BASIC ELECTRONICS (24B11EC111)

Operational Amplifier
Lecture 1-4
 Contents
⚫ Operational Amplifier
⚫ Circuit Symbol and Pin Identification
⚫ Equivalent Circuit Model
⚫ Ideal Operational Amplifier
⚫ Operational Amplifier with feedback
⚫ Inverting Operational Amplifier
⚫ Problems
⚫ Non-inverting op-amp with problem
⚫ Summing amplifier
⚫ Difference amplifier
⚫ Integrator with problem
⚫ Differentiator
⚫ References
 Operational Amplifier
⚫ The OP-AMP is an electronic unit that behaves like a
voltage-controlled voltage source
⚫ It is an active circuit element that designed to perform different
mathematical operations like:

addition,
subtraction,
multiplication,
division,
differentiation
integration.

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 Circuit Symbol and Pin Identification
⚫ An OP-AMP is the eight-pin dual in-line package (DIP). The five
important terminals are:
1. The inverting input, pin 2.
2. The noninverting input, pin 3.
3. The output, pin 6.
4. The positive power supply V+, pin 7.
5. The negative power supply V- , pin 4.

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 Equivalent circuit model
⚫ The output section consists of
a voltage-controlled source in
series with the output
resistance Ro.
⚫ The input resistance Ri is the
Thevenin equivalent
resistance seen at the input
terminals, while the output
resistance Ro is the Thevenin
equivalent resistance seen at
the output.
⚫ The differential input voltage
vd and vo is given by

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 Contd…
⚫ A practical limitation of the op amp is that the
magnitude of its output voltage cannot exceed
|Vcc|.
⚫ The op amp can vo operate in three modes,
depending on the differential input voltage vd
Positive
Vcc Saturation

-Vc
Negative
c
Saturation
 Ideal op amp
❖ An ideal OP-AMP is an amplifier with infinite open-loop gain,
infinite input resistance, and zero output resistance.

❖ Open loop gain, A =infinity

❖ Input Resistance, Ri = infinity

❖ Output Resistance, Ro= zero

❖ Bandwidth =infinity

❖ Common Mode Gain =0

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 Contd...
Parameter Typical range Ideal values

Open loop gain, A 105 -108 ∞

Input Resistance, Ri 105 -1013Ω ∞Ω

Output Resistance, Ro 10 to 100 Ω 0Ω

Supply Voltage, Vcc 5 to 24 V

Bandwidth Attenuates and phases at high ∞

frequencies (depends on slew rate)

Common Mode Gain 10-5 0

 OP-AMP with feedback (Closed loop)

⚫ If the output is less than Vin, it shoots positive

⚫ If the output is greater than Vin, it shoots negative −
Vi +
n
negative feedback
loop
⚫ If the + input is even a higher than Vin, Vi −
the output goes way positive n +
⚫ This makes the + terminal even more
positive than Vin, making the situation
worse
positive
⚫ This system will immediately “rail” at
feedback
the supply voltage
The Concept of the Virtual Short/Ground
 OP-AMP as a voltage follower

⚫ Output is connected directly to negative input (negative feedback)

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 Problem
Q1. Find the closed-loop gain Vo/Vs of given figure.
Determine current io when vs=1 V. Consider the op amp
as an ideal.

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Contd…
 Inverting Amplifier
⚫ An inverting amplifier reverses the polarity of the
input signal while amplifying it.

Applying KCL at node V1

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Equivalent circuit of an inverting amplifier
⚫ An inverting amplifier reverses the polarity of the
input signal while amplifying it.
⚫ The gain is the feedback resistance divided by the
input resistance which means that the gain depends
only on the external elements connected to the op
amp.
Problem 1

Answers:
(a)- 6
(b)- 0.27 V

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 Problem 2
Q2. Refer to the op amp in given figure. If vi=0.5 V, calculate: (a) the
output voltage vo, and (b) the current in the 10-kΩ resistor.

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Contd…
 Problem 3
Q3. Determine vo in the op amp circuit shown in below
figure.

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Contd…
 Practice Problem
Q4. Find the output of the op amp circuit shown in below
figure. Calculate the output voltage and current through
the feedback resistor.

Answer: -1.2V, 10µA

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 Practice Problem

Calculate the output voltage VO of the operational amplifier

circuit as shown in the figure.

Answer: -3 V

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 Non-inverting Amplifier
⚫ Non-inverting amplifier: The input voltage vi is applied directly at the non-inverting
input terminal, and resistor R1 is connected between the ground and the inverting
terminal.
⚫ A non-inverting amplifier is an op amp circuit designed to provide a positive voltage
gain.

Applying KCL at node V1

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 Problem 1

Answers: Answers:
Vo = 5 V, Current = 1 mA Vo = 10 V, current = 2 mA

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 Problem 2
Design a summing amplifier as shown in figure to produce a specific output signal, such
that vo = 1.25 – 2.5 cos ωt volt. Assume the input signals are vI1 = -1.0 V, vI2 = 0.5 cos
ωt volt. Assume the feedback resistance RF = 10 kΩ

Solution: output voltage

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 Problem 3
Q1. Calculate the output voltage of the circuit shown in
given figure.

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 Summing Amplifier
⚫ Summing amplifier: A summing amplifier is an op amp circuit that combines
several inputs and produces an output that is the weighted sum of the inputs.

Applying KCL at node Va

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 Difference Amplifier
⚫ Difference amplifier: A difference amplifier is a device that amplifies the
difference between two inputs but rejects any signals common to the two inputs.

Applying KCL at node Va

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Contd…

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 Integrator
⚫ Integrator: An integrator is an op amp circuit whose output is proportional to the
integral of the input signal

Applying KCL at node a

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 Problem
Q2. If v1=10cos2t mV and v2=0.5t mV , find vo in the op amp circuit
shown in below figure. Assume that the voltage across the capacitor is
initially zero.

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Contd…
 Differentiator
⚫ Differentiator: A differentiator is an op amp circuit whose output is proportional
to the rate of change of the input signal.

Applying KCL at node a

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Practice Problem

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 Reference

1. Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N. O. Sadiku, “Fundamentals of

Electric Circuits”, Chapter 19, 4th ed, Mcgraw Hill, 2009