Al-Quds University

Introduction to Circuit Lab

[lab 0701213]

Experiment #10
Experiment name : Diodes circuits
Name: Zobeer Qunbar .

Student Number: 22120011.

Dr: Safaa Naseeraldin.

The preparation Date: 18/12/2023.

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Table of Contents
Introduction:................................................................................................................................................. 3
Objective....................................................................................................................................................... 3
Equipments List: ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Background: .................................................................................................................................................. 5
PROCEDURE:- .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Part 1: Half-Wave Rectification ............................................................................................................... 10
Part 2: Full-Wave Rectification ............................................................................................................... 13
Part 3: Light Emitting Diode .................................................................................................................... 15
Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................................. 19

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Introduction:
Device Theory and Operation

A solid state diode consists of a junction of either dissimilar

semiconductors (pn junction diode) or a metal and a semiconductor
(Schottky barrier diode). Regardless of the type, the circuit symbol for a
diode is as shown in Fig. 1 (left) and the corresponding device in Fig. 1
(right).

If V is positive, the diode is forward-biased and the diode can conduct a

significant positive current I, even though V is a small voltage (typically
0.7 V0 for the most common [silicon] diodes). If V is negative, the diode
is reverse-biased; the negative current produced by the reverse bias is
so small that it is often considered to be zero. Thus, the usual function
of a diode is to allow current to flow in the direction of the arrow (the
forward direction) for positive V’s, but not allow any current to flow in
the reverse direction for negative V’s.

Objective:

❖ To reinforce the concepts behind diode circuit analysis

❖ Verification of diode theory and operation

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 ❖ To understand certain diode applications and to measure the DC
output voltages of half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits.

Equipments List:

1.Function generator

2. Wires

3. Bread Board

4. Resistors

5.Digital multi-meter

6.Oscilloscopes

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7.Diodes (Si,Gr,LED,…)

Background:
The current iD in a diode is related to the voltage vD across it by

where IS = reverse saturation current (that is, the current that flows
through the diode when it is reverse biased, but not in breakdown)
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q = magnitude of the charge on an electron (= 1.6 x 10 Coulomb)

n = a non-ideality factor that ranges in value between 1 and 2; ideally,

n=1

The strongly asymmetric nature of the diode’s behavior should be

noted. When vD > 0 (i.e.,
The strongly asymmetric nature of the diode’s behavior should be
noted. When vD > 0 (i.e.,
under forward bias), the current rises exponentially with applied
voltage and significant amounts
of current can flow. On the other hand, when vD < 0 (i.e., under
reverse bias), current is limited

The strongly asymmetric nature of the diode’s behavior should be

noted. When vD 0 (i.e.,

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under forward bias), the current rises exponentially with applied
voltage and significant amounts

of current can flow. On the other hand, when vD 0 (i.e., under reverse
bias), current is limited

to the reverse saturation current IS, which is typically in the picoamp to

nanoamp range. Is is a

strong function of temperature. (Under reverse bias the electric field in

the space charge layer

can exceed breakdown, typically 3E5 V/cm for silicon, resulting in

significant reverse current.

Some diodes, known as Zener diodes, are designed specifically to be

used in breakdown mode.)

A useful approximation is that when vD 0, the exponential term in the

diode equation can be

considered to be significantly greater than 1, and the diode equation

can be written as:

By obtaining an appropriate plot of iD as a function of vD from a circuit

such as that shown in

Figure 1, it is possible to extract the parameter n and the reverse

saturation current IS

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Half-Wave Rectifier

If the diode in the rectifier circuit shown in Figure 2 is ideal, then it will
act as a short circuit when v.(t) > 0 and as an open circuit when v(t) <0.
The output voltage will consist only of the positive half cycles of the
input. The expressions for the output are

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If the diode in the circuit is not ideal, then it can be modeled by a series
equivalent circuit shown in Figure 3. The ideal diode component
reflects the rectifying nature of the circuit and, as before, has no
voltage drop across it when it is on (forward-biased). The output is then
given by

There will be a certain interval in each cycle when the output is zero.
This corresponds to time intervals when

Two measures can be used to characterize the rectifier's performance -

the conduction ratio and the peak offset, defined as follows:

Conduction ratio  Peak offset  (Peak value of vs(t) – peak value of

vo(t)).

where the conduction time is the time that the diode is on and
conducting current during one cycle of the input signal. For an ideal
diode in the half-wave rectifier circuit, the conduction ratio would be
0.5 and the peak offset would be 0.

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 The output voltage from the circuits of Figures 2 and 3 will be highly
variable over time, approximately duplicating the input voltage when it
swings high, and remaining at zero when the input swings low.
Although this constitutes a DC voltage in the very limited sense of
having a non-zero average value, it is clearly not true DC, which is
invariant over time.

A first step toward producing true DC is shown in Figure 4, in which a

capacitor is added in parallel to the load RL. The resulting output signal
will still vary somewhat with time, but significantly less than the output
from Figures 2 or 3 since the capacitor attempts to hold the output
voltage. During the half cycle when the diode is conducting, the
capacitor charges; when the diode is off, the capacitor discharges
through RL. The difference between the maximum and the minimum
output voltages is known as the “ripple voltage.” Ideally, the ripple
voltage, Vr, would be 0. Practically, the larger the capacitor, the smaller
the ripple voltage. Irrespective of the specific amount of ripple voltage,
however, the resulting output signal is significantly closer to true DC
than the output without the capacitor in place.

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PROCEDURE:-

Part 1: Half-Wave Rectification

1. Build the circuit shown in the figure below on the breadboard

with R=2.2KΩ

2. Set function generator to give input signal sinusoidal wave with

8 volt peak to peak amplitude, frequency 1KHz , duty cycle 50%,
and 0 DC-offset
3. Using the Oscilloscope to sketch Vin, and Vo

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 Vin
Coupling AC
Time/Div 200uS
Volt/Div 2v
Amplitude 4v
Frequency 1/(0.2mS*5)=1Khz

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 Vout
Coupling DC
Time/Div 0.2mS
Volt/Div 2v
Amplitude 3.3v
Frequency 1/(0.2mS*5)=1Khz

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 4.Measure the DC and the RMS output Voltage

volt
DC output voltage 1.02v
RMS output voltage 1.3v

Part 2: Full-Wave Rectification

1. Build the circuit shown in the figure below on the breadboard

with R=3.3KΩ

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2. Using the Oscilloscope to sketch Vin, and Vo

Vout
Coupling DC
Time/Div 0.5mS
Volt/Div 5v
Amplitude 3.8v
Frequency 1/(5mS*4)=50Hz

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 3. Measure the DC and the RMS output Voltage

volt
DC output voltage 11.88v
RMS output voltage 5.96

Part 3: Light Emitting Diode

1. Build the circuit shown in the figure below on the breadboard

2. Change the value of E from the DC supply, then use the DMM to
measure the current and voltage values in table below (Vf=1.83)

E 0 1 2 3 4
VD(volt) 0 1 1.723 1.799 1.83
VR(volt) 0 342.79n 276.74m 1.2 2.17
ID(mA) 0 3.442n 2.767 12 21.699
LED OFF OFF OFF ON ON

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Conclusion:

From this lab I understood the use of Oscilloscope and function generator.
To analysis different electric we must know the use of these two devices.
These devices will be helpful to check the voltage drop in the circuit and to
give
variable frequency to a circui
From this lab I understood the use of Oscilloscope and function generator.
To analysis different electric we must know the use of these two devices.
These devices will be helpful to check the voltage drop in the circuit and to
give
variable frequency to a circui
From this lab I understood the use of Oscilloscope and function generator.
To analysis different electric we must know the use of these two devices.
These devices will be helpful to check the voltage drop in the circuit and to
give
variable frequency to a circuit
From this lab I understood the use of Oscilloscope and function generator.
To analysis different electric we must know the use of these two devices.
These devices will be helpful to check the voltage drop in the circuit and to
give
variable frequency to a circuit
In this experiment understand the operating principle of diode clipping and
clamping circuit. In positive diode clipping circuit a diode clipper that limits or
clips the positive part of the input voltage. As the input voltage goes positive,
the diode becomes forwards-biased and conduct current. It is because the
cathode is at ground potential ( 0 v ), the anode 0.7v(assuming silicon). So the
drop at D1 is limited to +0.7v when the input exceeds this value. Next the
negative diode clipping circuit. If the diode is tuned around, the negative part
of the input voltage is clipped off. When the diode is forward-biased during
then negative part of the input voltage. Voltage drop at D1 is limited at -0.7v.
when the input voltage goes above -0.7, the diode is no longer forward-biased

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and a voltage appears across RL proportional to the input voltage. Being
different from clippers, clamping circuit uses a capacitor and a diode
connection. During the negative half cycle of the input signal, the diode
conducts and acts like a short circuit. The output voltage VO = 0 volts. The
capacitor is charged to the peak value input voltage Vm and it behaves like a
battery. During the positive e half of the positive half of the input signal, the
diode does not conduct and acts an open circuit. Hence the output voltage is
Vo =Vm+Vm. this givens a positive clamped voltage. Next student also know
how to connect the clipping and clamping circuit at project board. Student
also understand the wave form change of diode clipping circuit and clamping
circuit when the bias is applied. Student know how to calculate the
oscilloscope vp-p. The peak-to-peak value of a sine wave is the voltage or
current from the positive peak to the negative peak. Where: Vpp=2Vp and
Ipp=2Ip. In this experiment know how to using oscilloscope and to get the
wave based on question given. Limiter are used to add a DC voltage to an AC
voltage..

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