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18 views4 pages

BotasanFINAL 2

Uploaded by

ponase.n.p25
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is Epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by repeated seizures. A seizure is usually


defined as a sudden alteration of behavior due to a temporary change in the electrical
functioning of the brain. Normally, the brain continuously generates tiny electrical
impulses in an orderly pattern.
Types of Seizures
1.Generalized Seizure occurs when the abnormal electrical activity causing a seizure
begins in both halve of the brain at the same time.
Signs and Symptoms
 Stiff muscles
 Loss of consciousness
 A cry or groan
 Jerking of the arms or legs
 Loss of bladder or bowel control
 Limited or even stopped breathing
 Blue lips
 Loss of muscle ton
A. Absence Seizure an absence seizure causes a person to blank out or stare for few
seconds. This type of seizure is most common in children and typically don’t cause
any long-term problems. This type of seizure starts between ages 4 to 12 years.
Signs and Symptoms
 Fluttering the eyelids

 Smacking their lips


 Making suddenly motionless
 Appearing suddenly motionless
 Staring
 Loss of consciousness
 Finger Rubbing
 Staring off into space
 stiff muscles

B. Atonic Seizure this is a type of seizure that causes sudden loss of muscle strength.
The sudden lack of muscle strength, or tone, can cause the person to fall to the
ground. The person usually remains concious and may not always fall down.
Signs and Symptoms
 Temporary confusion
 Stiff muscles
 Muscles suddenly become limp
 Eyelids may droop

C. Myoclonic Epilepsy this causes the muscles in the body to contract. This type of
seizure causes quick jerking movements. This includes hiccup and a sudden jerk while
falling asleep.

Signs and symptoms


 Quick jerking, often after waking up
 Rhythmic movements
 Sensation of an electric shock
 Unusual clumsiness

D. Nonepileptic Seizures similar to those of an epileptic seizure but without any


unusual electrical activity in the brain.
Signs and symptoms
 Biting the tongue
 Convulsions
 Experiencing incontinence
 Falling
 Jerky movements
 Losing consciousness
 Arm or leg twitching
 Crying out
 Staring
 Stiffening
 Fainting
 Vertigo
2. Focal Onset Seizure (also known as simple partial seizures) refers to abnormal
neural activity in only one brain area within one brain hemisphere with a fixed focal or
localized onset.
Signs and symptoms of focal onset
 feelings of intense fear or panic
 lip smacking
 loss of awareness
 look off to one side
 rapid heart rate or pulse
 unusual head movements
 abdominal pain
 dizziness
 illusions and hallucinations
 making random noises
 mood changes
 muscle contractions
 sweating
 unusual taste or smells
Two Subtypes of Focal Onset Seizures
A. Motor Onset involves motor activity or movement and may be due to either an
increase or decrease in contraction in a muscle or group of muscles.
B. Nonmotor Onset causes a person for a short period of blanking out or staring into
space, and usually so brief that they frequently escape notice. Like other kinds of
seizures, they are caused by abnormal activity in a person’s brain.
3.Unknown Onset Seizures are sometimes used to describe a seizure if doctors are not
sure where in the brain the seizures starts. This may happen if the person was asleep,
alone, or the seizure was not witnessed.
Signs and Symptoms of Unknown Onset Seizure
 Staring into space
 Confusion
 Jerking movements
 Unexpected sensations
 Automatisms
 Mood changes
 Nausea
 A sudden stop in movements
 Freezing
 Headache
 Vision changes
Other Types
A. Convulsion Seizure is a condition in which muscles contract and relax quickly and
cause uncontrolled shaking of the body. Head injuries, high fevers, some medical
conditions, and certain drugs can cause convulsions.
Symptoms of Convulsion
 breathing difficulty
 twitching
 foaming at the mouth
 going pale
 eye rolling

B. Infantile Spasms (also known as West Syndrome) this occurs in babies the
sudden stiffening of muscles, and the baby’s arms, legs, or head may bend forward.
The seizure occurs in short spasms, about two seconds in length. Babies may have as
many 100 spasms a day. The seizure may more likely to happen just as the baby is
waking up.
Symptoms of Infantile Spasms
 Sudden stiffening of muscles
 Your child may take 10 to 15 minutes to wake up properly afterwards
 Eye rolling
First Aid (treatment as a first aider)
There are many types of seizures. Most seizures end in a few minutes.
These are general steps to help someone who is having any type
seizure:
 Stay with the person until the seizure ends and he or she is fully awake. After it
ends, help the person sit in a safe place. Once they are alert and able to
communicate, tell them what happened in very simple terms.
 Comfort the person and speak calmly.
 Check to see if the person is wearing a medical bracelet or other emergency
information.
 Keep yourself and other people calm.
 Offer to call a taxi or another person to make sure the person gets home safely.
When most people think of a seizure, they think of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure, also
called a grand mal seizure. In this type of seizure, the person may cry out, fall, shake or
jerk, and become unaware of what’s going on around them.

Here are things you can do to help someone who is having this type of seizure:

 Ease the person to the floor.


 Turn the person gently onto one side. This will help the person breathe.
 Clear the area around the person of anything hard or sharp. This can prevent injury.
 Put something soft and flat, like a folded jacket, under his or her head.
 Remove eyeglasses.
 Loosen ties or anything around the neck that may make it hard to breathe.
 Time the seizure. Call nurses or doctors if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes.

Prevention
There are numerous causes of epilepsy ranging from injury to illness and no two people
have the same reaction. People with epilepsy may have certain triggers which can lead to
seizures. There are ways to try and prevent the seizures by identifying and watching for
particular behaviors, environments, or physical and emotional signs that precede attacks.
It's not uncommon, for example, to feel annoyed or elated several hours prior to a grand
mal seizure, and immediately before the attack.
In addition, the person may become aware of a warning for a taste or smell. This warning
may allow them to lie down in time to avoid falling. In cases where the aura is a smell,
some people are able to fight off seizures by sniffing a strong odor, such as garlic or roses.
When the preliminary signs include depression, irritability, or headache, an extra dose of
medication (with a doctor's approval) may help prevent an attack.
Take precautions if somebody with seizures is not fully controlled. Avoid or limit alcohol,
comply with your state's requirements for a seizure-free period prior to driving a vehicle,
and educate family members on steps to minimize injury if someone has a seizure. Tell
them to protect you against falling, and to roll you onto your side if you Lose
consciousness.

Generalization
Seizures and epilepsy affect persons brain and it also affects their behavior’s. Having this
kind of disease affects their safety, relationship, work, driving, educations and so much
more. This are conditions that can negatively impact a patient’s quality of life and become
very dangerous. Patients education is crucial so that patients stay adherent to their
pharmacotherapeutic regimens, preventing seizure occurrences. For instance, we just
need to recognize the patterns and situations when seizure is more likely to occur in our
life.
References
Walter, J. (2023). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
https;//www.ninds.nih.gov
Hopskins, J. (2020). What is epilepsy?>Epileptic Syndromes. https;//www.epilepsy.com
Reynolds, E. (2022). Seizures and their symptoms. https;//scholar.google.com/scholar?
Hopskins, j. (2019). Interictal epileptiform with cognitive impairment in children with
lesional epilepsy. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov//term

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