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CHAPTER 7 SOLUTIONS
4/03/10
7-1)
D N2 0.4 1
a ) Vo = Vs = 36 = 12 V .
1 − D N1 0.6 2
Vo2 122
b) I Lm = = = 1.67 A.
Vs DR 36(0.4)(6)
Vs D 36(0.4)
iLm = = = 1.44 A.
Lm f 100(10) −6 (100, 000)
iLm
I Lm ,max = I Lm + = 2.39 A.
2
i
I Lm ,min = I Lm − Lm = 0.947 A.
2
VD 12(0.4)
c) Vo = o = = 0.16 V .
RCf 6(50)(10) −6 (100, 000)
Vo 0.16
= = 1.33%
Vo 12
7-2)
D N2 0.6 1
a ) Vo = Vs = 4.5 = 16.9 V .
1 − D N1 0.4 0.4
Vo2 (16.9) 2
b) I Lm = = = 7.03 A.
Vs DR 4.5(0.6)(6)
Vs D 4.5(0.6)
iLm = = = 1.08 A.
Lm f 10(10) −6 (250, 000)
iLm
I Lm,max = I Lm + = 7.57 A.
2
i
I Lm,min = I Lm − Lm = 6.49 A.
2
D (0.6)
c) Vo = = = 1.6%
RCf 15(10)(10) −6 (250, 000)
7-3)
D N2 N 2 Vo 1 − D 3 1 − .32
a) Vo = Vs = = = 0.145
1 − D N1 N1 Vs D 44 .32
N
or 1 = 6.90
N2
Vo2 32
b) I Lm = = = 0.640 A.
Vs DR 44(0.32)(1)
iLm = 0.4 I Lm = 0.4(0.640) = 0.256 A.
Vs D 44(0.32)
Lm = = = 184 H .
iLm f (0.256)(300, 000)
Vo 35
b) I Lx = = = 1.75 A.
R 20
N D .35
iLx = Vs 2 − Vo = [100(1) − 35] −6
= 2.17 A.
N1 Lx f (70)(10) (150, 000)
2.17
I Lx ,max = 1.75 + = 2.83 A.
2
2.17
I Lx ,min = 1.75 − = 0.67 A.
2
V DT 100(.35)
c) iLm = s = 0.233 A.
Lm 1(10)−3150, 000
d ) isw = I1 + iLm = i pri
I sw,max = I Lx ,max (1/1) + I Lm,max = 2.83 + 0.233 = 3.06 A.
7-8)
N 1
a) Vo = Vs D 2 = 170(0.3) = 5.1 V .
N1 10
Vo 1− D 1 − 0.3
= = = 0.175%
Vo 8LxCf 2
8(20)(10) 10(10)−6 (500, 000)2
−6
b)
The currents in the converter are shown below. The winding currents are for the windings
in the ideal transformer model, not the physical windings. The physical primary winding
current is the sum of winding #1 and Lm currents.
Vs DT 170(0.3)
c) iLm = = = 0.3 A.
Lm 340(10) −6 500, 000
1 1
Peak energy in Lm : Wmax = Lm ( iLm ) = (340)(10) −6 (0.3) 2 = 15.3 J
2
2 2
W
P= = Wf = 15.3(10) −6 (500, 000) = 7.65 W .
T
7-9)
N N V 50
a ) Vo = Vs D 2 D 2 = o = = 0.625
N1 N1 Vs 80
N
If 3 = 1, then D 0.5
N1
N 2 0.625 N
Let D = 0.3, then = = 2.08 or 1 = 0.48 (not unique)
N1 0.3 N2
Vo2 502 V 50
R= = = 10 ; I Lx = o = = 5 A.
P 250 R 10
V (1 − D) 50(1 − .3)
iLx = o = = 3.5 A.
Lf 100(10) −6100, 000
3.5
I Lx ,min = 5 − = 3.25 A. 0 continuous current
2
Vo 1− D 1 − 0.3
b) = = = 0.058%
Vo 8LxCf 2
8(100)(10) 150(10) −6 (100, 000) 2
−6
7-10)
N 1
a) Vo = Vs D 2 = 100(0.25) = 5 V .
N1 5
using Lx = 20 H ,
Vo 1− D 1 − 0.25
= = = 0.33%
Vo 8LxCf 2
8(20)(10) 10(10)−6 (375, 000)2
−6
b)
The currents in the converter are shown below. The winding currents are for the windings
in the ideal transformer model, not the physical windings. The physical primary winding
current is the sum of winding #1 and Lm currents.
Vs DT 100(0.25)
c) iLm = = 0.20 A.
Lm 333(10) −6 375, 000
1 1
Lm ( iLm ) = (333)(10) −6 (0.2) 2 = 6.66 J
2
Peak energy in Lm : Wmax
2 2
W
P= = Wf = 6.66(10) −6 (375, 000) = 2.5 W .
T
7-11)
N N V D 125(0.3)
a ) Vo = Vs D 2 1 = s = = 0.75
N1 N 2 Vo 50
V 50
b) I Lx = o = = 2 A.; I Lx ,min = (0.4)(2) = 0.8 A.; iLx = 2(2 − 0.8) = 2.4 A.
R 25
V (1 − D)T V (1 − D)T 50(1 − 0.3)
iLx = o Lx = o = = 58.3 H .
Lx iLx 2.4(250, 000)
Vo 1− D 1− D 1 − 0.3
c) = C= = −6
= 4.8 F .
Vo 8 Lx Cf 2 Vo 2 8(58.3)(10) (0.005)(250, 000) 2
8 Lx f
Vo
7-12)
N1
Let = 1, then D 0.5
N3
Let D = 0.35, then
N1 Vs D (170)(.35)
= = = 1.2396
N2 Vo 48
N1
Rounding , let = 1.25
N2
Vo N1 48
Then D = = (1.25) = 0.353
Vs N 2 170
Let f = 200 kHz , and design for iLx = 40% of I Lx
Vo (1 − D) 48(1 − 0.353)
Lx = = = 124 H
0.4 I Lx f 0.4(3.125)200, 000
Po 150
where I Lx = I o = = = 3.125 A.
Vo 48
Alternatively, solving for the minimum Lx for continuous current ,
iLx Vo Vo (1 − D)
I Lx ,min = 0 = I Lx − = −
2 R 2 Lx f
(1 − D) R (1 − 0.353)(15.36)
Lx ,min = = = 24.9 H
2f 2(200, 000)
Vo2 482
where R = = = 15.36
Po 150
Lx must be greater than 24.9 H with margin, (e.g ., 25% greater )
making Lx 31 H
Using Lx = 124 H ,
1− D 1 − 0.353
C = = 1.63 F
Vo 2 8(124)(10) −6 (0.01)(200, 000) 2
8 Lx f
Vo
7-13)
150 Vs 175 V .
Vo = 30 V .
20 Po 50 W 0.667 I o 1.667 A.
Example design :
N
Let 1 = 1, then D 0.5
N3
Let D = 0.3 for Vs = 150 V .
N1 Vs D (150)(0.3)
Then = = = 1.5
N2 Vo 30
Vo N1 30
For Vs = 175 V ., D = = (1.5) = 0.35
Vs N 2 175
0.3 D 0.35,
which is an acceptable range of D. Other choices are possible.
Using the design criterion of iLx = 40% of I Lx ,
Vo (1 − D)
Lx =
0.4 I Lx f
The worst case is for the smallest D and the smallest I Lx .
Letting f = 250 kHz (arbitrary ),
30(1 − 0.3)
Lx = = 315 H
0.4(0.667)(250, 000)
1− D 1 − 0.3
C = −6
= 2.22 F
Vo 2 8(315)(10) (0.002)(250, 000) 2
8 Lx f
Vo
7-14)
The current in the physical primary winding is the sum of iL1 and iLm in the model. The physical
currents in windings 2 and 3 are the same as in the model.
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7-15)
N
a) Vo = 2Vs s D = 2(50)(0.5)(0.35) = 17.5 V .
N
p
V 17.5
b) I Lx = o = = 2.19 V .
R 8
V 17.5
iLx = o (0.5 − D)T = (0.5 − 0.35)150, 000 = 0.29 A.
Lx 60(10) −6
iLx 0.29
I Lx ,max = I Lx + = 2.19 + = 2.33 A.
2 2
i 0.29
I Lx ,min = I Lx − Lx = 2.19 − = 2.04 A.
2 2
Vo 1 − 2D 1 − 2(0.35)
c) = = = 0.018%
Vo 32 Lx Cf 2
32(60)(10) −6 39(10) −6 (150, 000) 2
7-16)
7-17)
diLm
Sw1 closed : vP1 = Vs = 50 = vLm = Lm
dt
diLm VLm 50
= = −3
= 25(10)3 A / s
dt Lm 2(10)
0.35
For DT = = 2.33 s iLm = 25(10)3 2.33(10) −6 = 58.3 mA.
150, 000
Sw2 closed : vP 2 = −Vs , VP1 = −Vs
diLm
= −25(10)3 A / s
dt
diLm
Both switches open : VP1 = 0 =0
dt
7-18) The input voltage vx to the filter is Vs(Ns / Np) when either switch is on, and vx is zero when both
switches are off. (See Fig. 7-8.) The voltage across Lx is therefore
N
vLx = Vs s 0 t DT
N
p
= −Vo DT t T / 2
N T 1
VLx = Vs s DT − Vo − DT =0
N p 2 T / 2
N
Vo = 2Vs s D
N
p
7-19)
Vs N s 24 1
Vo = = = 17.1 V .
2(1 − D) N p 2(1 − 0.65) 2
Vo2 17.12
I Lx = = = 1.22 A.
Vs R 24(10)
N
VSw,max = 2Vs p = 2(24)(2) = 96 V .
Ns
7-20)
Vs N s V N p / N s 50
Vo = o = =
2(1 − D) N p
Vs 2(1 − D) 30
Let D = 0.7 ( D 0.5)
N s 50
= (2)(1 − 0.7) = 1.0
N p 30
Vo2 502 Vo2 502
R= = 62.5; I Lx = = = 1.33 A.
Po 40 Vs R 30(62.5)
7-21)
Ps = Po
Vs I Lx = Vo I o
N 2(1 − D)T
I x = I o = I Lx p
Ns T
N
Vs I Lx = Vo I Lx p 2(1 − D )
Nd
N 1
Vo = Vs S
N p 2(1 − D)
7-22)
The simulation is run using a Transient Analysis with a restricted time of 3 to 3.02 ms,
representing two periods of steady-state operation. The steady-state output voltage has an average
value of approximately 30 V and peak-to-peak ripple of approximately 600 mV, ignoring the
negative spike. The average transformer primary and secondary currents are 912 mA and 83.5
mA, respectively. The output voltage is lower than the predicted value of 36 V because of the
nonideal switch and diode, mostly from the switch. The output voltage ripple is 2%, matching the
predicted value. The converter would operate much better with a switch that has a lower on
resistance.
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