Engineering Mathematics - Ill (4-14) Partial Differential

Equati

Example . Solve p + q = z2(X+ y). (S U. 1985 99,

2003
Sol. : The equationcan be writtenas

z Ox
put dz = d Z logz = Z

Put each side equal to a.

and

But dZ = — dx + _

3/2 2
Z = log z = —
 Introduction
A differential equation which contains one or more partial derivatives
therefore is concerned with two or more independent variables IS called a
ial differential equation
If z is the dependent variable and x, y are independentvariables the
al derivatives az / ax, dz / ay are denoted by p and q respectively.Thus,
this notation
PX + z, P— q = + YR, x2p2 + y2c/ = z2
)artial differential equations.
12
As before the order of the highest order (partial) derivative occurring in
quationis called the order of the partial differential equation. In this
ter, we shall be concerned with partial differential equations of the first
i.e. in which p and q will occur only in the first degree. Further,our
ssion will be restricted to the followingfour standard forms of partial
entialequations of the first order.
Form 1 : F (p, q) = 0 i.e. the equations which involve p and q only i.e.
ich x, y, z are absent.
variables
Form 2 : F (p, q, z) = 0 i.e. the equations in which independent
y are absent.
dependent
Form 3 : Fl(x, p ) = F2(y, q) i.e. the equations in which
ilez is absent.
Form4 : F (x, y, z, p, q) = O.

Standard Form I : F (p, q) = O

ions involving pand q only i.e. of the form F (p, q) = O
)learly z = ax + by + c is a solutionof (1) if a, b are such that
z = ax + by + we get
5 ) = 0. This is so because,differentiating
z
a and q b. Since, F (a, b) = O, we have F (p, q) = 0 showing
from
: ax + by + c is the completesolutionof (1) where F (a, b) = 0. If
get f (a) the complete solution is z = ax + f(a) •y + c. Thus,
= O, we
ution of F (p, q) = O is ax + by + c where F (a, b) = O
 Engineering Mathematics - (4-4) Partial
Differenti

2
Now, put — logr = R

2
The solution is z = aR+ b0 + c where a2 + b 1.
z = aR ± +c

z = alogr ± tan-I (y/x) + c.

z=alog x2 ± Jl% ä • tan-I (y/x)+c

2
Example 6 : Solve (y— x) (qy— PX) = (P— q)
(S.U. 1997, 98, 99, 2004
Sol. : Put x + y=X, xy= Y.
ax
57 • 57 ax
ay-Ü%7 by ax •1+——•x
The given equation becomes
2
(y-x)
ax Y
2 2
(y-x)2
The solution is z = aX+ bY+ c where a=b2 i.e. b
= ± ca.

z = a(x + y) ± G • xy + c.

Example 7 : Solve (x + y) (p + + (x—y) (p —

=
(S.U. 1994, 97,
98, 99, 2004, 05,
Sol. : put x + y = X 2 and x y
1
p
1
q 2 x ax 1 öz
becomes
The given equation
2 2
1
 -

Mathematics
engineering

2 2

ax
is
solution z = ax + bY+ c wherea2 + t/ = 1
The

EXERCISE - 1
following equations.
Solvethe
Up + (5=1. Ä(S.U. 1996, 2004) [ Ans. : z = ax + (1
1.
pq = p + q. (S.U. 1992, 95, 2002, 03, 04, 05, 06)
2.
[ Ans. : (b—1) z = bX+ b(b— 1) y + c J
23- (S.U. 2004)[Ans.: z = ax + (1/a2).Y+cJ
I z2 = Ax ± 3a —A2 . y + c]
2
2 3a (S.U. 2005)[Ans • —
2

2. x2p2 +Y q = z. [ Ans. : 2Cz = alogx± Cl% ä logy+ c]

3. x 3p 2 + yq = 1. [ Ans. : z = (—2a/G) + (1—a2) logy + c]
4. xp2 + yq = z. (S.U. 2001, 04)
[Ans.: I—a2 •G + b)
= z. [ Ans. : 2J¯z = ax ± y+bJ
5. p2 +q
6. xp2 +yq 2 = E. v/ (S.U. 1996, 98)
[ Ans. : logz= 2aJÆ + +bJ

7. x4y3z4. (S.U. 1998, 2000, 03, 04, 09)

[ Ans. •
z

StandardForm Il
of the form f(z, p, q) = Owhich does not involve x and y.
:qUation
Suppose,z = f(X) whereX = x + ay
dz
57 -ax ax ax dX
and q•- öz
az a X Dz
dX
 (4-6) Partial Differential
Engineering Mathematics - Ill

Putting these values the given equation becomes

dz dz

which is an ordinary differentialequation of the first order in z and X

X by x + ay, we get the By
this equationand replacing required solution
*ample 1 : Solve 9 (p2z + q2) = 4. (S.U. 1994,
96, 98,
dz
Sol. : Put z = f (X) whereX = x + ay, p q a
dX dX
2 2
dz 2 dz 4
dX dX
2
dz 2 1
dX dX 3 2

which is of variable separable type.

By integration, a2)3/2 (z + a2)3 = (X +
(z + a2)3
ZExample 2 : Solve pa + q3 = 27z.
(S.U. 1998?
Sol. : Putz = f (X) whereX = x +
ay, p = dz dz
3 dX dX
3
= 272 3
dX
+ • z 1/3dz = dX
which is of variable
separable type.
By integration, 3
• —z2/3 = X + c

(1 +
= + ay+ c)3 .
/Example 3 : Solve
Sol. : By usualsubstitution 1 + q2 (S.u. 1987.
the bæornß
dz dz
z— = 1+a2

dz _ z ±
 EngineeringMathematics - Ill (4-7) Partial Differential Equations

By rationalisingtfie denominator,
z2 4a2
•dz= ----z•dX

z 2 —4a2

By integration
_lz% —
4a 2
log z +

—4x + 4ay + c.

Example4 : Solve p (1 + q) = qz. (S.U. 1993, 98, 99, 2003, 04, 05)
Bol.: As above
dz dz dz
dX dX 4X dX dX
Now,dz O gives c which is trivial.
dX
Now,consider the second factor,

By integration,log (az— 1) = X + log b.

log —(az—l) = X —(az—1)= ex az—1= be

az— 1 = +ay where a, b are arbitraryconstants.
Example 5 : Solve p 2 — 1 - e. (s.u. 1999, 2000, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06)
01.: As above

(I—a) = 1—z 2.

By sh¯l z =

(x + ay) +
Engineering Mathematics - Ill (4-8) Partial
Differential

z sin •(x + ay) + b

I-a
(a) Equations reducible to the above form

Example 1 : Solve q y = z(z— PX). (S.u. 1993,

94,
2
Oz
Sol. : Rewritingthe equation y—
Ox
dx dy -
put dX, dY X = logx, Y = logy.
x
The given equation becomes,
2
Dz
which is in the above standard
ox form

PutX X + ay, Oz dz Oz dz

2 2
2 dz dz
a 2 dz dz
z2=0
dXl dXi
dz —z± z2 + 4a2z 2 z
dXl 2a 2 2a2 2]
2a2 dz _I ± I + 4a2 dX'
z
Integrating
2a logz= —

2a2logz = ± (X + ay +

±
[—1 (logx alogy + båc)

c x ya is reQired
Example 2 : Solve p2x2 = z(z
2
Z—
Sol. : We rewrite the given equation
 EngineeringMathematics - Ill (4-9) Partial Differential Equations

dx
Now, we put X = logx, Y = logY.
x
The given equation becomes,
2

ax which is in the above standard form Il

PuttingX X + ay, c)z dz 0z dz

dX
2
dz
= z z—a dz dz
2

Then we can proceed as above.

Example 3 : Solve x 2p2 + y 2q2 = z. (S.u. 1994)

2 2
Sol. : We rewritethe given equation as x—-

dx dy
Now, we put dY :. X = logx, Y= logy
x
2 2
The given equation becomes
ax
whichis of the above form ll.
dz dz
PuttingX' = X + aY, dXl
ax
2 2 2
dz 2 dz dz

dz dX' By integration2J¯z 2
log x + a log y
2

EXERCISE - 11
Solve the following equations.
2002, 05, 06) [ Ans. : log z = a ay+ c) J
A. p2=qz. (S.U. 1998,
: 4z(1 + a2) = (x + ay+ c2)J
(S.U. 1992, 05) [ Ans.
+ a)(x + ay) = (a/2)z2 + c J
3. p + q = pqz. (S.U. 2004) [ Ans. : (1
c + x + a (1 + a) Jogz]
[ Ans. :
 - Ill
(4-10) Partia
Engineering Mathematics

(S.U. 2003) Ans. :

5. z = pg. 4az (n
(S.U. 1997, 2005, 06)
6. z2 (p2 + q2 + 1)
t Ans. : (1 +
(x
(s.u. 1991, 95, 97, 20m, 03)
7. z2 (p2 + q2 + 1)
Ans. : As
above
v
8. + q2) = q(z— a). (S.U. 1988, 91)
Ans. : 4a(z-a) 4 (x fay
9. z2(p2x2 + q2) = (S.U. 2002, 04, 06)
[ Ans. : (a2 + z2)3 9 (x + ay

10. z2
2
(S.U. 1989)
2
Ans. :

Al. q2 = z 2p2(1 —p2). (S.U. 1990) [ Ans. : x + ay = z2-a2

12. p(1+q 2) = q(z- a). (S.U. 2003, 06)
t Ans. : + ay) + c = 2 (az- au-
13. z2(p2x2 + q2) = 1. ( Hint : Put dx/ x = dX)
Ans. : 1+ a2 . z2/2 log x + ay

14. (p 2 —q2 ) = zp. (S.U. 1990, 91, 99)

[ Ans. : I—a
Ans. : z2 = a + (x + by
15. q = z2p(1 —p2). (S.E 1990, 96) [
2 = 4 (bz- at
Jf6. p(l + q2) = q(z —a). [ Ans. : (x + ay + c)

4. Standard Form Ill

Equations not involving z i.e. of the type fl (x, p) 2
= a and f2(y,q)
We put each side equal to a. Thus, fl(x, p)
Solving these equations, we get
p = Fl(x, a) and q = F2(y,a)
But dz = dx + —dy = pdx+ q dy

dz = fi(x, a)dx + F2(y, a) dy

Integrating, we get
Fl(x, a)dx+ F2(y, wherecban
 1

ngineering Mathematics - Ill (4-11) Partial Differential Equations

Example 1 : Solve px— qy= y 2 (S.u. 2006)

01.: Rewirtingthe equation as PX + x = qy+Y and equating each to a, we

et
PX+ x2 -a, qy
4
x
But p dX+ q dy

dy

Integrating, we get
2
x
z = a Jog x — + a logy
2 2
x 4ay-vv 2
a log (xy)
2 2
Example 2 : Solve pe y = qe x (S.U. 1993, 95, 98, 06)
.01.: Rewritingthe equation as pe -x = qe-Y and equating each side to a, we

pe x and qe-Y = a
z2 /2 =lop.
But p dX+ q dy dz —
eae Xdx + ae Ydy
Integrating z = ae x + ae Y + c z = a(ex+ eY)+ c.
a •logz:l, Example 3 : Solve + (S.U. 1986, 93, 94, 2005)
;ol. : Rewritingthe equation as —2x = —u and equating each side to a,
2 get
c)
cp —2x = a and —" = a :. q
But dz = pdx + q dy dz = (a + 2x)2dx + a 2dy
Integrating,we get
1
z = —(a + 2x)3 + a2y + c which is the requiredsolution.
6

Example&dolve p2 + q2 = x + y. (S.U.1986)
301.: Rewritingthe equation as p2 —x ——q2+ y and equating each side
o a,we get

—q2+Y=a
 Integrating, we get,
2 2/3 + c which is the
required solution
3

Example : Solve 2xy + log q. (s.u. 1985,

20m
Sol. : Rewriting the equation as p —2x
logq andequating each
sidetr
we get,
1

p —2x=a p = 2xæa and q eay

But pdX+ q dy dz = (2x + a) dx + eaYdy

Integrating,we get z = x + ax + (eay / a) + c
az = ax + a x + eay + ac which is the requiredsolution.
Example 6 : Solve PX tan y = q + 1 (S.U. 1992,97, 99, 2002,

Sol. : Rewriting the equation as PX and equating each side to

tany
we get,
a
and q = atany—l
x tany

But pdx+qdy dz dx + (a tan y j—1)dy

x
Integrating we get, z = a log x + a log sec y— y + c.

Example 7 : Solve yp— x2q = x2y. (S.U. 1985,98, 2 2

Sol. : Rewritingthe equationas yp = p q + Yard
i.e.
each side to a, we get
p = ax2 and

But dz = pdx+ qdy dz = ax2gx + (ay —y)

2
Integrating we get, z =
3 2
6z = 2ax3 + 3y2(a— 1)+

Equations reduci e to formw

x2+Y2. .—.U.I'W,•
Example, : Solve
can be
equation z
Sol. : The
gineeringMathematics -sIll (4-13) Partial Differential Equations

Put zdz= dZ i.e. z2 / 2

az
ax
Equatingeach side to a we get
az oz
ax

and

But dZ 2 • dy.

Integrating, we get,

—log x+

—a a log(Y+

—a log y + y —a +c.

Exampl : Solve z(p 2 —q2) =

(S.U. 1991, 97, 98, 99, 2002, 03, 04)

: The equation can be writtenas

Put dz = dZ (2/ 3) z3/2 z

The equation becomes
az
ax
Equatingeach side to a,

Butdz-
Integrating,we get,
= (2 / 3) (x + a)3/2 + / 3) (Y + a)3/2 + c
= (x + 2 + (y + a)3/2 + c' where (3 / 2) c: c'