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Eco-Cities and Green Transport
Eco-Cities and Green
Transport
Huapu Lu
Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
Elsevier
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The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
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negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas
contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-12-821516-6
Preface xiii
1 Copenhagen, Denmark 1
1.1 Overview of the city 1
1.2 Urban mobility development and motorization policy 2
1.3 Urban structure and land use 4
1.4 Characteristics of the mode split 4
1.5 Urban roads and public transit 5
1.6 Bicycle traffic system construction 7
1.6.1 Construction of green corridors for bicycles 8
1.6.2 “Lifted” bicycle lanes 9
1.6.3 Dedicated signal lights and special waiting areas for
bicycles 9
1.6.4 Construction of bicycle parking spaces 10
1.6.5 Integration of bicycles and buses 11
1.6.6 Public bicycle rental system 11
1.7 Pedestrian traffic system in the old town 11
1.8 Exploration and innovation of the modern architectural design 13
1.8.1 8-TALLET 13
1.8.2 Pursuing the individualized design of architecture 15
1.8.3 Emphasis on landscape construction after
deindustrialization 19
1.8.4 Protection of the traditional architecture and humanistic
landscape in the old town 20
1.9 Summary of the green transport and eco-city construction
experience in Copenhagen 22
References 23
Further reading 23
2. Stockholm, Sweden 25
2.1 Overview of the city 25
2.2 Urban structure and land use 27
2.3 Urban traffic system and traffic demand characteristics 28
2.4 Public transportation 30
2.5 Walking and cycling traffic 32
2.6 Case study of a new town construction 34
v
vi Contents
3. Singapore, Singapore 53
3.1 Overview of the city 53
3.2 Urban structure and land use 53
3.3 Urban traffic system and traffic demand characteristics 56
3.3.1 Rail transit system 56
3.3.2 Bus system 58
3.3.3 Vehicle ownership and road network 58
3.3.4 Travel characteristics of residents 59
3.4 The concept and measures of the green sustainable
transportation plan 60
3.4.1 Compulsory Bus Priority Plan 61
3.4.2 Electronic road pricing system (electronic road pricing) 62
3.4.3 National Cycling Plan 63
3.5 Garden city construction 63
3.5.1 National park construction 64
3.5.2 Promoting vegetation in high-rise buildings and walls to
create a three-dimensional green space 66
3.5.3 Building a cozy walking system 68
3.5.4 Creating an approached-water space to provide citizens
with a comfortable leisure environment 70
3.6 Summary of the eco-city and green transport development
experience in Singapore 72
References 76
4. Curitiba, Brazil 77
4.1 Overview of the city 77
4.2 Characteristics of the city 77
4.2.1 Green city 77
4.2.2 Bus city 78
4.3 Summary of successful experiences in Curitiba 82
4.3.1 Government guides scientifically and solves problems
systematically 82
4.3.2 Policies for classified garbage recycling 82
4.3.3 Successful practice of the bus rapid transit system 84
Further reading 91
Contents vii
5. Tokyo, Japan 93
5.1 An overview of Tokyo 93
5.2 Urban structure and land use 95
5.3 Motorization and traffic demand characteristics 97
5.4 Rail transit development 99
5.5 Shinjuku transportation hub and surrounding land integration
development case study 99
5.5.1 Development history of Shinjuku transportation hub 99
5.5.2 Overview of Shinjuku transportation hub 103
5.5.3 Set up of three-dimensional channels and clear signs
in the transportation hub 104
5.5.4 Integrated development of rail transit stations and
commercial facilities 107
5.5.5 High-intensity development of Shinjuku as the deputy
center of Tokyo—coexistence of advantages and
disadvantages 109
5.6 Public transportation guides urban development: a case study
of a new city construction around Tokyo 111
5.6.1 The transit-oriented development mode and new city
construction in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area 111
5.6.2 Tama New Town 112
5.6.3 Tachikawa city and Hachioji city 115
5.6.4 Shinsan township 119
5.7 Summary of the main Tokyo city characteristics and urban
transportation development experience 121
5.7.1 Full practice of traffic-guided urban development 121
5.7.2 Integrated development of rail transit stations and their
surrounding areas 122
5.7.3 Vigorously promote the bus service with rail transit as the
main travel mode 122
5.7.4 System development of underground space resources,
underground commercial, parking, and sidewalk systems
are extremely important globally 124
References 124
Index 381
Preface
xiii
xiv Preface
city is a place where people can work efficiently, but what is more important
is that it should be a livable environment with an elegant landscape and eco-
logical harmony that offers its inhabitants a healthy and relaxing life.
In 1933 the Athens Charter proposed that cities should be studied as a
whole, including their surrounding areas. It was pointed out that the key for
urban planning was to balance the four functions of the city: housing, work,
recreation, and transportation. In addition, the importance of a better urban
living environment was emphasized and the concept of urban planning con-
sidering functional zoning was proposed.
In 1978 the Charter of Machu Picchu comprehensively summarized the les-
sons learned from urban development since the publication of the Athens
Charter. On the basis of confirming most of the principles of the Athens
Charter, it highlighted that it should be endeavored to create a comprehensive
multifunctional living environment rather than the excessive pursuit of func-
tional zoning that resulted in the sacrifice of the organic organization of a city.
The idea of transit-oriented transportation and paying attention to the develop-
ment of transportation while considering environmental and energy issues was
then proposed.
In 1999 the 20th World Congress of Architects adopted the Beijing
Charter, drafted by Professor Liangyong Wu, a member of the China
Academy of Sciences and China Academy of Engineering, and also a winner
of the Highest Science and Technology Award. Based on the generalized
architecture and sciences of human settlements theory, the Beijing Charter
advocated all-round development integrating architecture, landscape, and
urban planning. The Beijing Charter is a program of action guiding urban
and rural construction in the 21st century, thus establishing our architects
and planners’ leading positions in the field of architecture and urban plan-
ning in the world today.
Due to the large scale of the urban system and the complex influencing fac-
tors, it is difficult to carry out large-scale experimental research in a city.
However, the continuous exploration and practice of outstanding cities around
the world has provided us with practical experience in urban transportation
planning and construction. To summarize, by referring to these cases, clarifying
their development background and experience characteristics, utilizing their full
ideological essence, development goals, ways of implementation, and policy
orientation, we are better able to realize our ambition of planning a new type of
urbanization with eco-cities and green transportation systems. Therefore this
book highlights the analysis of foreign cities in a development context, includ-
ing their natural environments, traffic demand characteristics, planning and con-
struction processes, and policy backgrounds. These can enlighten us, enabling
us to think deeply and thoroughly understand the importance of the disciplines
and goals of planning, the impact of traffic planning to city development, and
the correlation among city, transportation, energy and environment, ecology,
and living quality. On the one hand, this can help us to draw fully on
Preface xv
Huapu Lu
Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
August 1, 2019
Chapter 1
Copenhagen, Denmark
Chapter Outline
1.1 Overview of the city 1 1.7 Pedestrian traffic system in the
1.2 Urban mobility development and old town 11
motorization policy 2 1.8 Exploration and innovation of
1.3 Urban structure and land use 4 the modern architectural design 13
1.4 Characteristics of the mode split 4 1.8.1 8-TALLET 13
1.5 Urban roads and public transit 5 1.8.2 Pursuing the individualized
1.6 Bicycle traffic system construction 7 design of architecture 15
1.6.1 Construction of green corridors 1.8.3 Emphasis on landscape
for bicycles 8 construction after
1.6.2 “Lifted” bicycle lanes 9 deindustrialization 19
1.6.3 Dedicated signal lights and 1.8.4 Protection of the traditional
special waiting areas for architecture and humanistic
bicycles 9 landscape in the old town 20
1.6.4 Construction of bicycle 1.9 Summary of the green transport
parking spaces 10 and eco-city construction
1.6.5 Integration of bicycles and experience in Copenhagen 22
buses 11 References 23
1.6.6 Public bicycle rental system 11 Further reading 23
TABLE 1.1 List of the populations, areas, and densities of Copenhagen [2].
public transport service. Furthermore, the city government takes into account
both the increase of parking price and the reduction of parking spaces, so as
to maintain the parking vacancy rate in urban central areas at around 10%,
avoiding complaints from car owners, and thus reducing the resistance to
policy implementation [4].
30%. A higher modal rate of bicycle use and walking has promoted the
healthy lifestyles of Copenhagen residents, and greatly promoted the forma-
tion of a green, ecological, and sustainable urban environment.
landscape. Inside the station, there are waiting halls leading to the platforms
as well as a number of shops selling food and small commodities, offering
convenient supplies for travelers including food and basic shopping needs.
Buses, an important part of the public transport, also take a large share of
trips in Copenhagen. Customers use a “swipe card” to get on and off the bus.
Bus stations provide rest benches, bus route signs, city bus network maps,
and real-time arrival time of the next bus. Most buses are large, enabling
more people to ride, including those carrying bicycles with them. This is
convenient for people choosing green transportation.
Copenhagen, Denmark Chapter | 1 7
FIGURE 1.4 Target and right-turn signs on the bicycle green passage.
FIGURE 1.5 Alignment design of the green passage around bus stops.
Copenhagen, Denmark Chapter | 1 9
passage not only to avoid affecting buses stopping and passengers getting
on/off, but also to maintain the continuity, rapidity, and safety of bicycle
traffic.
1.6.3 Dedicated signal lights and special waiting areas for bicycles
In Copenhagen, bicycles have the highest travel priority. Special waiting
areas are set for bicycles at intersections. As shown in Fig. 1.7, pedals are
also set up in some places to facilitate cyclists resting. In terms of signal
configuration, longer green time is designed for bicycles: not only special
signal lights are set for bicycles, but also bicycle “green wave” signal link-
age control is adopted for roads with higher bicycle traffic. The roadway net-
work makes bicycle traffic faster and more convenient.