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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction

6. The fact that many children who need mental health care don’t receive it is primarily based on denial of mental health
treatment.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

7. Patrick’s parents are reluctant to have him see a psychologist because they’re afraid other family members will think
they are “bad” parents. Their reluctance is most closely related to lack of resources in their local community.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

8. An age-related issue of development for adolescents is the development of competence in peer relationships.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

9. If a clinician wants to know if a child’s particular behavior is typical for his age and culture, she would likely be
approaching the child’s from a sociocultural perspective.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

10. The belief that childhood mental health issues are overdiagnosed and overmedicated is one factor related to the stigma
of mental illness.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

11. The fact that mental illness is sometimes shrouded in secrecy and rejection is one reason children and their families
may not seek treatment for mental illness.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

Multiple Choice

12. The authors of this text assert that psychopathology is best understood in relationship to:
a. how children typically develop.
b. adaptation to atypical situations.
c. each child’s unique pattern of development.
d. maladaptation to environmental stressors.
ANSWER: a

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2

Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction

13. Dr. Jones tells her psychology class that it is difficult to determine one true definition of psychopathology. Which of
the following statements would best support her assertion regarding developmental psychopathology?
a. Children who experience minimal stressors may develop maladaptive behaviors.
b. Typically developing children can and do display behaviors that could be described as “abnormal.”
c. Children who display maladaptive behaviors come from a variety of situations, including socioeconomic
status.
d. Atypical development can best be defined in terms of gender expectations and age of the child.
ANSWER: b

14. A child’s behaviors might be considered typical or adaptive in one situation but not in another because these behaviors
may:
a. be rare or unusual when compared to other children of the same age or gender.
b. be considered adaptive in a given sociocultural group or situation.
c. not meet the specific criteria for a disorder as defined by the medical community.
d. be considered acceptable by psychologists who study children’s behavior.
ANSWER: b

15. At age 6, Allison’s temper tantrums are more frequent and intense than her same-aged peers. Allison’s behavior may
be considered pathological based on which of these criteria?
a. violation of sociocultural norms
b. meeting the definition of a specific mental health disorder
c. statistical deviance from peers
d. major emotional maladjustment
ANSWER: a

16. Dr. Vance works with all of his clients to identify their strengths and weaknesses and develops a plan for them to be
able to function at the highest level possible. This is known as ________ adaptation.
a. adequate
b. foundational
c. superior
d. optimal
ANSWER: d

17. Sameroff (1993) stated that “all life is characterized by disturbance that is overcome, and that only through
disturbance can we advance and grow.” How does this statement further the understanding of developmental
psychopathology?
a. It provides a basis for defining psychopathology in youth.
b. It normalizes the fact that most children can and do face challenges.
c. It creates a basis for understanding why we must provide funding for children’s mental health.
d. It supports the fact that in order to overcome adversity all humans need support.
ANSWER: b

18. The major difference between psychopathology and developmental psychopathology is the:
a. likelihood that children’s development will be negatively impacted.
b. role of culture in understanding deviant behavior.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction

c. understanding of how family values impact the development of maladaptive behavior.

d. belief that most deviant behavior is innate.
ANSWER: a

19. Dr. Uyenco wants to know how many new cases of autism are diagnosed each year in her particular state. Which type
of data should she access?
a. epidemiology
b. prevalence
c. identification rate
d. incidence
ANSWER: d

20. Tolan and Dodge (2005) have proposed a four-part model for a comprehensive mental health system that serves
children and their families. Based on what is known about existing barriers to services, which of the following
components would likely be a part of this model?
a. access to effective emergency care to treat crisis situations
b. preventive care provided in natural settings such as schools or daycares
c. emphasis on research-based treatments that address the cultural majority
d. an expansion of psychiatric hospitals that are equipped to handle long-term inpatient care
ANSWER: b

21. Children in Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe are less likely to have access to quality mental health services.
These countries may be classified as:
a. uneducated.
b. poor.
c. resource-poor.
d. rural.
ANSWER: c

22. Dr. Schwiesow, a school psychologist, is interested in understanding whether the student she is evaluating displays
off-task behaviors that are much higher than that of same-aged peers. She is likely to be considering psychopathology
from which perspective?
a. sociocultural norm
b. mental health definitions
c. statistical deviance
d. educational relevance
ANSWER: c

23. Tolan and Dodge (2005) assert that “the current state of affairs not only fails to take responsibility for the health and
welfare of children, it also fails to recognize the costs and waster in economic and human potential.” Which of the
following aspects of allocation of resources would these authors most likely promote?
a. access to care
b. financial support for research and care
c. preventative programming
d. all of the above
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction

ANSWER: d

24. According to Mukolo, Heflinger, and Wallston (2010) the stigma of mental illness includes all EXCEPT which of the
following?
a. Dimensions of stigma, including negative stereotypes
b. Actions of stigma, including hate crimes
c. Contexts of stigma, including the general public
d. Targets of stigma, including the family
ANSWER: b

Completion

25. According to the authors of this text, the understanding of developmental psychopathology must be centered in what is
_______ for a particular child’s development.
ANSWER: typical, normal

26. Dr. Wang has diagnosed Emma with separation anxiety disorder based on her presenting symptoms, but also has
considered how these symptoms impact her quality of life. Dr. Wang is using the ________ aspect of psychopathology.
ANSWER: mental health definition

27. The authors of this text believe that all children should have the support they need to reach their full potential, in spite
of challenges they may face. This is known as ________.
ANSWER: optimal adaptation

28. The example of the Hmong families and their unmarried children who continue to live at home highlights the fact that
________ are critical in understanding developmental psychopathology.
ANSWER: sociocultural norms

29. ________ are those factors that potentially prevent individuals from receiving effective treatment for mental health
issues.
ANSWER: Barriers to care

30. ________ youth are more likely to have difficulty accessing appropriate and effective treatment and prevention
programs related to mental health.
ANSWER: Minority, Disadvantaged

31. The Tolan and Dodge (2005) model of a comprehensive mental health system includes access to mental health
services, services provided in primary care settings, preventative care for high-risk children, and ________.
ANSWER: attention to cultural context and cultural competence

32. Dr. Schwiesow is studying how often schizophrenia is diagnosed in the U.S. population, as well as states where there
are more children who are diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. His field of study is most likely
________.
ANSWER: ANS: developmental epidemiology

33. According to your authors the more difficult task of decreasing the stigma of mental illness is increasing society’s
_____, ______, ______ for those suffering from mental illness.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5

Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction

ANSWER: tolerance, compassion, understanding

34. When considering the most effective treatment approach in a country outside the United States, mental health
professionals must consider _______; ______ in order to better work within that community.
ANSWER: local and culture-based approaches; cultural norms

Subjective Short Answer

35. Discuss two factors mental health providers must consider when implementing prevention and treatments in counties
outside of the United States.
ANSWER: • Health and welfare systems
• Local and culture-based approaches
• Community caretaking and service models
• Holistic approaches

36. .Identify and discuss the dimensions of stigma identified by Mukolo, Heflinger, and Wallston.
ANSWER: o Negative stereotypes
o Devaluation
o Discrimination

Essay

SHORT ANSWER ESSAY

37. Identify the pros and cons of using the statistical deviance model of abnormality. Include a brief definition.
ANSWER: • Definition – infrequency of emotions, cognitions, and/or behaviors; too much or too little of these
• Pros – provides a point of reference for understanding psychopathology; how different is this behavior than
others their age, gender, race, etc.
• Cons – doesn’t acknowledge the role of culture and values in understanding statistical rarity; may focus of
the cultural majority

38. Define and provide an example of the sociocultural perspective on abnormality. How does this approach differ from
the statistical deviance model?
ANSWER: • Definition – behavior is viewed by how it relates to age, gender, or culture.
• Example – a child who is acting a particular way based on expectations of the family (parenting styles,
cultural expectations), neighborhood (aggression in a dangerous neighborhood), or school (value of education,
carrying weapons to protect self), etc.
• Difference – frames psychopathology in reference to a particular culture or subculture; statistical deviance
may or may not capture those differences as it generally compares to a larger, possibly more diverse group

39. Define and give an example of the mental health definition perspective on abnormality. How might this approach help
or hinder the advancement of mental health treatment for youth?
ANSWER: • Definition – psychological well-being is primary; children who are disadvantaged in terms of quality of life
or who are functioning inadequately in their current environment are at risk
• Example – an answer that identifies a particular problem a child may be experiencing (e.g., anxiety) that
would have the potential to engage in developmentally appropriate activities (e.g., going to school)
• Help or hinder – focuses on identifying those children who are at risk of developing a disorder or who are
currently experiencing problems; prevention and treatment would be emphasized
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction

40. Compare and contrast adequate versus optimal adaptation. How might these approaches impact the outcome of youth
who are experiencing mental health issues?
ANSWER: • Adequate adaptation – functioning at a basic level that is considered sufficient for development
• Optimal adaptation – functioning at the highest level possible for that particular child
• Outcome – prevention efforts could be time-limited or sustained or include a narrow or broad range of
interventions depending on the belief about adaptation; focus of treatment could stop at a point where the child
is functional or continue until the child is more than functional; broadness of perspective which could include
only the child or the child, family, school, neighborhood

41. Compare developmental psychopathology and psychopathology in terms of basic approaches.

ANSWER: • Psychopathology – intense, frequent, and/or persistent maladaptive patterns of emotion, cognition and
behavior; could apply to adults or children; doesn’t emphasize the impact on development
• Developmental psychopathology – emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors occur in the context of typical
development and can result in short-term or long-term impairment of children; emphasizes typical and atypical
development and the concern about how it can impact current and future development

42. What is the definition of incidence and prevalence? Give examples of when it might be best to know each one of these
when working with youth with mental health issues.
ANSWER: • Incidence – current number of cases in a given population
• Prevalence – rate at which new cases are identified
• Examples – could potentially identify if a particular disorder is being diagnosed at a higher rate due to a
number of factors (e.g., environmental toxins, revised definitions, etc.); can compare prevalence to incidence
to identify trends; can identify pockets of different disorders which could lead to possible etiology and where
to focus prevention and treatment efforts

43. What are two problems related to estimating rates of disorders in childhood? How might researchers guard against
these potential problems?
ANSWER: • Two problems – may underestimate actual rates of disorders because numbers are usually based on random
sampling of a population; may not capture relevant factors such as ethnicity, gender, SES
• Researchers – increase number in sample; compare numbers to other studies; repeat studies over time;
identify relevant factors (e.g., gender, ethnicity) and include those in the sample

44. Identify the barriers to care that minority and socioeconomically disadvantaged youth might face. How and why do
these barriers differ from other youth?
ANSWER: • Barriers – structural (transportation, inability to pay, lack of competent providers); perception (cultural
norms that place a stigma on seeking mental health treatment based on lack of education); preventative (lack
of programs available in neighborhood, community or schools because of funding issues)
• Different from other youth – related to education, insurance benefits, higher quality schools, understanding
of cultural norms related to socio-economic status

45. Using what is known about developmental psychopathology, develop a brief public service announcement (3-4
sentences) highlighting the important aspects and/or misconceptions related to mental health issues in youth and what can
and should be done to help these youth.
ANSWER: • Any reasonable combination of the following:
o Definition of developmental psychopathology
o Prevalence of mental health issues in youth
o Stigma related to psychopathology
o Potential for harm to child and society – loss of productivity, cost, etc.
o What we know about what can be done to help children – preventative care and treatment
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: Introduction

LONG ANSWER ESSAY

46. According to the authors of this text, why is it important to maintain a flexible and changing understanding of a child’s
strengths and weaknesses?
ANSWER: • Includes a wide variety of factors related to a child’s development
• Identifies how many factors could impact a child’s development including culture, society, family, ethnicity
• Children change and develop over time and have different needs over time
• Focuses on both challenges and strengths that can be a part of prevention and treatment

47. A 15-year-old freshman has been referred to the school psychologist by her mother. The concerns include poor grades,
withdrawal from her family, increased moodiness, and conflicts with peers. Briefly describe how this school psychologist
might view this child’s problems from a statistical deviance perspective, sociocultural perspective, and mental health
perspective.
ANSWER: • Statistical deviance – how different is her behavior from others her age and gender
• Sociocultural perspective – what the cultural expectations of her are in terms of her family, neighborhood,
school, ethnicity
• Mental health perspective – how her behavior is impacting her functioning in various environments (e.g.,
home, school) and what the potential is for future harm

48. What are three key issues related to the stigma of psychopathology in children, and why are they important to address?
For each of these issues, propose one way to combat stigma related to psychopathology in children.
ANSWER: • Issues – any issues related to personal, familial, social, and institutional stigma
• Combat through education, prevention programs in primary settings (schools, doctor’s offices, etc.), public
service announcements, and access to effective treatment

49. Based on what you’ve read in the text, develop a lobbying strategy to present to policy makers regarding key
components of a supportive and effective mental health care policy for youth.
ANSWER: • Key components – access to preventative programs for all children and families; may emphasize the cost of
lost productivity if society doesn’t address children’s issues; access to quality and affordable treatment;
combating misconceptions about mental health in youth; financial support for quality programs; education of
those who come in contact with children – pediatricians, educators, etc. Could also reference the Tolan and
Dodge (2005) model – access to mental quality mental health services, prevention provided in primary care
settings, focus on high-risk families and children, and emphasis on cultural context and competence.

50. Define and give an example of stigma related to psychopathology in children. In what ways does today’s media help
or hurt the stigma related to mental health?
ANSWER: • Any issues related to personal, familial, social and institutional stigma
• Reference to music, TV, movies, etc., that either educate, stereotype, or stigmatize mental health issues in
children

51. Based on what you’ve learned about developmental psychopathology, develop a preventative program that would be
housed in the local school district. Identify at least four key components to such a program.
ANSWER: • Any reasonable response that includes prevention, education, efforts to reduce stigma, access to quality
professionals and interventions, early recognition of mental health issues, referral to effective and culturally
competent professionals; also should include a program that address the whole child (cognitive, social, etc.)
• Could also reference the Tolan and Dodge (2005) model – access to mental quality mental health services,
prevention provided in primary care settings, focus on high-risk families and children, and emphasis on
cultural context and competence

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8

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