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Microbiology: An Introduction, 12e (Tortora)
Chapter 2 Chemical Principles
2.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which of the following statements about the atom C is FALSE?

A) It has 6 protons in its nucleus.
B) It has 12 neutrons in its nucleus.
C) It has 6 electrons orbiting the nucleus.
D) Its atomic number is 6.
E) Its atomic weight is 12.
Answer: B
Section: 2.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 2.1
Global Outcome: 2
2) Table 2.1
O C H
Using the information in Table 2.1, calculate the molecular weight of ethanol, C2H5OH.
A) 96
B) 46
C) 34
D) 33
E) The answer cannot be determined.
Answer: B
Section: 2.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
Global Outcome: 2
1
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
3) Antacids neutralize acid by the following reaction. Identify the salt in the following equation:
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
A) Mg(OH)2
B) HCl
C) MgCl2
D) H2O
E) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: C
Section: 2.4
4) Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Salts readily dissolve in water.
B) Water molecules are formed by hydrolysis.
C) Water freezes from the top down.
D) Water is formed as a part of a dehydration synthesis reaction.
E) Water is a polar molecule.
Answer: B
Section: 2.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
5) Which of the following is the type of bond holding K+ and I- ions in KI?
A) ionic bond
B) covalent bond
C) hydrogen bond
Answer: A
Section: 2.2
6) Which of the following is the type of bond between molecules of water in a beaker of water?
A) ionic bond
B) covalent bond
C) hydrogen bond
Answer: C
Section: 2.2
Global Outcome: 7
2
7) What is the type of bond holding hydrogen and oxygen atoms together in a single H2O
molecule?
A) ionic bond
B) covalent bond
C) hydrogen bond
Answer: B
Section: 2.2
8) Identify the following reaction: Glucose + Fructose → Sucrose + Water

A) dehydration synthesis reaction
B) hydrolysis reaction
C) exchange reaction
D) reversible reaction
E) ionic reaction
Answer: A
Section: 2.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
9) Identify the following reaction: Lactose + H2O → Glucose + Galactose

E) ionic reaction
Answer: B
Section: 2.5
10) Identify the following reaction: HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + H2CO3

E) ionic reaction
Answer: C
Section: 2.3
Global Outcome: 2
3
11) Identify the following reaction: NH4OH ⇌ NH3 + H2O
E) ionic reaction
Answer: D
Section: 2.3
Global Outcome: 2
12) Which type of molecule contains the alcohol glycerol?

A) carbohydrate
B) phospholipids
C) DNA
D) protein
Answer: B
Section: 2.5
13) Which type of molecule is composed of (CH2O) units?

A) carbohydrate
B) lipid
C) nucleic acid
D) protein
Answer: A
Section: 2.5
14) Which type of molecule contains -NH2 (amino) groups?

A) carbohydrate
B) triglycerides
C) nucleic acid
D) protein
Answer: D
Section: 2.5
4
15) Which type of molecule NEVER contains a phosphate group?
A) triglycerides
B) phospholipid
C) nucleic acid
D) ATP
Answer: A
Section: 2.5
16) Based upon the valence numbers of the elements magnesium (2) and hydrogen (1), predict
how many covalent bonds would form between these atoms to achieve the full complement of
electrons in their outermost energy shells.
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
Answer: B
Section: 2.2
Global Outcome: 2
17) Table 2.1
O C H
Using the information in Table 2.1, calculate the number of moles in 92 grams of ethanol,
C2H5OH.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) The answer cannot be determined.
Answer: B
Section: 2.2
Global Outcome: 4
5
18) Which of the following statements regarding protein structure is FALSE?
A) The primary structure is formed by covalent bonding between amino acid subunits.
B) Secondary structures are formed only from hydrogen bonds.
C) Tertiary structures are formed only from covalent bonds.
D) Quaternary structures involved multiple polypeptides.
Answer: C
Section: 2.5
19) Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A) NaOH ⇌ Na+ + OH- — base
B) HF ⇌ H+ + F- — acid
C) MgSO4 ⇌ Mg2+ + SO42- — salt
D) KH2PO4 ⇌ K+ + H2PO4- — acid
E) H2SO4 ⇌ 2H+ + SO42- — acid
Answer: D
Section: 2.3
Global Outcome: 2
20) Table 2.2
NaOH ⇌ Na+ + OH- — base

HF ⇌ H+ + F- - acid
MgSO4 ⇌ Mg2+ + SO42- — salt
KH2PO4 ⇌ K+ + H2PO4- — acid
H2SO4 ⇌ 2H+ + SO42- — salt
Which of the following statements about the reactions in Table 2.2 is FALSE?
A) They are exchange reactions.
B) They are ionization reactions.
C) They occur when the reactants are dissolved in water.
D) They are dissociation reactions.
E) They are reversible reactions.
Answer: A
Section: 2.3
Global Outcome: 2
6
21) What is the type of weak bond between the hydrogen of one molecule and the nitrogen of
another
molecule, where the two don't actively share an electron?
A) ionic bond
B) covalent bond
C) hydrogen bond
D) disulfide bond
E) hydrophobic bond
Answer: C
Section: 2.3
Global Outcome: 7
22) What is the type of strong chemical bond between carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a
single organic molecule?
A) ionic bond
B) covalent bond
C) hydrogen bond
Answer: B
Section: 2.3
Global Outcome: 7
23) What is the type of bond between ions in salt?

A) ionic bond
B) covalent bond
C) hydrogen bond
Answer: A
Section: 2.3
Global Outcome: 7
7
24) A scientist wants to perform a test that will indicate whether a nucleic acid sample is
composed of RNA or DNA. Testing for the presence of which of the following is most
appropriate in this situation?
A) phosphate
B) nitrogen
C) guanine
D) uracil
E) thymine
Answer: D
Section: 2.5
Global Outcome: 2
25) Structurally, ATP is most like which type of molecule?

A) carbohydrate
B) lipid
C) protein
D) nucleic acid
Answer: D
Section: 2.5
26) What do genes consist of?

A) carbohydrates
B) lipids
C) proteins
D) nucleic acids
Answer: D
Section: 2.5
Global Outcome: 7
27) Which molecule is composed of a chain of amino acids?

A) carbohydrate
B) lipid
C) protein
D) nucleic acid
Answer: C
Section: 2.5
8
28) Which are the primary molecules making up plasma membranes in cells?
A) carbohydrates
B) lipids
C) proteins
D) nucleic acids
Answer: B
Section: 2.5
Global Outcome: 7
29) The antimicrobial drug imidazole inhibits sterol synthesis. This would most likely interfere
with
A) bacterial cell walls.
B) fungal cell walls.
C) eukaryotic plasma membranes.
D) prokaryotic plasma membranes.
E) genes.
Answer: C
Section: 2.5
ASMcue Outcome: 3.4
Global Outcome: 2
9
Figure 2.1
30) In Figure 2.1, which is an alcohol?

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
Answer: C
Section: 2.5
Global Outcome: 3
31) Which compound in Figure 2.1 is an ester?

A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
Answer: D
Section: 2.5
Global Outcome: 3
10
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32) Which compound in Figure 2.1 is an organic acid?
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
Answer: A
Section: 2.5
Global Outcome: 3
33) Most amino acids found in cells demonstrate what type of chirality?
A) L-isomers
B) D-isomers
C) C-isomers
D) B-isomers
E) A-isomers
Answer: A
Section: 2.5
11
34) Figure 2.3
What kind of bond is at the arrow in Figure 2.3?

A) disulfide bridge
B) double covalent bond
C) hydrogen bond
D) ionic bond
E) peptide bond
Answer: E
Section: 2.5
Global Outcome: 3
35) An E. coli culture that has been growing at 37°C is moved to 25°C. Which of the following
changes must be made in its plasma membrane to help it cope with the decrease in temperature?
A) The number of phosphate groups must increase.
B) The viscosity must increase.
C) The number of saturated chains must increase.
D) The number of unsaturated chains must increase.
E) No changes are necessary.
Answer: D
Section: 2.5
12
36) Radioisotopes are frequently used to label molecules in a cell. The fate of atoms and
molecules in a cell can then be followed. Assume Saccharomyces cerevisiae is grown in a
nutrient medium containing the radioisotope 35S. After a 48-hour incubation, the 35S would
most likely be found in the S. cerevisiae's
A) carbohydrates.
B) nucleic acids.
C) water.
D) lipids.
E) proteins.
Answer: E
Section: 2.5
Global Outcome: 2
37) Radioisotopes are frequently used to label molecules in a cell. The fate of atoms and
molecules in a cell can then be followed. Assume Saccharomyces cerevisiae is grown in a
nutrient medium containing the radioisotope 32P. After a 48-hour incubation, the majority of the
32P would be found in the S. cerevisiae's
A) plasma membrane.
B) cell wall.
C) water.
D) proteins.
E) carbohydrates.
Answer: A
Section: 2.5
Global Outcome: 2
38) Starch, dextran, glycogen, and cellulose are polymers of

A) amino acids.
B) glucose.
C) fatty acids.
D) nucleic acids.
E) acids.
Answer: B
Section: 2.5
13
39) Which of the following is a base?
A) C2H5OCOOH → H+ + C2H5OCOO-
B) C2H5OH
C) NaOH → Na+ + OH-
D) H2O → H+ + OH-
E) H2CO
Answer: C
Section: 2.4
Global Outcome: 2
40) Two glucose molecules are combined to make a maltose molecule. What is the chemical
formula for maltose?
A) C3H6O3
B) C6H12O6
C) C12H24O12
D) C12H22O11
E) C12H23O10
Answer: D
Section: 2.5
Global Outcome: 3
41) If an amino acid contained a hydrocarbon (a group of multiple carbons and hydrogens linked
together) as its side group, in which of the following categories could it be appropriately
designated?
A) hydrophilic
B) polar
C) nonpolar
D) basic
E) acidic
Answer: C
Section: 2.5
Global Outcome: 2
14
2.2 True/False Questions
1) Elements only achieve the full complement of electrons in outermost energy cells by donating
away or sharing electrons.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 2.1
2) Covalent bonds are always shared equally.

Answer: FALSE
Section: 2.1
Global Outcome: 7
3) Individual covalent bonds are stronger than individual ionic bonds.

Answer: TRUE
Section: 2.1
4) All chemical reactions are, in theory, reversible.

Answer: TRUE
Section: 2.3
5) The formation of ADP from ATP can be defined as a hydrolytic reaction.

Answer: TRUE
Section: 2.3
6) The density of liquid water is greater than the density of ice.

Answer: TRUE
Section: 2.4
7) A basic solution is expected to contain more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 2.4
Global Outcome: 7
15
8) All forms of life function optimally at a pH of 7.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 2.4
9) There are some forms of life on Earth that can survive without water.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 2.4
Global Outcome: 2
10) Any compound that contains carbon is considered to be strictly organic.

Answer: FALSE
Section: 2.4
Global Outcome: 2
2.3 Essay Questions
1) Describe how the properties of phospholipids make these molecules well suited for plasma
membranes.
Section: 2.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis
Global Outcome: 8
16
2) Figure 2.5
Use Figure 2.5 to answer the following. Starch, cellulose, dextran, and glycogen are
polysaccharides. How are they similar? To what are their different properties due? Why can't an
enzyme that hydrolyzes starch degrade cellulose?
Section: 2.5
Global Outcome: 8
17
3) Compare a molecule of a nucleotide to ATP. Could a cell simply insert ATP into DNA
without altering it? Explain.
Section: 2.5
Global Outcome: 8
4) A scientist claims that when a protein is denatured, it can be expected that its secondary
structure will more likely be retained when compared to all other levels of protein structure
structures. Do you agree? Explain.
Section: 2.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation
Global Outcome: 8
5) A bacterium that grows at a temperature of 37°C transports both glucose and NaCl into its
cytoplasm. Which is most easily dissolved in the cytoplasm? Explain how the bonds of these
molecules impact disassociation rate.
Section: 2.5
Global Outcome: 8
18
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säikähti niin, että kuvastin oli pudota kädestä. Silmien ympärillä oli
syviä ryppyjä, ja ohimoilla kiilteli valkoisia hiuksia mustien joukossa.
"Sunatkoon!… Tuohan on jo vanha akka", hän huudahti kuvalleen.
Mutta hän ei tahtonut vielä olla vanha. Rypyille ei voinut mitään,

mutta harmaita hiuksia ei saanut huomata kukaan — varsinkaan
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Naisten juuri aamiaiselta päästyä kuului eteisestä kolinaa, ja

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"Hyviä huomenia, hyviä huomenia", tervehti hän.
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surkutteli mummo.
"Otin vähän kamppeitani mukaan", sanoi Israel, istui penkille ja

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Annin suupielissä karehti ivallinen hymy.
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"Se ei taida tämä Anni tietääkään?"
"Kyllä se tietää."
"Miksikä se sitten kysyy?"
"Muuten se, ilman se aikojaan."
"Mummo ja minä olemme aikoneet tässä taloksi ruveta", selitti

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"Kun nyt se Heikki kuoli, niin on tässä tarpeen miehinen mies."
"Miiehinen miies", venytteli Anni itsekseen, ja sanoi sitten

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sitten lähdettävä liesuun lapsineni?"
"Kyllähän hyvä sopu tilaa antaa — jos muuten passannee", sanoi

vaari.
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kivahti hän heti itsekseen ja vilkaisi akkunasta ulos.
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töllissä on isäntä tarpeen."
"Isäntä, isäntä on tarpeen", myönteli vaari.
"Se kuuluukin nyt Israel tulevan Töyrylään isännäksi", sanoi Anni

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piian paikkaa pyytelin."
"Israel?"
"Niin, niin — Israel ihan. Taidetaan tässä saada häitä

kaksittainkin."
"Vai Israel?… Ei ole tainnut vaari kuulla, että minä menen naimisiin
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"Olen minä vähän semmoista horinaa maailmalta kuullut. Mutta
mitä se koskee tähän torpan asiaan?"
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Israelin käsi kohosi vitkaan korvalliselle, ja hän loi kysyvän katseen

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äänellä.
"Hän sanoi — on kai Anni sanasta lukenut — sanoi: En minä syö,

ennenkuin olen puhunut asiani."
Isäntä nyökkäsi lautamiehelle, joka muutaman kerran virallisesti

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"Niin. Tämän Kantolan isännän käskystä ja lain nimessä annan

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Se tuli aavistamatta kuin salaman isku. Isoon aikaan ei puhuttu

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tyydyttääkseen myös oli luikahtanut tupaan.
"Kyllä ne on myöty kaikki."
"Ei isäntä nyt totta tarkoita?" kysyi mummo.

"Ei minun tapani ole leikitellä tällaisissa asioissa", vastasi isäntä.
"Mutta eihän isännällä liene oikeutta ajaa omistajaa mökiltään noin

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"Omistajaa?"
Isäntä ripusti lasit nenälleen, otti povitaskustaan välikirjan ja luki

saarnaavalla äänellä:
"Minä Malakias Sakariaanpoika Kantola otan täten Heikki

Eerikinpojan
torppariksi omistamani Kantolan puolen manttaalin perintötalon
maalle
N:o 3 Korvenkylässä Pitkänperän pitäjää ehdoilla kuin seuraa:
——————
7) Heikki Eerikinpojan kuoltua jää torppa ilman korvausvelvollisuutta
kaikkine rakennuksineen ja kasvaville viljoineen talon haltuun, jos
minä Malakias Sakariaanpoika Kantola niin tahdon."
"Ja Malakias Sakariaanpoika Kantola kun taas niin tahtoo", sanoi

Tuomo röyhkeästi, huomattuaan asiansa ajautuneen
auttamattomasti karille.
"Tämä asia ei koske Tuomoa", sanoi isäntä jyrkästi.
"Voi-voi… Että missäs tässä nyt olemaan ruvetaan — kun saunakin

revitään?" vaikerteli Kaisa.
"Ja milläs eletään, kun isäntä vie kasvavan viljankin?" huokasi

mummo.
"Vanhurskas elää uskosta", tokaisi isäntä, kun ei osannut
muutakaan neuvoa antaa.
"Eipä se näy isäntäkään pelkästä uskosta elävän, koska pitää

viedäksenne viimeinen leipäpala köyhän suusta. Isännän ei sopisi
puhua uskosta, eivät nämä tällaiset teot ole uskovaisen tekoja",
sanoi mummo.
"Eivät ne kyllä ole Jumalasta lähtöisin tällaiset teot", vakuutti

vaarikin.
Päästäkseen kiusallisesta keskustelusta kiirehti isäntä lähtöään.
"Niin — ensi pyhäinmiesten päivään mennessä siis… Jumalan

haltuun."
Kantolan ja lautamiehen mentyä vallitsi tuvassa alakuloinen

hiljaisuus.
"Kontrahti… siinäpä se… Kaiken näköisiä pöllöpäitä niitä on tämän

taivaan kannen alla — minkä se Heikkikin. Mikset sinä ole puhunut
minulle mitään sen höperön tekemästä kontrahdista?" kysyi Tuomo
vihaisena Annilta.
"En minä ole itsekään tiennyt koko kontrahdista, kun Heikki ei siitä
koskaan puhunut… Mutta olethan sinä nyt minun tukeni ja turvani",
sanoi Anni.
"On tässä nyt tietämistä, miten itsekin pääsen leipään käsiksi, kun
tulin sanoneeksi palveluspaikasta itseni irti ja toinen mies on jo
ehditty ottaa tilalleni", sanoi Tuomo ja nakkasi lapion kiivaasti
olalleen.
"Minne sinä sitä lapiota viet?" kysyi Anni.
"Vien sinne, mistä otinkin."
Vieraista yksin jäätyänsä kysyi Israel:
"Ei ole tainnut Hennakaan tietää tästä kontrahdista?"
"En, Israel hyvä, en ole tiennyt."
"Ei kai… eipä kai… Taitaa jäädä sille silmälleen se meidänkin

aikomuksemme — kun nyt tuommoisen rydön teki."
"Siihen kai se lahoaa nyt", huokasi mummo.
"Niin kai… siihen kai… Jos Henna sitten sen — silkin…"
"Silkin?… jaa, niin…"
Mummo haki aitasta paperiin käärityn hetulaniekka-silkin.

Antaessaan sen Israelille hän virkkoi:
"Oikein tämä nyt tuntuu häpeälliseltä. En minä luullut tällä ijällä

enää rukkasia saavani. Mutta onhan nyt koettua sekin."
Pistettyään silkin poveensa kaiveli Israel säkkiään.
"Henna ottaisi tästä virsut — niinkuin muistoksi."
"Kiitoksia. Minä tässä jo Israelille sukkia kudoin. Kun saan

valmiiksi, lahjoitan ne Israelille vastavuoroon."
"Kiitoksia. Ne minä säästänkin kuolinsukikseni — etteivät ihan

paljain jaloin…"
Israel mietti hetkisen, pisti käden poveensa ja otti silkin esiin.
"Kun ajattelen, niin mitäs minä tällä teen. Myömään en sitä rupea.
Henna ottaisi takaisin. Ja kun tulee se kuoleman kosiomies ja on
lähtö niihin häihin, niin pyytäisi Henna, että sitaiseisivat silloin
morsiamen päähän tämän."
Henna otti silkin, mutta hän oli niin liikutettu, ettei muistanut edes
kiittää.
Israel kopeloi pattisauvan käteensä, ja mummo auttoi säkin hänen

selkäänsä.
"Tuntuu tuo säkki nyt painavammalta ja askel raskaammalta kuin

tänne tullessani. Jumalan haltuun, Jumalan haltuun."
"Jumalan haltuun."
Kahden jäätyänsä lesket kyyröttivät äänettöminä penkeillä,

sielussa musta läpinäkymätön pimeys, josta ei tuntunut olevan
ulospääsyä minnekään päin. Viimein Anni purskahti itkemään.
"Voi, mummo, mummo… mitäs nyt?"
Taputtaen Annia hellästi olalle sanoi mummo:
"Anni raiska… Koettaisit pyrkiä kotiisi."
"Se on jo liian korkea kodin kynnys — minulle."
"Sinä, joka olet vielä nuori ja terve, voit elättää henkesi kättesi
työllä", koki mummo lohduttaa. "Toista on minun ja Kaisan — meillä
ei ole valittavana muuta kuin yksi tie."
XV
Harmaa, syksyinen päivä. Pilvet lepäävät raskaina ja liikkumattomina

taivaalla, ja sataa tihuttaa hienoa kastelevaa usvaa.
Korvenkylästä kirkolle johtavaa tietä myöten kulkee rinnan kaksi

kumarahartiaista naishenkilöä, kumpikin raidettaan. Heillä on sauvat
kädessä, valkoiset nyytit toisessa, ja päällyshameet ovat käännetyt
kastelevan vihman suojaksi pään yli. Asumattomalla taipaleella
seisovat korkeat petäjät tien kahden puolen, kimmeltävät vesipisarat
joka neulan nenässä. Kulkijain askeleet ovat hitaat ja raskaat.
"En minä luullut, Kaisa, tätä päivää näkeväni", keskeyttää Henna

pitkän vaitiolon. "Pidin aina hartainna toivonani ja suurinna
onnenani, että saisin elämäni loppuun asti omalta pöydältä syödä ja
oman katon alla viimein silmäni ummistaa. Rohkenin toivoa näin
paljon kaiken sen palkaksi, mitä olen elämässäni raatanut ja vaivaa
nähnyt. Mutta se oli kai liian paljon pyydetty, koska ei suotu sitä
onnea minun osalleni."
"Ihminen päättää, Jumala säätää. Rukiista leipää kaiketi siellä

vaivaistalossakin syödään", sanoi Kaisa. "Miten lie kahvikullan ja
nuuskan laita?"
"Rukiista kaiketi siellä leipää syödään — ja olemmehan, Kaisa, jo
petäjäistäkin syöneet. Mutta se on ollut oma leipoma, ja se tieto on
ollut särpimenä karkeallakin palasella."
"Onhan kuitenkin parempi näin… Ettei huutokaupalla kuin eläimiä,

niinkuin ennen vanhaan."
"Onhan yhtähyvin näin parempi. Ja onhan siellä olevinaan

lähempänä omiaan ja Sanan vieressä."
"Siellähän ne jo kirkon mullassa lepäävät sinunkin lähimpäsi. Siellä

on
Eerot, siellä Heikit."
"Siellä isät, siellä äidit… ja pian täältä pääsen sinne itsekin."
"Niin, Henna, kuoleman kuukinpuillahan vaapumme jo."
"Kuoleman kuukinpuilla."
He kulkivat taas ääneti pitkää vastaletta ylöspäin. Mäen päälle

päästyään he pysähtyivät ja kääntyivät katsomaan taaksensa. Pitkän
aikaa sanattomina katseltuaan he viittasivat kädellään kuin hyvästiksi
usvan läpi häämöittäviä Korvenkylän kaukaisia vuoria kohti ja
jatkoivat taas vaivaloista matkaansa — kohti vaivaistaloa.
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Test Bank For Microbiology: An Introduction, 12th Edition, Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke Christine L. Case

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2.1 Multiple Choice Questions

1) Which of the following statements about the atom C is FALSE?

Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O

4) Which of the following statements is FALSE?

8) Identify the following reaction: Glucose + Fructose → Sucrose + Water

9) Identify the following reaction: Lactose + H2O → Glucose + Galactose

10) Identify the following reaction: HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + H2CO3

12) Which type of molecule contains the alcohol glycerol?

13) Which type of molecule is composed of (CH2O) units?

14) Which type of molecule contains -NH2 (amino) groups?

17) Table 2.1

19) Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

20) Table 2.2

NaOH ⇌ Na+ + OH- — base

23) What is the type of bond between ions in salt?

25) Structurally, ATP is most like which type of molecule?

26) What do genes consist of?

27) Which molecule is composed of a chain of amino acids?

30) In Figure 2.1, which is an alcohol?

31) Which compound in Figure 2.1 is an ester?

What kind of bond is at the arrow in Figure 2.3?

38) Starch, dextran, glycogen, and cellulose are polymers of

2) Covalent bonds are always shared equally.

3) Individual covalent bonds are stronger than individual ionic bonds.

4) All chemical reactions are, in theory, reversible.

5) The formation of ADP from ATP can be defined as a hydrolytic reaction.

6) The density of liquid water is greater than the density of ice.

10) Any compound that contains carbon is considered to be strictly organic.

2.3 Essay Questions

"Sunatkoon!… Tuohan on jo vanha akka", hän huudahti kuvalleen.

Mutta hän ei tahtonut vielä olla vanha. Rypyille ei voinut mitään,

Näistä aikaisen vanhuuden merkeistä huolimatta käyttäysi Anni

Vaikka mummo sai tehdä yksin melkein kaikki raskaammat

Aikaisemmin oli Kantolan isäntä lähettänyt sanan, että hän tulee

Naisten juuri aamiaiselta päästyä kuului eteisestä kolinaa, ja

"Hyviä huomenia, hyviä huomenia", tervehti hän.

"Jumal' antakoon… ja terve tulemasta", sanoi mummo ja kiiruhti

"Onpa siinä painoa. Ukko-rukka — kun nyt tuommoisen tarakan",

"Otin vähän kamppeitani mukaan", sanoi Israel, istui penkille ja

Annin suupielissä karehti ivallinen hymy.

"Minnekäs se vaari nyt on kulkemassa — säkkineen?" kysyi hän.

"Eipä tätä etemmä, eipä etemmä", vastasi vaari. Mummoon

"Se ei taida tämä Anni tietääkään?"

"Miksikä se sitten kysyy?"

"Muuten se, ilman se aikojaan."

"Mummo ja minä olemme aikoneet tässä taloksi ruveta", selitti

"Miiehinen miies", venytteli Anni itsekseen, ja sanoi sitten