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Topic # 02 CSP (A)

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12 views25 pages

Topic # 02 CSP (A)

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ecobeastsofficial
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CONSTRAINT

SATISFACTION PROBLEMS
CS-323 Artificial Intelligence
TE- CIS
Course Teacher: Anita Ali
What is a CSP?
◦ Real world is full of constraints

◦ Consider example of time table generation


Constraint Satisfaction Problem - CSP

◦ A problem is solved when each variable has been assigned

a value that satisfies all the constraints on variable

◦ A problem described this way is called a Constraint

Satisfaction Problem - CSP


Standard Search Problems vs. CSPs
◦ State is a "black box“ – any data structure that supports
successor function, heuristic function, and goal test
◦ CSP uses internal structure of states to guide the solution of
complex problems
◦ CSP uses general purpose heuristics rather than problem
specific heuristic to enable the solution of complex
problems
Standard Search Problems vs. CSPs
◦ With CSP we care about the final node (goal) rather than
the path to reach that node

◦ Main idea is to eliminate large portion of search space all


at once by identifying variables/value combinations that
violate the constraints – Speed advantage
CSPs…
◦ For a color domain of {R,G,B}

◦ Standard state space search will be

considering 35 = 243 color assignments

◦ No mechanism to incorporate constraints


Unary Constraint:
◦ With CSP, considering unary constraint only This node cannot be colored
as Green

25=32 assignments are to be considered


Constraint Satisfaction Problems
A Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSP) consists of three
components;
◦ V: A set of variables {V1, V2, . . . , Vn}
◦ D: is a set of domain {D1, D2, …. Dn} one for each
variable
◦ C: is a set of constraints that specify allowable
combination of values
CSP Representations

◦ Constraint Graph

◦ Nodes – Variables

◦ Arcs – Binary Constraints

◦ Self Loop – Unary Constraint


Basic Terms
Assignment
Each state is defined in terms of an assignment of values
to all or some of the variables
Complete Assignment
An assignment which assigns values to all variables
Consistent Assignment – legal assignment
An assignment that does not violate any constraint
Basic Terms

Solution

An assignment that is both complete and consistent

Binary CSP

Constraints apply to two variables

Note: Any n-ary CSP can be converted to a binary CSP


Some CSP Examples
◦ N- Queen ◦ Line Drawing Interpretation

◦ Graph Coloring ◦ Crypt-arithmetic Puzzle

◦ Job Scheduling ◦ Floor planning for VLSI

◦ Boolean Satisfiability ◦ Robot Planning Tasks


◦ Molecular Structure (analyzing
◦ Puzzles (Sudoku, Magic
biological structure)
Square)
i.e. Find a value for each variable
(drawn from its domain) such that all
Solving CSPs… the constraints are satisfied

In general, ∀ 𝐕𝐢 , find a di ∈ Di, such that all constraints are


satisfied

◦ Constraint Propagation (CP)


◦ Backtracking (BT)
◦ CP + BT → FC
◦ Variable Ordering
Constraint Propagation (CP)
◦ Idea came from success of Waltz's constraint propagation algorithm
◦ A CSP can be solved by applying constraint propagation
◦ Use constraints to reduce the number of legal values for one variable
◦ Which in turn reduces the number of legal values for another variable
& so on
◦ That is why it is called constraint propagation
Constraint Propagation (CP)
◦ Narrowing down the search space by eliminating values that couldn’t
be part of any solution

◦ Search → Looking for complete and consistent assignments


Constraint Propagation (CP)
◦ Basic idea in CP is to enforce ARC CONSISTENCY
◦ A Directed arc (Vi, Vj) is consistent if

∀ 𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒊 ∃𝒚 ∈ 𝑫𝒋
such that (x, y) satisfies the constraint on the arc

Vj

Vi
∀ 𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒊 ∃𝒚 ∈ 𝑫𝒋
such that (x, y) satisfies the constraint on the arc

ARC CONSISTENCY
◦ Network Z = {x , y} ◦ Network Z = {x , y}
◦ R xy: x < y ◦ R xy: x < y
◦ Dx= { 1, 2 } , Dy = { 2 , 3} ◦ Dx= { 1, 2 , 3 } , Dy = { 1 , 2 , 3 }
Constraint Propagation (CP)
◦ Arc consistency on arc (Vi, Vj) can be achieved
by deleting values from Di that fail this condition Vj
Vi
◦ & then we need to check any other constraint
arc that has Di at its head (we are propagating
the constraint ☺)
Graph Coloring
◦ A classical example to understand &

solving CSPs

◦ From a small set of colors, assign color to

each region on a map so that no two

neighbors have identical color


Graph Coloring
Four Color Theorem
◦ Four colors are sufficient for any planar
(2D) map. (Francis Guthrie)
◦ It remained conjecture for more than a century until
proven (by Appel and Haken ) in 1976
Graph Coloring
Variables: Regions (nodes)

Domains: Colors

Constraints: Neighbors should have different colors


CP – Example (Graph Coloring)

V2 R,
G, B

V1 V3
R,
G
G
Arc Consistency
◦ Necessary but not sufficient condition for solution

R, R,
G G

R, R,
G G

Arcs are consistent, but no solution is possible


Arc Consistency
◦ Necessary but not sufficient condition for solution

B
,G

R, R,
G G

Arcs are consistent, two solutions are possible


Time Complexity Arc Consistency
◦ d: size of domains
◦ e: number of binary constraints
◦ Checking consistency for each arc requires ___________
[since we have to look at all pairs of values in 2 domains]
◦ With e constraints, going through and checking an arc once requires
_________
◦ We need to reexamine an arc
(as the deletions to a node's domain propagate, but no arc can
require checking more than d times,
◦ so cost of arc tests in worst case is _______
Activity
{R, G, B}
V5

{G, B}
V4 V3 {R,B}

V1 V2
{R} {G, B}

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