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    Intro Stat Session 4 Final 22-11-23

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    Intro Stat Session 4 Final 22-11-23

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    fasilmengesha79
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    5 views28 pages

    Intro Stat Session 4 Final 22-11-23

    Uploaded by

    fasilmengesha79

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 28

    Intro-to-Stat.

    Session 4
    Categorical Data Tabular Presentation

    Categorical raw data can also be summarized


    using table
    Example: Consider data on the marital status of a
    sample of 100 employees selected from all
    colleges AAU. S:=single; M:= married, D:= divorsed

    SMMMSDMMDMSMMMSDMMDMSMMMSDMMDMSMMSMMM
    SMMMMMSMMMSSMMSMMSSMMDMSMMMSSMMMMSMMM
    SSMMMMSMMSMMMSSMMMMSMMMSSMMMMMSDMMDM
    Example Cont’d
    Variable: marital status
    Categories: three – single, married, divorced
    Frequency distribution of marital status:
    Marital Status Frequency

    Single 9

    Married 29

    Divorced 62

    Total 100
    Example on terms used in frequency distribution
    Content of Statistical Table
    Basic content of statistical table:
    1. Table Number and Title of the Table
    2. Captions: column headings
    3. Stubs: row names/headings
    4. Body of the table
    5. Head note
    6. Footnotes and references
    7. Source of data
    Table Number and Title
    Example Captions /
    Column Heading

    Table 1: Value of Coffee Export (2012 – 2015 E.C.)


    Sub-title
    (in Million USD )
    S/N Description Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter Total
    I II III IV

    1 2012 230 245 165 300


    940
    2 2013 315 235 277 350
    Rows 1177
    3 2014 120 450 200 300
    1070
    4 2015 320 250 400 100
    1070
    Total
    985 1180 1042 1050

    Source: National Bank Bulletin, 20--- E. C.


    Note: Coffee grades: 1 to 3
    Graphical Presentation of Data

    Why graphical presentation?


    Raw Data are usually not easy to use for
    decision making.
    Therefore, there is a need for organizing data.
    Data can be organized in the form of
    a) Table, e.g. frequency distribution table
    b) Graph
    The type of graph to use depends on the
    variable/data type being summarized
    Graphical
    Presentation of Data
    Types of Variables and Graphical/tabular Presentation

    Categorical Numerical
    Variables Variables

    • Frequency distribution • Line chart


    • Bar chart • Frequency distribution
    • Pie chart • Histogram and O-give
    • Pictograms • Frequency Polygon
    Tables and Graphs for
    Categorical Variables
    Categorical Data

    Tabulating Data Graphical Presentation

    Frequency
    Distribution Table Bar Chart Pie Chart Pictograms
    The Frequency
    Distribution Table
    Summarizing data by category

    Example: Hospital Patients by Unit


    Hospital Unit Number of Patients

    Cardiac Care 1,052


    Emergency 2,245
    Intensive Care 340
    Maternity 552
    Surgery 4,630

    (Variables are
    categorical)
    Class work
    The following data are taken from record unit of certain
    hospital. The observations include the blood type of donors
    with Rh factor in bracket.
    i. Construct a frequency distribution for blood type
    ii. Construct a frequency distribution for Rh factor

    A(+) A(+) A(+) O(+) A(+) O(+)

    A(+) A(+) A(+) B(-) A(-) A(-)

    B(+) A(+) A(+) A(+) B(+) O(+)

    O(-) O(-) AB(+) AB(-) O(+) O(+)

    A(+) O(-) O(+) O(+) O(+) O(-)

    O(+) O(+) O(+) O(-) O(+) O(+)


    Frequency Table
    Blood Group Rh positive Rh Negative Total %
    (blood group)
    A 11 2 13 36%
    B 2 1 3 8%
    AB 1 1 2 6%
    O 13 5 18 50%
    Total 27 9 36
    Percent 75% 25%
    Bar and Pie Charts

    • Bar charts and Pie charts are often used


    for qualitative (category) data
    • Height of bar shows the frequency for
    each category
    • Size of pie slice is proportional to the
    percentage of the corresponding
    category
    Example: Bar Chart:
    Blood Group (Type-1)
    20
    18
    16
    14
    12
    10
    8
    6
    4
    2
    0
    Group A Group B Group AB Group O
    Example: Bar Chart:
    Blood Group (Type-2)
    14

    12

    10

    8
    Rh +
    6 Rh -
    4

    0
    Group A Group B Group AB Group O
    Example: Bar Chart
    (Type 3)

    Blood Group

    20

    15
    Rh -
    10
    Rh +
    5

    0
    Group A Group B Group AB Group O
    Example: Pie Chart
    Blood Group
    Group A
    Group B
    Group AB
    Group O

    The entire circle: 360e


    Every 1% of
    observation of
    observations should
    correspond to
    (.01)(360)=3.6 degree

    The angle between the


    lines demarcating
    Group O is therefore:
    (50)(3.6)=180 degree
    Pictograms

    • Represent the data by means of some picture


    symbols
    • Decide a suitable picture to represent a definite
    number of units
    Pictograms
    Example: Number of patients in each department

    Year 2000 2001 2002 2003


    Number of 2000 3000 5000 7000
    Students
    Tables and Graphs for Numerical Variables

    Numerical Data

    Frequency Polygon Cumulative Freq. Polygon Histogram

    Note: Line chart/graph is used to depict variables versus time to show trend:
    time series data
    Frequency Polygon
    Example: Histogram and Frequency Polygon

    Histogram Frequency Polygon


    Cumulative frequency polygon (Ogive)

    • .
    Histogram
    Description of Histogram:
    ❑ Is a chart that shows the frequency
    distribution of data points for numerical
    (quantitative) values.
    ❑ It representing data with rectangular bars
    ❑ The height of each bar depicts the frequency
    of the data values. A histogram differs from a
    bar graph in that the vertical columns are
    drawn with no space in between them.
    Example: Histogram

    Age Group Frequency


    15 - 20 3
    21 - 25 21
    26 - 30 15
    31 - 35 1
    Total 40

    Continue on Whiteboard
    Difference between
    Bar Graph and Histogram
    ❑ Bar Graph is for categorical data while
    Histogram is for numerical data
    ❑ A histogram differs from a bar graph in that
    the vertical columns/bars are drawn with no
    space in between them.
    Frequency Polygon
    Description of Frequency Polygon:
    ✓It is used for Grouped Data
    ✓It is a frequency diagram that plots
    the midpoints of the class intervals against the
    frequencies, i.e. x-axis: midpoints; y-axis:
    frequencies
    ✓ Finally we connect the frequency points with
    straight lines.
    Group Assignment
    Use quantitative hypothetical data from
    chemistry field of study and construct
    1. Frequency Distribution
    2. Bar Chart
    3. Pie Chart
    4. Histogram
    5. Cumulative Frequency Polygon highest to lowest
    6. Cumulative Frequency Polygon lowest to highest

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