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Oracle 12c SQL, ISBN: 9781305251038
Ch. 6 1

Chapter 6 Solutions
Review Questions

1. How can a sequence be used in a database? To generate a series of sequential

numbers as primary keys or for internal control purposes
2. How can gaps appear in values generated by a sequence? If the integers are cached
and the server crashes or is shut down.
3. How can you indicate that the values generated by a sequence should be in
descending order? Include a negative value in the INCREMENT BY clause.
4. When is an index appropriate for a table? If searches on a large table normally return
less than 10% of the rows and the table is not updated frequently.
5. What is the difference between the B-tree and bitmap index structures? The B-tree
index structure is like a tree, with leaves or nodes holding the value ranges and
ROWIDs mapping to actual table rows. A bitmap index is useful for improving
queries on columns that have low selectivity (low cardinality, or a small number of
distinct values). The index is a two-dimensional array containing one column for each
distinct value in the column being indexed. Each row is linked to a ROWID and
contains a bit (0 or 1) that indicates whether the column value matches this index
value.
6. When does Oracle11g automatically create an index for a table? When a PRIMARY
KEY or UNIQUE index is created
7. Under what circumstances should you not create an index for a table? If the table is
updated frequently or searches normally return more than 10% of the table rows in
the results.
8. What is an IOT and under what circumstances might it be useful? This structure
stores the contents of the entire table in a B-tree index with rows sorted in the primary
key value order. It combines the index and table into a single structure. Search and
sort operations involving the primary key column can be improved with this index.
9. What command is used to modify an index? Except for a name change, there’s no way
to modify an index; it must be dropped and re-created.
10. What is the purpose of a synonym? A synonym provides an alternative name for a
database object.

Multiple Choice
1. c
2. c
3. d
4. a
Oracle 12c SQL, ISBN: 9781305251038
Ch. 6 2

5. c
6. b
7. b
8. a
9. d
10. b
11. b
12. g
13. c
14. c
15. a
16. e
17. b
18. c
19. c
20. c

Hands-On Assignments
1.
CREATE SEQUENCE cust_seq
START WITH 1021
NOMAXVALUE
NOMINVALUE
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;

2.
INSERT INTO customers (customer#, lastname, firstname, zip)
VALUES (cust_seq.NEXTVAL, 'SHOULDERS', 'FRANK', '23567');

3.
CREATE SEQUENCE my_first_seq
INCREMENT BY -3
START WITH 5
MAXVALUE 5
MINVALUE 0
NOCYCLE;

4.
SELECT my_first_seq.NEXTVAL
FROM DUAL;

Error: Caused by the sequence running out of values to issue, as the minimum value of 0
was reached and the CYCLE option is set to NOCYCLE.
Oracle 12c SQL, ISBN: 9781305251038
Ch. 6 3

5.
ALTER SEQUENCE my_first_seq
MINVALUE -1000;

6.
CREATE TABLE email_log
(emailid NUMBER GENERATED AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
emaildate DATE,
customer# NUMBER(4));

INSERT INTO email_log (emaildate, customer#)

VALUES (SYSDATE, 1007);

INSERT INTO email_log (emailid, emaildate, customer#)

VALUES (DEFAULT, SYSDATE, 1008);

INSERT INTO email_log (emailid, emaildate, customer#)

VALUES (25, SYSDATE, 1009);

SELECT *
FROM email_log;

7.
CREATE SYNONYM numgen
FOR my_first_seq;

8.
SELECT numgen.currval
FROM dual;

DROP SYNONYM numgen;

DROP SEQUENCE my_first_seq;

9.
CREATE BITMAP INDEX customers_state_idx
ON customers(state);

SELECT index_name
FROM user_indexes;

DROP INDEX customers_state_idx;

Oracle 12c SQL, ISBN: 9781305251038
Ch. 6 4

10.
CREATE INDEX customers_last_idx
ON customers(lastname);

SELECT index_name
FROM user_indexes;

DROP INDEX customers_last_idx;

11.
CREATE INDEX orders_shipdays_idx
ON orders(shipdate-orderdate);

Advanced Challenge
Student responses will vary. Sequences could be applied to all primary key columns.
Index additions can support searches, such as for author’s last name and publisher name.
An example of a drawback is minimizing indexes to only the columns required for
frequent searches, such as customer’s last name. Minimizing the number of indexes helps
improve DML processing efficiency because fewer indexes need to be updated.

Case Study: City Jail

1.
CREATE SEQUENCE criminals_seq
START WITH 1018
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;

CREATE SEQUENCE crimes_seq

START WITH 10001
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;

INSERT INTO criminals (criminal_ID, last, first, street, city, state, zip, v_status,
p_status)
VALUES (criminals_seq.NEXTVAL, 'Capps','Johnny','111 Main', 'Portsmouth', 'VA',
'04578', 'N', 'N');

INSERT INTO crimes (crime_ID, criminal_ID, classification, date_charged, status)

VALUES (crimes_seq.NEXTVAL, criminals_seq.CURRVAL, 'M', '15-JUL-05', 'CL');

2.
CREATE INDEX criminals_last_idx
ON criminals(last);
Oracle 12c SQL, ISBN: 9781305251038
Ch. 6 5

CREATE INDEX criminals_street_idx

ON criminals(street);
CREATE INDEX criminals_phone_idx
ON criminals(phone);

3. Bitmap indexes are quite useful for columns with low selectivity. Some candidate
columns from the City Jail database include Criminals/V_status, Criminals/P_status,
Crimes/Classification, Crimes/Status, Sentences/Type, Prob_officers/Status,
Crime_charges/Charge_status, Officers/Status, and Appeals/Status.

4. Synonyms could simplify object references for the City Jail database. If a variety of
users are accessing or developing applications to access the City Jail database objects,
creating public synonyms simplifies object reference, as the schema doesn’t have to
be included in all object references.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
strength and depth beyond the ken of ordinary beings by their pure,
ardent singleness of purpose.

MARRIAGE SCENE.

Sennoske’s meeting with Muramasa at first hardly satisfied him. In

spite of the comparatively short time which had elapsed since his
departure, he found the smith considerably wasted, with black rings
round the eyes, even more restless and nervous than formerly, and
evidently under the influence of acute mental troubles and anxiety.
The young soldier’s fervent thanks for the sword, with which he
opened the conversation, were listened to without any show of
interest, and even with an expression of strong impatience which
seemed to have taken possession of the man’s nature. This,
however, was considerably modified when Sennoske came to speak
of the exploits with which his name had been connected, modestly
describing them as being due principally to the marvellous powers of
his blade; and perceiving the effect of his words, he dilated at length
upon all its points of proven excellence.
When at last he paused, the smith, after a few short words of
congratulation, asked him abruptly: “Do you know of any Masamune
swords being used in this campaign?”
 “There were only two, or at most three, such blades in the
possession of our troops,” was the reply; “but among the Hōjō
adherents there were ten or twelve. I myself have taken one, richly
ornamented, which was formerly in the possession of Taka Suke; if
you attach any value to it, I should be happy if you would allow me to
offer it to you.”
“Beware of what you say!” hissed rather than spoke Muramasa,
evidently under great excitement. “Would you discard the superior
weapon, and keep the inferior? You must surely know that it is
reported that now in his old age Masamune, one of my former
masters, forges swords which far exceed mine in excellence.”
“That is impossible,” Sennoske replied, his tone and manner
attesting his truthfulness and showing that he was scarcely less in
earnest than the other. “Besides, if proof to the contrary were
necessary, have I not given it? Could a mere youth like myself come
out unscathed and victorious in a struggle against seven veterans,
whose chief wielded a Masamune blade, if mine had not been
superior to his, and, I may say, to all the others as well?”
 FEMALE MUSICIANS.

“So it was this Masamune blade which Taka Suke had in his hands
when you killed him and his pack of retainers?” the smith said, while
a fierce joy lit up his sunken eyes. “The sword is the soul of the
samurai, and it imparts its nature to him who wears it. I knew that
that gentle old man could never give to a blade those qualities which
men need who are bent on strife or revenge. My forging is of a
different nature. You are kind and gentle too, Sennoske; yet your
sword would never let you exercise feelings of pity or compassion. I
am vindicated,—vindicated through you; and I know that the name of
Muramasa will endure, honored and prized, as long as the samurai
spirit shall exist, as long as there are men ready to fight for right and
for revenge. You have given me back, Sennoske, my confidence in
myself, in my capabilities, and in the work of my hands; and I will
accept the present you offer me as a yuino when your nuptials with
my daughter are celebrated. Four days from now has been selected
as a ‘lucky day’ which shall see you wedded.”
 EPILOGUE.
Sennoske and his fair wife enjoyed
a lifetime of good fortune. Nothing
untoward befell them but such small
ills as humanity can never be entirely
free from; and these were scarcely felt
in their happy lot and in the love which
they bore to each other and to the
children that time brought them. The
young soldier gained additional fame
in his command at Idzu; and fulfilling within a year the task that had
been intrusted to him, he returned to Ise and succeeded his father in
the responsible office of karo. Numa, who had again assumed his
old name, retired into inkio,—a private life of quiet and of literary
pursuits, which he continued up to his death, which took place
fourteen or fifteen years later. Muramasa, with whom he had
continued on terms of close friendship and intimacy, died in the
same year. The smith’s son continued in his profession; but the
blades he forged, although of higher quality than those of other
smiths, were not prized as those of his father. They were like them in
appearance, in form, and in sharpness, and merely looking at the
one by the side of the other, it was often impossible to tell them
apart. Even in a few public trials that had been made they proved of
equal excellence in all feats that required mere strength; but in fine
fancy-work (such as cutting a piece of floating paper, which is one of
the crowning tests of the original Muramasa blade) they were a
shade inferior,—lacking in a nameless something, which could not
be described in words, but which an expert could tell at once when
handling them. In short, they were not true Muramasas. A few only of
these competitive trials were made, however, and in Kuwana at least
they were soon prohibited; for they always ended in heated
discussions and bloodshed between the contending parties. As a
singular testimony to the value of the older weapon, it was noticed
that its possessor nearly always came off victorious.

GATHERING TEA-LEAVES.

The victory of Nitta, although re-establishing the Mikado’s divine

rights and prerogatives, unfortunately did not secure peace to the
Empire. The claims—only too well founded—of those who had taken
upon themselves the risk and labor of overthrowing the Hōjō
usurpers were disregarded, and the great offices of state given to
favorites who had held aloof while there was danger in acting, but
who stepped in at the last moment to claim and almost monopolize
the rewards. Rival jealousies and hatreds, dissensions, public and
private feuds, again reigned supreme, and precipitated civil wars,
which deluged the country. Only the divine rights of the emperors
were respected and held sacred, while layman and priest, noble and
peasant, suffered alike; and this state of things continued up to the
reign of Iyeyas, two hundred and fifty years ago, which inaugurated
the long peace that has since ruled in the Empire.
 During all this time the
position of karo remained in
possession of Sennoske’s
descendants, and the
family flourished and
succeeded, knowing hardly
any reverses of fortune.
But, strange as it may
appear, with the beginning
of this peace the fortunes of
the house of Numa
declined. Some
inexplicable bond seemed
to connect their welfare
with the fate of Muramasa’s
swords. These swords, as
long as strife and
bloodshed were rife, were
more esteemed than those
of any other maker, in spite,
or perhaps partly on
account, of the constantly
growing feelings of
superstition with which they YAMATO-DAKE NO MIHOTA, SEMI-DIVINITY
were regarded. Their OF WAR.
possessors somehow or
other never seemed
content unless they had an opportunity for using them; and so
generally did they succeed in gaining the victory over their
opponents that at last even the bravest shrank with dread from
fighting a duel with a man armed with a Muramasa.
Moreover, they were a fruitful cause of accidents. Often, when an
interval of peace which had lasted for fifteen or twenty years had
caused such a sword to remain unused for that time, upon first being
drawn it brought about some dire calamity. It was a common thing, in
spite of every care being taken, for the blade to fall out in some
unaccountable way and strike the wearer, inflicting a fatal wound.
Among those who suffered in this way were some of Numa’s
descendants. These, however, were almost the only misfortunes
which overtook them. With the return of peace these casualties
increased to such an alarming extent that at last the Shôgun’s
government issued a peremptory order, forbidding the use of these
swords throughout the entire country. Nevertheless, they were still
prized in private; but the power of the Tokugawa’s rule was too
strong and the edict too imperative to allow of its being in any way
openly disregarded. Muramasa blades after this were found mostly
with a few of the most noted ronins and robbers, whom tradition
speaks of as having been wonderfully successful.
An unfortunate affair of honor which happened just thirteen years
after the beginning of the long peace, and in which the then karo of
the Duke of Kuwana, a descendant of Sennoske, slew his master’s
son by mistake, forced him to commit seppuku. In consideration of
their illustrious and faithful services, the reigning Duke caused the
family of the unfortunate man to suffer no further punishment than
banishment from his province. They found an asylum with the
neighboring Duke of Todo, who also gave to the oldest son, who was
approaching man’s estate, a position at his court which, although far
inferior to that which his father had held at Kuwana, was yet a high
and an honorable one. This office was made hereditary with his
descendants, who, in spite of faithful services, failed to improve it.
The genius of the family evidently lay in a military direction; and
although now and then some one of its members would perform a
great deed of arms, opportunities for such deeds were rare, and the
family barely succeeded in retaining their new position: this,
however, they did as long as old Japan existed.
But the end of the power of the sword was rapidly approaching. In
the first year of the period of Ansei (1855) came the establishment of
treaties with foreign nations, and this sounded the death-knell of
feudalism in Japan. For a time the descendants of Sennoske still
subsisted upon a scanty allowance as dependants of the Duke of
Todo. The complete abolition of feudalism by imperial decree in the
third year of Meiji (1870) completed their ruin.
 On the first day of the tenth month of that year there was
breathless excitement in the town. All the samurai of any standing
were convened by the Duke in the large hall of the palace; and there
an imperial envoy, who had arrived the day before, read the decree,
that from that day feudalism ceased to exist. “Everything is at an
end,” some of the samurai, stupefied by the news, said as they
passed out of the hall; and so to a great extent it was. At an end all
their inherited and fancied superiority. The traditions of the past, the
records of twenty-five hundred years of ancestors’ struggles and
heroic deeds, the qualities which all samurai revered and held noble
and strove to imitate, the bodily and mental gifts with which birth and
education had endowed them,—all this in one day had become like a
threadbare garment, fit only to be thrown away; while scarcely one of
the losers had the means or possessed the faculty of procuring
another that would suit the times.
Without education or qualifications adapting him to the new order
of things, the last of the line of Sennoske found himself in a sad
condition. The miserable pension allowed him by government was
inadequate to his barest needs; but even this was soon lost to him,
and the accomplishments of peace having never been his, he was
unable to care for himself. Fortune befriended him no more; those in
places of official power and affluence no longer reverenced the rank
of samurai, but turned him from their doors, and he sank lower and
lower in the social scale, until only the most degrading position of all,
that of the poor, despised jinrikisha man, was left to him. So to-day
he lives, a connecting link between old and new Japan, between the
feudalism of the past and the encroachments of the foreign
civilization of the present,—a monument to the ruin of chivalry,
knightly pursuits, and glorious deeds of arms; a poor, ragged,
despised jinrikisha man, but with a glorious heritage in the superb
Muramasa blade which hangs on the walls of his hut.
MARSHAL’S BATON, WAR-FAN, AND HEAD-DRESS.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MURAMASA
BLADE ***

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