WAVE

Sir Jordan
Content
• Definition
• Types
• Parts
• Formulas
Definition
Wave
• a periodic disturbance which is produced in all forms of matter
and even in empty space where ordinary matter does not exist
• it carries energy from place to place
Definition
Types of Wave

Transverse wave
Longitudinal wave
Types of Wave
Transverse wave
• a wave in which the vibration direction is perpendicular to the
direction of the wave propagation

Longitudinal wave
• a wave in which vibration direction is parallel to the direction of
wave propagation
Types of Wave
Parts of Wave
Formulas
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Wavelength λ = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

30 cm
Formulas
The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of the particle
of the medium from its equilibrium position. It is represented by A. The
Amplitude formula can be written as:

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + ∅)

where:
𝑦 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
2𝜋
𝜔 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑡
∅ = 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
Formulas
ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 −𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
Amplitude 𝐴 = 2

3 cm

-3 cm
Formulas
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Period 𝑇 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑡 = 1.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Formulas
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
Frequency 𝑓 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

𝑡 = 0.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
Formulas
𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Velocity 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑡 = 0.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

30 cm
ONE SEAT
APART
GET A ONE WHOLE
SHEET OF YELLOW
PAPER
 Quiz
Write your answer in CAPITAL

Erasure is NOT ALLOWED

READY?
FOR FIVE (5) MINUTES
 Quiz
1. The number of such vibrations executed by the particle each second
2. A wave in which vibration direction is parallel to the direction of wave
propagation
3. The maximum displacement from their normal position of the particles that
oscillate back and forth
4. The top points on the wave
5. A wave in which the vibration direction is perpendicular to the direction of the
wave propagation
6. A disturbance that carries energy from place to place
7. The bottom points on the wave
8. The time taken for a particle to move through in one complete cycle
9. The distance between two successive points in a wave.
10. Also known as compressional wave.
HINDI PA TAPOS!

FOR TWENTY (20) MINUTES

 Erasure is ALLOWED Box your FINAL ANSWER

Quiz
Determine the (a) wavelength, (b) amplitude, (c) period, (d) frequency,
and (e) velocity of the given wave:

2 cm

0
𝑡 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

-2.5 cm

25 cm
Properties of Waves
▪ Reflection
▪ Refraction
▪ Diffraction
Reflection
When waves reflect of a surface, they always obey
the law of reflection. According to the law of
reflection, the angle that the incoming wave
makes with the normal is equal to the angle that
the outgoing wave makes with the normal.

A line that makes a 90 degrees with a surface is

called the normal to the surface.

*All waves obey the law of reflection.

Refraction
The speed of the wave depends on the properties
of the material through which it travels.

For example, a light wave travels faster through air

as it does through water. When the light wave
moves from air to water, it slows down . This
change in speed causes the light wave to bend.

Refraction is the change in the direction of a wave

when it changes speed as it travels from one
material to another.
Diffraction
Waves can change direction by diffraction, which
is the bending of waves around an object.

For example, the water waves are not completely

blocked by the obstacle, but instead bend around
the obstacle.

The amount of diffraction or bending of the wave

depends on the size of the obstacle that the wave
encounters. If the size of the obstacle is much
larger than the wavelength, very little diffraction
occurs.
Diffraction of Sound and Light
The wavelengths of sound waves are similar to the
size of objects around you, but the wavelength of
light waves are much shorter. As a result, you can
hear people talking in a room with an open door
even though you cannot see them.
SOUND WAVE
Content
• Making Sound Wave
• Speed of Sound
• Loudness of Sound
• Frequency and Pitch
• Reflection of Sound
Making Sound Wave
Every sound you hear is caused by something vibrating.

Example: When we talk, tissues in our throat vibrate in

different ways to form sounds.

Example: When drumsticks hit the drum, the impact of

the sticks on the head of the drum causes the drum
head to vibrate. These vibrations transfer energy to
nearby air particles, producing sound waves in air. We
can hear the sound because the energy from the drum
travels as sound wave to our ears.
Making Sound Wave
Sound waves created by vibrating objects are
compressional waves (longitudinal waves).

When the drummer hits the drum, the head of

the drum vibrates. Nearby air particles vibrate
with the same frequency as the frequency of
vibrations. The drum head moving outward
compresses nearby air particles. The drum
head moving inward causes rarefaction in
nearby air particles. This inward and outward
motion of the drum head produces the same
pattern of rarefaction and compression in the
air particles.
Making Sound Wave
Sound waves can only travel through matter. The energy carried by a
sound wave is transferred by the collisions between the particles in the
material the wave is travelling in.

For example, a spaceship travelling outside the Earth’s atmosphere

does not make any sound outside the ship.
Speed of Sound
Like all other waves, the speed of sound
depends on the matter through which it travels.
Sound waves travel faster through solids and
liquids.

The speed of sound through a material

increases as the temperature of the material
increases. The effect of temperature is greatest
in gas. For example, the speed of sound in air
increases from about 330 m/s to about 350 m/s
as the air temperature increases from 0℃ to
30℃.
Loudness of Sound
Consider this example: Someone can make a
loud sound by clapping the cymbals together
sharply. Contrary, a soft sound can be made
by clapping the cymbals together gently.

From this example, the main difference is the

amount of energy exerted in clapping the
cymbals. Clapping the cymbals sharply
required greater energy which resulted in a
louder sound.
Loudness of Sound
Intensity
The amount of energy that a wave carries past
a certain area each second is the intensity of
the sound.

Intensity of sound decreases with the distance.

Also, intensity of sound is related to the

amplitude. Sound with greater amplitude also
has a greater intensity.
Loudness of Sound
Decibel Scale
The intensity of wave is measured in units of decibels (dB).
Loudness of Sound
Decibel Scale
Loudness is the human perception of the intensity of sound waves.

Each increase of 10dB in intensity multiplies the energy of the sound wave
ten times. Most people perceive this as a doubling of the loudness of the
sound.

An intensity increase of 20dB corresponds to 100 hundred times the energy

and an increase in loudness of about four times.

Question? How much has the energy of the sound wave changed if its
intensity has increased by 30dB?
Frequency and Pitch
The frequency of sound waves is determined by the frequency of the
vibrations that produced the sound. People are usually able to hear
sounds with frequencies between 20Hz and 20,000Hz.

Pitch is the human perception of the frequency of sound.

The sounds from a tuba have a low pitch and the sounds from a flute
have a high pitch. Sounds with low frequencies have low pitch and
sounds with high frequencies have high pitch.
The Reflection of Sound
Echoes are sounds reflected off a
surface. Repeated echoes are called
reverberation.

Concert halls and auditorium are

designed with soft materials on the
ceilings and walls to avoid too much
reverberation as soft materials (i.e.
curtain) won’t reflect sound waves.
The Reflection of Sound
Reflection of sound can be used to locate or
identify objects. Echolocation is the process of
locating objects by bouncing sounds off them.

Bats, dolphins, and other animals emit short,

high-frequency sound waves toward a certain
area. By interpreting the reflected waves, the
animal can locate and determine objects or
animals.
LIGHT WAVE

Sir Jordan
Content
• Waves in Empty Space
• Properties of Light Waves
• Law of Reflection and Law of Refraction
• Wavelength of Light in Medium
• Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection
Waves in Empty Space
Like other waves, light waves can travel
through matter. However, light wave is different
from water waves and sound waves.

Example: Light from the moon has traveled

through space that contains almost no matter.
This is because light is an electromagnetic
wave.

Electromagnetic waves are waves that can

travel through matter or through empty space.
Waves in Empty Space
Speed of Light
In an empty space, light travels at a speed of
300,000 km/s (300,000,000 m/s = 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔).
Light travels so fast that light emitted from the
Sun travels 150 million km to Earth in only about
eight and a half minutes.

*Light travels fastest in empty space and

slowest in solid.

Question? Can sound wave travel from moon

to Earth?
Waves in Empty Space
Wavelength of Light
Wavelength of light is usually expressed in units
of nanometers (nm).

Example: Green light has a wavelength of

about 500 nm or 500 billionths of a meter.

*Considering it’s wavelength, light waves have

high frequency.
Properties of Light Wave
Light waves, and all other electromagnetic
waves are transverse waves.

An electromagnetic wave contains an

electric part and magnetic part. Both parts
are called fields and vibrate at right angles
to the wave motion.

The number of times the electric and

magnetic parts vibrate each second is the
frequency of the wave.
Properties of Light Wave
Intensity of Light Wave
The intensity of waves is a measure of the
amount of energy that the waves carry. For
light waves, the intensity determines the
brightness of the light. A dim light has lower
intensity because the waves carry less
energy.

However, as we move away from a light

source, the energy spreads out and the
intensity decreases.
Law of Reflection
Incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal
to the surface all lies on the same plane,
known as the plane of incidence.

The angle of incidence is equal to the

angle of reflection for all wavelengths.

𝜃𝑖 = 𝜃𝑟
Law of Reflection
Sample problems:
1. Consider the diagram at the right. Which one of the
angles (A, B, C, or D) is the angle of incidence?
Which one of the angles is the angle of reflection?

2. A ray of light is incident towards a plane mirror at an

angle of 30-degrees with the mirror surface. What
will be the angle of reflection?
Law of Refraction (Snell’s Law)
The ratio of the sine of the angle of
incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is equal to the inverse ratio of the
indexes of refraction.

sin 𝜃1 𝑛2
=
sin 𝜃2 𝑛1

The index of refraction “n” is the ratio of the

speed of light “c” in vacuum to the speed
in the material “v”.
Law of Refraction (Snell’s Law)
Law of Refraction (Snell’s Law)
Sample Problems:
A laser beam in air enters ethanol at an angle of incidence of 37.0°.
What is the angle of refraction?

Given:
𝜃1 = 37.0°
𝑛1 = 1.0003
𝑛2 = 1.36

Required:
𝜃2 =?
Law of Refraction (Snell’s Law)
Solution:
sin 𝜃1 𝑛2
=
sin 𝜃2 𝑛1

sin 37.0 1.36

=
sin 𝜃2 1.0003

sin 37.0 (1.0003)

sin 𝜃2 = 1.36

sin 37.0 (1.0003)

𝜃2 = sin−1 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟑°
1.36
Wavelength of Light in a Medium
Light ray changes, along with its wavelength, when
it passes from one material to anther with different
index of refraction.
λ𝑜
λ=
𝑛

Where:
• λ𝑜 is the wavelength of light in vacuum.
• λ Is the wave length of light as it passes through a
medium.
• 𝑛 is the index of refraction of any material. The
greater the index of refraction “n” of a medium
the greater the deflection of light beam.
Wavelength of Light in a Medium
Sample Problems:
The wavelength of light as it travels vacuum is 504nm. What is the
wavelength of light as it travels ice?

Given:
λ𝑜 = 504𝑛𝑚
𝑛 = 1.309

Solution:
λ𝑜 504𝑛𝑚
λ= = = 385.03𝑛𝑚
𝑛 1.309
Critical Angle and Total Internal
Reflection
Critical Angle is the angle of
incidence beyond which rays of light
passing through a denser medium to
the surface of a lighter medium are
no longer refracted but totally
reflected. If this happens, there is total
internal reflection.

This implies that the light is trapped

inside if it arrived at the critical angle
or beyond.

The maximum angle of refraction if 90

degrees.
Assignment:
1. What is the angle of refraction of light as a beam of parallel light
enters a block of ice at angle of incidence of 30 degrees?
2. A light ray is incident at an angle of 45 degrees on one side of a
glass plate of index of refraction 1.6. Find the angle at which the
ray emerges from the other side of the plate.
3. What is the critical angle for light passing from diamond to air if
the index of refraction of diamond is 2.42?
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