-length encoding (RLE)

15
Quadtree

• quadtree uses recursive decomposition to divide a


raster into a hierarchy of quadrants.
• Recursive decomposition refers to a process of
continuous subdivision until every quadrant in a
quadtree contains only one cell value.

16
Quadtree

• Depending on the cell value(s) in the quadrant, a


node can be a non-leaf node or a leaf node.
• A non-leaf node represents a quadrant that has
different cell values.
• A non-leaf node is therefore a branch point,
meaning that the quadrant is subject to
subdivision. A leaf node, on the other hand,
represents a quadrant that has the same cell
value. A leaf node is therefore an end point
17
Quadtree

18
Thank You
Questions ??

19

You might also like