Surface Roughness and Performance of Biomedical Implants

Surface Roughness and
Performance of
Biomedical Implants
Concept of Surface in Implants
In biomedical implants, the surface of the material plays a crucial role

as it directly interacts with biological tissues, influencing the implant’s
integration and functionality.
Role of Surface in Biomedical Implants:
• Biocompatibility: Rough surfaces enhance cell adhesion and tissue

bonding, reducing immune rejection and improving implant
integration with surrounding tissues
• Osseointegration: Micro-rough textures mimic bone, encouraging

bone cell attachment and promoting stable, long-term bonding,
which is especially important in orthopedic and dental implants
• Corrosion and Wear Resistance: Optimized surface roughness

minimizes friction and improves longevity by resisting body-induced
corrosion and wear
Materials Used
Ti and Ti Alloys Stainless Steel Co-Cr-Mo Alloys
• Titanium (Ti) and its alloys, • Used in temporary implants • Load-bearing implants
especially Ti-6Al-4V • Cost-effective choice where • Co-Cr is highly resistant to
• Excellent strength-to-weight ratio strength is essential corrosion and wear
• Natural oxide layer that resists • Same level of integration as • Co-Cr alloys are not as
corrosion titanium osteoinductive as titanium, so
• Acid etching or sandblasting • Improve surface roughness, additional surface treatments,
increases its surface area, helping with temporary stability like plasma spraying, are often
enhancing cell attachment and in applications like bone plates or applied to enhance roughness
osseointegration screws and cell adhesion
Methods of Surface Modification
Sandblasting Etching
Anodizing Coating with Bioactive Molecules

Methods of Surface Modification
Sandblasting:
• Improves surface roughness which assists the implant to better interact with the tissues and muscles.
Etching:
• Etching improves the hydrophilicity of the implant. Enchants like HNO3, H2SO4 and HF are used.
• It facilitates in increasing the surface activity, adhesion and growth of bones.
Anodizing:
• While increasing surface roughness it creates a hierarchical nanostructure with mico pits and grooves.
• TiO2 is widely used in medicine and biology due to its excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity, promoting
cell adhesion.
Biological coatings:
• Coatings include antimicrobial, polydopamine and bioactive organic coatings.
• These coatings have the capacity to generate tissue-like structures on the implant surface
• For antimicrobial coatings, Ag+ is used, which interacts with the proteins and DNA of the bacterial cells and
disrupts the membrane.
• For bioactive coatings lactic-co-glycolic acid and chimeric peptides are used.
Case Study I
This case study focuses on 3D-printed titanium implants used in orthopedic applications,
modified to improve osseointegration.
Methodology: Titanium samples were subjected to sandblasting and acid etching, creating a
surface texture that mimics natural bone. The samples were then implanted in vivo to study
cell attachment and stability.
Results: Implants with micro-roughened surfaces exhibited improved bone growth around
the implant, showing higher bone-implant integration compared to untreated samples. Cell
adhesion and stability were also significantly enhanced.
Key Takeaway: Surface roughening on titanium implants can significantly improve

osseointegration, which is critical for long-term implant stability and performance in
orthopedic applications
Case Study II
This study explores the application of bioactive coatings such as hydroxyapatite and protein-
based coatings on titanium alloys. These coatings aim to enhance both the corrosion
resistance and biocompatibility of implants exposed to reactive body environments.
Methodology: Titanium alloy samples were coated with hydroxyapatite, then tested for
corrosion resistance in simulated body fluids and evaluated for cell adhesion in laboratory
settings.
Results: Bioactive-coated implants demonstrated reduced corrosion, wear, and increased cell
attachment. The hydroxyapatite coating attracted osteoblasts, enhancing implant integration
and reducing immune response.
Key Takeaway: Bioactive coatings such as hydroxyapatite can enhance corrosion resistance
and improve implant compatibility with surrounding tissue, making them ideal for implants in
high-wear and reactive environments.
Future Developments
Advanced Surface Coatings: Development of multifunctional coatings that offer antibacterial,

anti-inflammatory, and osseointegrative properties.
Nanotechnology: Incorporation of nanostructures to provide even more effective cellular

responses and promote faster healing.
Smart Implants: Potential for creating “smart” surfaces that adapt to biological conditions and
release drugs locally

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Surface Roughness and

In biomedical implants, the surface of the material plays a crucial role

Role of Surface in Biomedical Implants:

• Biocompatibility: Rough surfaces enhance cell adhesion and tissue

• Osseointegration: Micro-rough textures mimic bone, encouraging

• Corrosion and Wear Resistance: Optimized surface roughness

Ti and Ti Alloys Stainless Steel Co-Cr-Mo Alloys

Anodizing Coating with Bioactive Molecules

Key Takeaway: Surface roughening on titanium implants can significantly improve

Advanced Surface Coatings: Development of multifunctional coatings that offer antibacterial,

Nanotechnology: Incorporation of nanostructures to provide even more effective cellular

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