Get After The Black Death: Economy, Society, and The Law in Fourteenth-Century England 1st Edition Bailey PDF Ebook With Full Chapters Now
Get After The Black Death: Economy, Society, and The Law in Fourteenth-Century England 1st Edition Bailey PDF Ebook With Full Chapters Now
Get After The Black Death: Economy, Society, and The Law in Fourteenth-Century England 1st Edition Bailey PDF Ebook With Full Chapters Now
com
https://textbookfull.com/product/after-the-black-
death-economy-society-and-the-law-in-fourteenth-
century-england-1st-edition-bailey/
https://textbookfull.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-loucas/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/epidemics-and-society-from-the-black-
death-to-the-present-1st-edition-frank-m-snowden/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-origins-of-the-arts-council-
movement-philanthropy-and-policy-1st-edition-anna-rosser-upchurch-
auth/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/lonely-planet-british-columbia-the-
canadian-rockies-8th-edition-lonely-planet/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/microsoft-office-365-administration-
inside-out-includes-current-book-service-2nd-edition-darryl-kegg/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/universal-approaches-to-support-
children-s-physical-and-cognitive-development-in-the-early-years-1st-
edition-soan/
textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/assistive-technologies-principles-
and-practice-4e-4th-edition-albert-m-cook-phd-pe/
textbookfull.com
Mythos University Book 2 Alan Moria
https://textbookfull.com/product/mythos-university-book-2-alan-moria/
textbookfull.com
After the Black Death
After the Black Death
Economy, Society, and the Law in
Fourteenth-Century England,
MARK BAILEY
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the
University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing
worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in
certain other countries
© Mark Bailey 2021
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First Edition published in 2021
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in
writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under
terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning
reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
Oxford University Press, at the address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same
condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2020952083
ISBN 978–0–19–885788–4
ebook ISBN 978–0–19–259974–2
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198857884.001.0001
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Clays Ltd, Elcograf S.p.A.
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only.
Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website
referenced in this work.
Preface
Waldringfield,
May 2020
Note
1. Mark Bailey, ‘Per impetum maris: natural disaster and economic decline in
eastern England, 1275–1350’, in Bruce M.S. Campbell, ed., Before the Black
Death: essays in the crisis of the early fourteenth century (Manchester,
1991).
Acknowledgements
This book began life as the James Ford Lectures in British History,
delivered in the Hilary term 2019 at the University of Oxford. The six
central chapters (2 to 7), and their themes, are still readily
identifiable as the six lectures in the series. The latter were carefully
constructed, but they were not tightly scripted with the intention of
enabling a good deal of extemporization suited to the lecture
format…which, at times, must have showed. In converting the
lectures into book format, the weak jokes have been removed and a
few lines of argument have been refined, but most of the latter have
been developed, illustrated, and integrated in ways that were not
possible within the restrictions of the lecture format. In particular,
Chapter 7 has been improved and sharpened, aided by an
opportunity to re-work it and to discuss the ideas at the Economic
History Seminar, University of Oxford, in November 2019.
I am most grateful to the electors to the James Ford Lectureship
for the opportunity to develop some long-ruminating thoughts about
fourteenth-century England. The prospect of addressing a mixed
audience comprised of both eminent academics and members of the
public for six weeks on successive Friday evenings in midwinter,
coupled with the challenge of maintaining the right pitch for such an
eclectic group, helped keep the mind focused and anxiety at bay
(partially). Steven Gunn and Stephen Baxter on behalf of the
electors were warm hosts. The associated Visiting Fellowship at All
Souls, Oxford, in Michaelmas 2018 provided the ideal environment to
prepare for the lectures. I am most grateful to the Warden and
Fellows. Whilst in Oxford, Ros Faith, Ian Forrest, Jane Humphries,
Colin Kidd, Pamela Nightingale, Deb Oxley, Robert Peberdy, the late
Richard Sharpe, Julia Smith, Benjamin Thompson, and John Watts
were all kind, supportive, and willing sources of advice and ideas.
Rowena Archer, Steve Broadberry, Peter Coss, Richard Hoyle, and
Hannah Skoda were especially helpful and generous. I have always
admired the work of Paul Brand and Paul Hyams in the field of
medieval legal history, and both shared a good deal of their time and
expertise during my Oxford sojourn.
Preparing and delivering the lectures were not straightforward for
someone whose day job did not involve academic history. The chair
and the governors of St Paul’s School granted half a term’s
sabbatical leave from my role as High Master to coincide with the
Fellowship at All Souls, and the Master and Court of Assistants of the
Mercers’ Company awarded a research grant. For all this, I am
especially grateful to Fred Hohler, Johnny Robertson, and Rob
Abernethy. The funding enabled me to secure the services of Nick
Amor, himself a fine medieval historian, as a research assistant, and
his work in the legal sources opened up a number of interesting new
lines of argument. David Addy and Harry Bailey helped prepare the
slides, graphs, and maps for the lectures and the book, and Julie
Noy-Bailey helped with the bibliography. Julie and our daughter
Katie’s wider domestic and organizational brilliance has carved the
time and space for me indulgently to research, read, think, opine,
and write. Various local historians have readily placed information
and digital copies of manuscripts at my disposal, notably Rosemary
Hoppitt, John Walker, and Diana Maywhort: Diana’s knowledge of
the Redgrave material provided the striking example of Roger le
Reve and John Docke. The late Mark Ormrod highlighted some
specialist research on fourteenth-century justice. Bruce Campbell
offered stimulating feedback on the third lecture, which has
improved Chapter 4. Anthony Musson read and commented upon an
early draft of Chapter 5, and likewise David Stone on Chapters 3 and
4, and Louisa Foroughi on Chapter 6. I benefited from sharing ideas
with Deborah Boucoyannis, whose research from a very different
starting point appears to be heading in the same direction as mine.
Duncan Bythell has read all of the drafts, and provided wise
counsel from the perspective of a non-medievalist economic
historian. John Hatcher has listened, argued, debated, and
encouraged as the ideas in this book were formulated then refined.
Steve Rigby was a ferociously fast, sharp, direct, and informed
commentator on and editor of various drafts, capable of spotting at
many paces a weak argument and thin evidence. All three have
provided intellectual stimulus and challenge, sometimes
uncompromising, but always in a spirit of support, advancement,
and improvement. The book is immeasurably better as a
consequence.
Visit https://textbookfull.com
now to explore a rich
collection of eBooks, textbook
and enjoy exciting offers!
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations
1. Introduction
The Black Death
Social and Economic Change in Fourteenth-Century England
8. Conclusion
Appendix
References
Index
List of Tables
BL British Library
CCR Calendar of Close Rolls
CFR Calendar of Fine Rolls
CIM Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous
CPR Calendar of Patent Rolls
CUL Cambridge University Library
PROME The Parliament rolls of medieval England, 1275–1504, ed.
Chris Given-Wilson (16 volumes; Woodbridge, 2005)
SROB Suffolk Record Office, Bury St Edmunds
SROI Suffolk Record Office, Ipswich
Statutes of the Realm Statutes of the Realm, volume I and II (Record
Commission, 1810, 1816)
TNA The National Archives, Kew
UC Bacon University of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library,
Bacon manuscript collection.
1
Introduction
The Black Death raged across Europe between 1347 and 1353,
killing a far higher proportion of the population than any global
epidemic or warfare in modern times, and then returned frequently
over the next four centuries. Contemporaries named this terrifying
and seemingly new disease ‘pestilence’, while generations of modern
schoolchildren know it as bubonic and pneumonic plague. It
coincided with a phase of momentous ecological, demographic,
economic, and social changes across Europe. The tenth to the
thirteenth centuries represented a sustained period of efflorescence
and expansion, which first slowed, then halted and decisively
reversed, during the first half of the fourteenth century due to an
exceptional combination of catastrophic events: famine, warfare,
bovine disease, human disease, and an unstable climate.1 Population
levels across Europe collapsed in the mid-fourteenth century, and did
not recover for two to three centuries. By one recent estimate, the
English population fell from a peak of around five million on the eve
of the Black Death to 2.25 million in the mid-fifteenth century, and it
did not return to its former level until the early eighteenth century.2
Furthermore, the pestilential fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were
a transitional age between the ‘medieval’ and ‘early modern’ eras,
when social and economic structures in some parts of Europe
evolved from ‘feudalism’ to ‘proto-capitalism’.3 This period also
marked the opening of a wage and wealth gap between, on the one
hand, north-west Europe (including England) and, on the other
hand, the rest of the continent: the so-called ‘Little Divergence’.4 The
superior economic performance of north-west Europe became even
more pronounced in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.5
The Black Death thus stands unchallenged as the greatest
catastrophe in human history, and this pestilential scourge was
omnipresent throughout the transitional period from the middle to
the modern age. As a result, it has attracted intense attention from
countless historians as well as rafts of economists and theorists from
many disciplines. Key questions here have been whether the Black
Death was central or incidental to these monumental social and
economic changes; whether we should regard this chance
exogenous event as radically altering the course of history; or,
instead, we should focus on the role played by human responses
and actions. Most attempts to answer these questions have sought
to fit the Black Death into long-term economic and social trends, and
into overarching theories of development, rather than carrying out
detailed investigations of what actually happened in the second half
of the fourteenth century as a prelude to explaining why they
happened. Unsurprisingly, such broad-brush approaches have failed
to generate much consensus on the influence and importance of the
Black Death. Two recent studies, for example, have reached very
different conclusions, with Gregory Clark claiming that it ‘effected no
significant long run economic changes in Europe’, whereas Chavas
and Bromley suggest that it marked ‘the most important transition
period in European economic history’.6
Demographic disasters create stresses that reveal much to the
historian about a society’s institutions, habits of mind, and
behaviour.7 They also create stresses, tensions, and disagreements
between historians. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries, most historians were convinced that the Black Death
marked a major turning point in English history. Thus Seebohm,
writing in the 1860s, argued that it caused a great social revolution
that changed the whole course of English history, as falling land
Visit https://textbookfull.com
now to explore a rich
collection of eBooks, textbook
and enjoy exciting offers!
values and rising wage rates after the epidemic forced lords to
bargain away serfdom.8 For Gasquet, the Black Death was the
turning point in English national life, triggering a crisis of faith and
the decline of the late-medieval church.9 As William Page stated, ‘it
may be said that the Black Death gave a blow to the old system
from which it never recovered’.10 Yet even as Gasquet published his
classic work, other historians were beginning to downplay the
epidemic’s importance and effects. In 1907, for example, Lodge
concluded that ‘the effects of the Black Death in Berkshire were
severe rather than lasting’, Frances Page regarded it as ‘a great
episode…but it would be incautious to ascribe to it per se any far-
reaching influence upon subsequent events’, and Levett noted ‘its
effects were short-lived’.11 By the eve of World War II, the
cumulative effects of this relentless downplaying were such that
Putman observed how ‘unfashionable it is today to attribute
significance or lasting effects to the plague’.12
The downgrading of the Black Death drew upon a series of
pioneering case studies of particular localities, based upon detailed
archival evidence. They revealed that the key socio-economic
changes initially attributed to the Black Death—such as the decline in
labour services and in the direct exploitation of manorial demesnes
by their lords—were already in motion before its arrival, and that the
plague’s impact did not conform to any consistent pattern, but
instead varied markedly from place to place.13 Consequently, the
attention of scholars drifted away from the events of 1348–9
towards an earlier and wider ‘crisis of feudalism’ that had first
become apparent in the late thirteenth century.14 Some explained
this crisis along Malthusian lines, as the inevitable correction to a
widening and unsustainable imbalance between rising population
and inelastic resources during the European efflorescence, and saw
the Black Death simply as one of a number of positive demographic
checks. Others explained it along Marxist lines, whereby the crisis of
agrarian productivity was the function of excessive exploitation of
peasant surpluses through feudal rent, which again relegated the
Black Death to a secondary cause of long-term socio-economic
change. Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, these
two classic supermodels dominated the historiography of the
medieval economy. Proponents of each agreed broadly on the
chronology and symptoms of the early fourteenth-century crisis,
though they differed violently and ideologically on its causes. Both
are essentially anthropocentric and deterministic models of long-
term development, in which human agency triggered production
crises that in turn generated major and predictable structural
changes.15 External or chance events, such as epidemic disease, do
not fit comfortably within such models, except as catalysts or
accelerators of trends already in motion. From the perspective of
these two supermodels, ‘to admit a [major] role to autonomous
disease is to threaten to reduce the aspiring scientific historian to a
mere chronicler of the random and bizarre’.16
Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, a succession
of local studies appeared to confirm the remarkable resilience of
social structures and the unexpected buoyancy of the economy in
the 1350s and 1360s, prompting Platt to comment on ‘the strikingly
rapid social and economic recovery’ following the initial impact.17 In
a similar vein, DeWindt concluded that the Black Death’s ‘immediate
results are not observable, and what is observable is a mild and
minor disruption of manorial operation, not a dramatic upheaval’,
whilst Bridbury marvelled at ‘how little effect it seems to have had
on the social and economic life of the country’.18 Such studies
emphasized that the main anticipated consequences of demographic
collapse—falling grain prices and land values, contracting occupation
of the land, rising living standards of ordinary people, and the
dissolution of serfdom—did not actually materialize until the last
quarter of the fourteenth century. It seemed that the Black Death
could not possibly have been the primary driver of social and
economic change when there was no consistent or obvious pattern
to its initial impact, and when the anticipated consequences took so
long to emerge.19 The role of plague continued to be cut down to
size.20
The reputation of plague as a destructive force was tarnished
further through demographic studies suggesting that earlier
historians had exaggerated the mortality rate in 1348–9.21 In 1970
Shrewsbury, a bacteriologist, advocated the immutability of plague’s
epidemiology and pathology over time, and so, extrapolating
backwards from the known characteristics of modern plague,
estimated that it could only have caused a 5 per cent mortality rate
in the first epidemic.22 He argued that if the death rate in 1348–9
really did exceed 25 per cent, then the Black Death must have
comprised a medley of diseases, such as typhus and smallpox,
acting in tandem with plague. Shrewsbury’s work highlighted a
conundrum that subsequently attracted intense scrutiny: namely,
that the reconstructed speed, seasonality, and mortality rates of the
disease that struck between 1346 and 1353 were incompatible with
the observed behaviour and the known epidemiology of modern
plague. If the higher death rates claimed for 1348–9 were correct,
and if the Black Death really did spread so quickly and completely,
then plague was unlikely to have been the cause. This so-called
‘diagnosis debate’ raged well into the first decade of this century.23
Just as the reputation of the Black Death had reached its lowest
ebb in the 1990s, so waves of new research and exciting
methodological advances revived interest in the subject and, in the
process, restored the disease as a major force in world history.
There is now little debate over its mortality rate, characteristics, or
identity.24 The epidemic reached southern England during the late
summer of 1348, spread during the winter months, and became
especially active throughout the country during the spring and
summer of 1349. The disease moved primarily along the coast and
arterial route ways, and was remarkably complete in its spread:
hardly anywhere evaded its grip in 1348–9.25 Death rates are
calculable from three main categories of source material: tenant
deaths, appointments of beneficed clergy to parishes, and,
exceptionally, deaths of males in tithings. The first two categories
are the most voluminous, with a good spread across England, and
indicate local death rates ranging from 19 per cent to 80 per cent.26
Various allowances have to be made for the typicality of the
evidence, and for regional variations in mortality, but there is
widespread acceptance that 40 per cent to 50 per cent of the
population of England died in the first epidemic.27 Around Europe,
estimates of mortality rates vary between 30 per cent and 50 per
cent.28 Thereafter, the same disease returned repeatedly, with
epidemics in England in 1361–2, 1368–9, 1373–5, 1390–3, and on a
dozen more occasions in the fifteenth century.29 As a result, while
the population of England stood at an estimated 5.5 million in the
1340s, it had fallen to 2.8 million in the early 1350s, 2.5 million in
1377, 2.3 million in the 1520s, and had recovered only slightly to 2.8
million by the mid sixteenth century.30
We also now know the identity of the Black Death definitively,
following DNA analysis of dental pulp extracted from the skeletons of
victims buried in mass graves during the epidemic.31 This technology
identified Yersinia pestis as the offending pathogen, although of a
different strain from the modern form. Medieval plague behaved
differently from modern plague, probably acting through direct
transmission between humans via droplet infection and/or fleas and
ectoparasites.32 This was the same disease that had struck Latin
Christendom in the 530s, which means that it has been afflicting
humanity for at least 1,500 years.33 Indeed, Y. pestis remains
present across the globe, with exception of Australasia and
Antarctica, and so still poses a serious threat, especially in a world
where antibiotics are increasingly ineffective.34
The notion that an epidemic killing around a half of the English
population did not trigger any immediate economic and social
changes of significance, and its effects delayed until the 1370s, is
barely credible.35 Consequently, the tide of historical opinion began
to turn once again, and historians and econometricians increasingly
portrayed the Black Death as the watershed event of the last 1,000
years of European history. For Miller and Hatcher, ‘demographic
attrition on so massive a scale inevitably had social and economic
consequences of the first importance’.36 Dobson stated that the
Black Death ‘was unquestionably the most significant turning point in
late medieval British urban history’.37 Palmer regarded the
government’s legislative response to the Black Death as bringing ‘a
lasting change to governance in England’ and as constituting the
turning point when relations between lords and peasants became
more ‘economic’ than ‘feudal’.38 Judith Bennett has argued that the
influence of the labour legislation which was introduced in response
to the plague ‘has echoed through centuries of class and gender
relations…shaping employment law throughout the British Empire
and touching by one estimate about a quarter of the world’s
population’.39 Benedictow believes that combating ‘plague gave a
strong impetus to the notion that governments had responsibilities
for the welfare of their peoples’.40
Furthermore, the belief that the origins of the Little Divergence
are to be found in this period has gathered momentum among
econometricians, elevating the Black Death once more to the status
of a major watershed in world history.41 As Broadberry states, ‘the
catching-up process of the North Sea area with Mediterranean
Europe and with China started with the arrival of the Black Death in
the mid-fourteenth century’.42 From this date, estimates of GDP per
head rose more sharply in England and Holland than in areas of
southern Europe, such as Spain and Italy.43 Likewise, during the
course of the fifteenth century a gap in the average level of real
wages first becomes apparent between north-west Europe and
central and southern Europe.44 Greif identifies ‘a late-medieval
institutional revolution’, in which many of the modern, Western-style
institutions and cultural beliefs become clearly identifiable for the
first time: ‘individualism, corporatism, the legitimacy of man-made
formal law, a voice and influence among those subject to law, and
the development of the centralized state’.45 More specifically,
Voigtlander and Voth argue that the Black Death triggered a
fundamental change in the dominant marriage pattern in north-west
Europe, delaying the age of women at first marriage and increasing
the proportion who never married (discussed below, pp. 286–9).46
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
des bonnes lettres ; nous le garderons avec un soin jaloux, et quand
la liberté de faire le bien nous aura été rendue, nous le rapporterons
intact et nous le replanterons au frontispice de nos écoles rouvertes.
« Chimères ! » dites-vous. — « Double chimère ! dira quelqu’un ;
car, depuis cinquante ans que vous aviez la liberté de
l’enseignement, qu’en avez-vous fait ? Où sont les hommes de
valeur que votre méthode a produits ? » Ce reproche, qu’on entend
formuler encore quelquefois, nous va au cœur ; car il n’y en a pas de
plus injuste et de plus immérité. Je n’y répondrai pas en détail ;
d’autres l’ont fait victorieusement. Pour ne pas le laisser passer
impuni, je veux indiquer seulement quelques-unes des raisons pour
lesquelles l’accusation ne porte pas.
D’abord, cette loi de 1850, qu’on disait si libérale, ne nous
donnait qu’un semblant de liberté, puisque l’État gardait pour lui seul
le droit de fixer les programmes et de conférer les grades. Ainsi
ligotée par les réglements universitaires, quel essor et quel jeu
pouvait prendre notre méthode traditionnelle ?
En second lieu, malgré toutes les démonstrations de la
bienveillance officielle, nous restions pour l’Université toujours
suspects. Sans doute, ceux de nos élèves qu’une ambition plus
noble poussait à conquérir dans les sphères supérieures quelque
situation brillante, n’avaient rien à craindre de leur provenance
cléricale et jésuitique ; mais… il leur fallait beaucoup de talent pour
arriver premiers sur les enfants de la maison universitaire.
Je pourrais dire encore que nos collèges, ne participant ni peu ni
prou aux millions du budget, eurent à se débattre durant les vingt-
cinq premières années contre de multiples embarras matériels.
Quand ils allaient être à flot, on inventa l’article 7 et les décrets, qui
nous dispersèrent une première fois.
Les vingt années qui suivirent 1880 ont fourni à nos annales des
preuves consolantes de la solidarité apostolique et fraternelle qui,
dans les grands périls, unit le clergé séculier et régulier. Nombre de
prêtres dévoués, mêlés à de vaillants laïques, sont venus remplacer
les proscrits et enlever à nos ennemis la satisfaction de voir nos
collèges s’effondrer. La plupart, faisant abnégation de leurs idées
personnelles, ont compris que l’honneur des nouveaux maîtres et
leur succès même auprès des familles réclamaient d’eux la fidélité à
nos traditions ; nous en avons connu qui les ont gardées avec une
intelligence et une rigueur dignes de toute notre reconnaissance.
Quelques-uns, dans de bonnes intentions, ont voulu faire
différemment ; ce qui s’en est suivi, les regarde.
Toujours est-il que, reprocher à des éducateurs, placés dans des
conditions si précaires, de n’avoir pas opéré une série de prodiges,
cela touche à la dérision. Nous sommes sûrs d’en avoir au moins
opéré un, qui compte pour plusieurs : nous avons failli faire peur à
l’Université ! Si elle trouve que c’est peu de chose, nous ne
demandons pas mieux que d’en faire davantage. Qu’elle mette en
commun ses libertés, ses privilèges et ses ressources, de façon à
rendre la lutte égale : dans vingt ans, le pays jugera.
Si elle croyait devoir refuser le combat, par crainte de trouver en
nous des ennemis jurés de la science et du progrès moderne, nous
pourrions la rassurer. Peut-être suffirait-il, pour cela, de lui montrer
telles de nos anciennes maisons, parfaitement en rapport avec le
mouvement scientifique, qui, à son gré, ont plutôt trop de succès, et
font aux écoles de l’État sans Dieu une concurrence gênante.
Nous savons que « le monde marche » ; nous sommes prêts à
marcher avec lui, non pourtant à l’aveugle. Nous ferons au réel les
concessions nécessaires ; mais nous n’admettons point qu’il détrône
l’idéal. Notre ambition est de les réconcilier ; la jeune France ne
pourra qu’y gagner.
A bientôt, mon cher Paul.
Jean.
IV. Au même
Août 1903.
Jean.
De Z… le 15 avril 1901.
Et voilà aussi mon paquet ! Cette fois, il est manifeste qu’on n’en
veut pas seulement à la Congrégation, mais au Catholicisme. Tout
cela est brutal comme le coup de pied de l’âne. Ces gens-là ont
l’intempérance d’un pouvoir qu’ils sentent mal acquis et fragile : ils
veulent faire vite et détruire le plus possible, avant de disparaître.
Mais le vieux lion catholique n’en mourra pas : il en a vu d’autres !
En attendant, la situation des pères de famille chrétiens devient
de plus en plus critique. Avec la Chambre d’un côté, le Sénat de
l’autre, nous sommes pris entre deux feux. Encore quelques mois et,
si le salut ne nous tombe pas du ciel, nous devrons être solidement
organisés pour sauvegarder, à la rentrée d’octobre, l’âme de nos
enfants et le peu de liberté qui nous reste. Il n’est pas trop tôt pour y
songer dès maintenant.
C’est ce que j’ai exposé au Comité de défense religieuse que je
préside. On a été de mon avis et l’on est décidé à faire l’impossible
pour amortir le coup, que nous ne pouvons plus détourner. En
pratique, cela revient à maintenir, aussi longtemps que la loi le
permettra, nos collèges chrétiens : un vœu dans ce sens a été
adopté à l’unanimité. Une commission d’études doit présenter, à bref
délai, un plan détaillé des voies et moyens : Louis en est le
président, moi le rapporteur. Vous ne me refuserez pas d’en être le
conseil ? Les combattants de la plaine lèvent tout naturellement les
yeux vers la montagne sainte, d’où ils savent que Moïse fera
descendre sur eux la lumière et le courage. Je compte sur vous.
Mais j’ai au cœur un autre souci que je veux épancher dans le
vôtre. Personnellement, je suis résolu à lutter de toute mon énergie,
tant que la liberté gardera un pouce de terrain. J’ose espérer qu’elle
aura d’autres défenseurs : mais
Hélas ! je n’ai pas voulu dire à mon Comité tout ce que je pense,
par crainte de le décourager avant qu’il ait rien fait. Dans mon for
intérieur, je ne crois pas beaucoup à la viabilité de l’enseignement
chrétien, mutilé et muselé comme il l’est par la nouvelle loi. Nos
dogues ont léché du sang : il leur faudra toute la bête. Quand il ne
nous restera que le monopole et le lycée, comment faire ?
Envoyer nos enfants à l’étranger ? Moi, je le ferai ; d’autres, qui
en ont les moyens, le feront. Mais ce ne sera jamais qu’un petit
nombre. Beaucoup, hélas ! (il y en a déjà des exemples) vous
lâcheront, par indifférence religieuse, par peur ou par calcul, surtout
si, comme il faut le prévoir, on vote des lois contre les collèges
d’exilés volontaires. Alors, quel remède ?
Mon frère, j’attends aussi sur ce second point, pour moi et pour
les pères de famille catholiques, les bons avis de votre zèle et de
votre expérience.
Paul.
J’ai raisonné, jusqu’ici, dans l’hypothèse que la loi (je voulais dire
la persécution : mais c’est tout un) respecterait le droit du clergé
séculier à l’enseignement. Hélas ! il serait téméraire de l’espérer
pour toujours ou même pour longtemps.
Après avoir déclaré que la suppression de l’enseignement
congréganiste ne s’étend pas au clergé séculier, le rapport Buisson
ajoute ceci : « Et pourtant, ont dit plusieurs membres de la
commission, les raisons qui valent contre le religieux valent contre le
prêtre… M. Devèze avait même déposé en ce sens un
amendement, qu’il a retiré pour se conformer à la méthode de
division du travail, proposée par le gouvernement et adoptée par la
commission. Il a d’ailleurs été entendu que l’abandon de la
disposition relative au clergé séculier n’impliquait nullement, de la
part de la commission, un vote de rejet. » On nous donne donc avis
que l’exclusion du clergé séculier est simplement partie remise et
qu’en temps opportun on reprendra contre lui le travail. Quel joli
mot ! Je vois d’ici le boucher qui, fortifié par un bon déjeuner,
retrousse sa chemise sur ses bras nus, encore tachés de la besogne
du matin, et s’apprête avec satisfaction à abattre ce qui est resté
vivant !
Ce sera la deuxième étape. Il faut la prévoir, sans inquiétudes
exagérées, et déterminer à l’avance les principes qui devront
présider à la nouvelle organisation.
Le premier sera le maintien de nos collèges avec un personnel
laïque. Beaucoup d’entre eux comptent déjà bon nombre de
professeurs laïques intelligents et dévoués : élèves et parents les
acceptent et les respectent. Il serait sage de penser, dès maintenant,
à s’en assurer d’autres semblables, pour ne pas être pris au
dépourvu par un de ces coups de Jarnac dont nos gouvernants ont
la spécialité. Je n’hésite pas à te recommander dans ce but, à toi et
à tes amis, le Syndicat des membres de l’enseignement libre [11] ,
fondé à Paris, sous la présidence de M. de Lapparent, pour servir
d’intermédiaire entre les établissements catholiques et les
professeurs disponibles.
[11] Siège social : 18, rue du Regard, Paris (6e).