CHAPTER

1 Motion and Force

 Displacement In Terms of Position Vector:

Distance (𝐒):
The actual Length of the path between two points is
called distance. It is a scalar quantity.
 SI unit: meter (m),
 Dimensions: [L].
Displacement (𝐝⃗):
It is the shortest distance between two points in a
particular direction from initial to final position. It is a
The displacement d⃗of the body is represented by AB⃗.
vector quantity.
From ∆OAB:
 SI unit: meter (m) ,
 Dimensions: [L] d⃗ = ∆r⃗ = r⃗ − r⃗
Displacement = Change in the position vector
Comparison
Distance (S) Displacement (𝐝⃗) Magnitude of the Displacement:
Can be positive,  For 2D motion:
Always positive.
negative or zero. d⃗ = x + y
For a moving particle,  For 3D motion:
It can be >, < or = 0.
Distance > 0.
d⃗ = x +y +z
It can have many values. It has only one value.
Depends upon path Independent of path
followed. followed. Concept Applications
Always increases with It may decrease with
time. time. 1. The numerical ratio displacement to distance:
(A) Always = 1 (B) Always > 1
Points to Remember! (C) Always< 1 (D) Always < 1
 The magnitude of displacement is equal to the 2. A body moves from point ‘A’ to ‘B’ whose
minimum possible distance between two points. co-ordinates are (3,5) and (2,7) respectively.
Distance ≥ |Displacement| The magnitude of displacement is:
 When a body moves in a straight line without (A) 5 units (B) 10 units
changing its direction, (C) 17 units (D) √𝟓 units
=
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 01 – Motion and Force

During Circular Motion:

If ‘r’ is radius of the circle, then at angle θ (in

radians):
 Distance S = rθ
 Displacement d = 2r sin
Speed:
Some Important Results: Distance travelled in unit time is called speed.
Distance
𝐒 Speed =
Conditions S 𝐝⃗ time
𝐝⃗  SI unit: ms–1, Dimensions: [LT ]
1
2πr 0 Infinite
Revolution Velocity:
Time rate of change of displacement is called velocity.
½
πr 2r π/2 Displacement
Revolution velocity =
time
¼ SI unit: ms–1, Dimensions: [LT ]
πr/2 √2r π/2√2
Revolution

Speed V/S Velocity

Average Speed: Average Velocity:
Concept Applications

ΔS Δd
v(av)  
v (av) 
3. An athlete completes one round of a circular Δt Δt
track of radius R in 40 sec. What will be his  No information about  Provide information
displacement at the end of 2 min. 20 sec state of motion about state of motion
(A) Zero (B) 2R  v( ) > 0  v⃗( ) can be <, = , > 0
(C) 2πR (D) 2πR  Have many values.  Single valued.
4. A particle moves along a circle of radius R. It Instantaneous Speed: Instantaneous Velocity:

starts from A and moves in an anti-clockwise  ΔS    Δd 
v (ins)  Lim   v (ins)  Lim  
direction. t 0
 Δt  t  0  Δt 
 
(Gives information (Gives information about
about state of motion) the state of motion)
 v( ) = constant  v⃗( ) ≠ constant
(uniform circular motion) (uniform Circular motion)
Uniform Speed: Uniform Velocity:
Body covers equal Body covers equal
What is the distance and displacement of the distances in equal displacements in equal
particle from A to D? intervals of time. intervals of time.
(A) (B)
Non - Uniform Speed: Non - Uniform Velocity:
(C) (D) Body covers un-equal Body covers un-equal
distances in equal time disp. in equal time.

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01 – Motion and Force
Important Relations for Average Speed:
 If body covers ‘n’ equal distances with speeds v1, Train Your Brain!
v2, …..vn. Then,
Example - 1: A car traveled first third of distance S
𝑛 at speed of 10 ms1, the second third at a speed of
𝑣 =
.
+ + ⋯……. + 20 m s1 and last third at a speed of 60 m s1. Find
average speed of car?
 For two intervals:
Sol:
Since, there are three intervals, (n = 3). Therefore;
𝑛 3
𝑣 .= =
+ + + +
3 3 × 60
𝑣 . = =
10
𝑣 . = 18 𝑚/𝑠
To Remember! Example 2: If a body covers a distance of 100m in
 The magnitude of instantaneous speed and velocity 4 seconds and next 200m in 6 seconds. Then,
is equal. average speed will be:
Speed = |Velocity|. (A) 10 ms–1 (B) 30 ms–1
 If a particle moving with constant velocity then, (C) 20ms–1 (D) 15 ms–1
v⃗( ) = v⃗( ) . Sol:
S +S 100 + 200
 Instantaneous velocity is always tangential to the V = =
t +t 4+6
path followed by the Particle.
300
V = = 30 𝑚𝑠
10
Example 3: A train is moving east at a speed of 5
ms1. A bullet fired westwards with a velocity of 10
ms1 crosses the train in 8s. The length of train is:
(A) 120 m (B) 30 m
(C) 60 m (D) 15 m
Sol:
vr = vtrain + vbullet = 5 + 10 = 15 m/s
The velocity of an object w.r.t another object is called S = vrt = (15)(8) = 120m
relative velocity.
Mathematically:
v⃗ . = v⃗ ± v⃗ Concept Applications
In Magnitude:
5. A boy is running on a circular track with
v . = (v ) + (v ) − 2v v cosθ
uniform speed of 10 m/s.
Special Cases:
 Two bodies moving in same direction (θ = 0 ):
v . =v −v
 Two bodies moving in opposite direction
(θ = 180 ):
v . =v +v What is the average velocity for the
 When two bodies are moving perpendicularly movement of the boy from A to B (in m/s):
(θ = 90 ): (A) 10 (B) 40/π
v . = (v ) + (v ) (C) 10/π (D) 20/π

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 01 – Motion and Force

To Remember!
 When 𝒗⃗ = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕, then 𝒂⃗ = 𝟎.
 Acceleration which opposes the motion of body is
called retardation.
 When a particle moves with constant acceleration,
then its path may be straight line or parabolic.

“The rate of change of velocity is known as

acceleration.”
∆𝑣⃗ 𝑣⃗ − 𝑣⃗
𝑎⃗ = =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
 SI unit: ms .
 Dimensions:[LT ].
 It is a vector quantity. Its direction is along
 If a particle is accelerated for a time t1 with
direction of the change in velocity vector.
acceleration a1 and for time t2 with acceleration a2,
Then;
𝑎 𝑡 +𝑎 𝑡
𝑎( ) =
Instantaneous Acceleration: 𝑡 +𝑡
It is the acceleration of a body at any instant of time.
∆𝑣⃗
𝑎⃗( ) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 Train Your Brain!
∆ → ∆𝑡

Example 4: A body moves in a straight line with

Instantaneous Acceleration:
an acceleration of 3 ms–2 for 2s and then, with an
The ratio of total change in velocity to the total time
acceleration of 4 ms–2 for 3s. What is the average
taken is called average acceleration.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 acceleration?
𝑎⃗( ) = (A) 3.4 ms–2 (B) 3.5 ms–2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
(C) 3.6 ms–2 (D) 3.7 ms–2
Positive Acceleration: Sol:
 When velocity increases. 𝑎 𝑡 +𝑎 𝑡
𝑎( ) =
 Both 𝑣⃗ and 𝑎⃗ are parallel (𝜃 = 0 ). 𝑡 +𝑡
(3)(2) + (4)(3)
Positive Acceleration: 𝑎( ) =
2+3
 When velocity decreases.
6 + 12
 Both 𝑣⃗ and 𝑎⃗ are opposite (𝜃 = 180 ). 𝑎( ) = = 3.6 𝑚𝑠
5
 Also called retardation/deceleration.

Uniform Acceleration:
Concept Applications
 Velocity changes equally in equal time intervals.
 Direction and magnitude of 𝑎⃗ remains same. 7. An object is moving with velocity of 10 ms1.
A constant force acts on it for 4s and and gives
Non-Uniform Acceleration: its speed of 2 ms1 in opposite direction. The
 Unequal change in velocity in equal time interval. acceleration produced is:
 Direction or magnitude of 𝑎⃗ or both may change
(A) 3 ms2 (B) −3 ms2
with respect to time
(C) 6 ms2 (D) −6 ms2

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01 – Motion and Force

 A d-t graph gives the instantaneous value of  The slope of tangent to the graph at any instant
displacement at any instant. gives instantaneous acceleration.
 The slope of the d-t graph at any instant gives ∆v⃗
Slope = tan θ = = a⃗
instantaneous velocity. ∆t
∆d  The area under the v-t graph gives the magnitude
Slope = tan θ = =𝑣 of displacement covered by object.
∆t
 The d-t graph cannot make sharp turns (vertical Different Shapes of d-t graph:
graph not possible because time can’t be stopped). Velocity &
Graph Angle
 No line can ever be perpendicular to the time axis Acceleration
because it implies infinite velocity.
v⃗ = constant
o
Different Shapes of d-t graph: = 0 a⃗ = 0
Velocity &
Graph Angle
Acceleration
v⃗ = inc.
v= 0 o
= 90 a⃗ = ∞
(Object at rest)
 = 0o (Not Possible)
a⃗ = 0 v⃗ = inc.
v = ∞  = const. (Uniformly)
(Not Possible) but < 90o a⃗ = const.
= 90o (positive)
a⃗ = ∞ v⃗ = inc.
(Maximum)  = const. (initially – ve)
v = const. but < 90o a⃗ = const.
 = constant (Uniform velocity) (positive)
but < 90o v⃗ = dec.
a = 0  = const. (initially + ve)
but > 90o a⃗ = const.
v = constant (Negative)
 = constant (Also negative). v⃗ = inc.
but > 90o  = const. (initially + ve)
a = 0 but < 90o a⃗ = const.
(positive)
 = increasing
v = inc.
(line bending
v⃗ = 0
towards  = const. but
a ≠ 0 a⃗ = const.
displacement > 90o
(positive) (Negative)
axis)
 = decreasing v = dec.
v⃗ = −ve
(line bending  = const.
a⃗ = const.
towards time a ≠ 0 but > 90o
(Negative)
axis) (Negative)

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 01 – Motion and Force

 = inc. v⃗ = inc.
(line is bending
∆v⃗ = inc.
towards
a⃗ = inc.
velocity axis)
 = dec. v⃗ = inc.
(line is bending
∆v⃗ = dec.
towards time
a⃗ = dec.
axis)

Train Your Brain!

The displacement d⃗of the body is represented by AB⃗.

Example 4: A body moves in a straight line with
From ∆OAB:
an acceleration of 3 ms–2 for 2s and then, with an
acceleration of 4 ms–2 for 3s. What is the average d⃗ = ∆r⃗ = r⃗ − r⃗
acceleration? Displacement = Change in the position vector
(A) 3.4 ms–2 (B) 3.5 ms–2
(C) 3.6 ms–2 (D) 3.7 ms–2 Magnitude of the Displacement:
Sol:  For 2D motion:
𝑎 𝑡 +𝑎 𝑡 d⃗ = x + y
𝑎( ) =
𝑡 +𝑡  For 3D motion:
(3)(2) + (4)(3) d⃗ = x +y +z
𝑎( ) =
2+3
6 + 12
𝑎( ) = = 3.6 𝑚𝑠
5

Concept Applications

8. An object is moving with velocity of 10 ms1.

A constant force acts on it for 4s and and gives Distance (𝐒):
its speed of 2 ms1 in opposite direction. The The actual Length of the path between two points is
acceleration produced is: called distance. It is a scalar quantity.
(A) 3 ms2 (B) −3 ms2  SI unit: meter (m),
2
(C) 6 ms (D) −6 ms2  Dimensions: [L].
Displacement (𝐝⃗):
It is the shortest distance between two points in a
particular direction from initial to final position. It is a
 Displacement In Terms of Position Vector: vector quantity.
 SI unit: meter (m) ,
 Dimensions: [L]

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01 – Motion and Force

The displacement d⃗of the body is represented by AB⃗.

Comparison …
From ∆OAB:
d⃗ = ∆r⃗ = r⃗ − r⃗
Distance (S) Displacement (𝒅⃗) Displacement = Change in the position vector
Can be positive, negative
Always positive.
or zero. Magnitude of the Displacement:
For a moving particle,  For 2D motion:
It can be >, < or = 0.
Distance > 0.
d⃗ = x + y
It can have many values. It has only one value.
 For 3D motion:
Depends upon path Independent of path
followed. followed. d⃗ = x +y +z
Always increases with It may decrease with
time. time.

Points To Remember!

 The magnitude of displacement is equal to the

minimum possible distance between two points.
Distance ≥ |Displacement|
 When a body moves in a straight line without
changing its direction,
Distance = |Displacement|.

 Displacement In Terms of Position Vector:

10
01 – Motion and Force

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