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Lecture 02 Basics of C Programming - Data Types

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Lecture 02 Basics of C Programming - Data Types

Uploaded by

newton1109zelele
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© © All Rights Reserved
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C Programming Basics

ICT 012

• Instructor: Mr. Katwale, S


• Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU)
C - Basic Syntax
Tokens in C

• A C program consists of various tokens and a token is either


a keyword, an identifier, a constant, a string literal, or a
symbol.

• For example, the following C statement consists of five


tokens −

• The individual tokens are −


C - Basic Syntax
Semicolons (;)

• In a C program, the semicolon is a statement


terminator. That is, each individual statement must
be ended with a semicolon.

• It indicates the end of one logical entity.

• Given below are two different statements −


C - Basic Syntax
Comments

• Comments are like helping text in your C program and they are
ignored by the compiler.

• They start with /* and terminate with the characters */ as shown


below −

/* my first program in C */

• You cannot have comments within comments and they do not


occur within a string or character literals.
C - Basic Syntax
Identifiers

• A C identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function,


or any other user-defined item.

• An identifier starts with a letter A to Z, a to z, or an


underscore '_' followed by zero or more letters, underscores,
and digits (0 to 9).
C - Basic Syntax
Identifiers

• C does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and %


within identifiers.

• C is a case-sensitive programming language. Thus, Manpower


and manpower are two different identifiers in C.

• Here are some examples of acceptable identifiers −


C - Basic Syntax
Keywords
• Keywords in C programming are reserved words that have a specific
meaning and cannot be used as identifiers (names) for variables,
functions, or any other user-defined entities.
C - Basic Syntax
Whitespace in C

• A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known


as a blank line, and a C compiler totally ignores it.

• Whitespace is the term used in C to describe blanks, tabs, newline


characters and comments.

• Whitespace separates one part of a statement from another and


enables the compiler to identify where one element in a statement,
such as int, ends and the next element begins.
C - Basic Syntax
Whitespace in C
• Therefore, in the following statement −

• There must be at least one whitespace character (usually a space) between int
and age for the compiler to be able to distinguish them. On the other hand, in
the following statement −

• No whitespace characters are necessary between fruit and =, or between = and


apples, although you are free to include some if you wish to increase readability.
C - Data Types
• Data types in c refer to an extensive system used for declaring
variables or functions of different types.

• The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in


storage and how the bit pattern stored is interpreted.

• The types in C can be classified as follows −


C - Data
Types
C - Data Types
Integer Types:
• int: Standard integer type, usually 32 bits on most systems.
• short: Short integer type, usually 16 bits.
• long: Long integer type, usually 32 bits.
• long long: Extended long integer type, introduced in C99, often 64
bits.
C - Data Types
Floating-Point Types:

• float: Single-precision floating-point type.

• double: Double-precision floating-point type.

• long double: Extended double-precision floating-point type.


C - Data Types

The void Type

• The void type specifies that no value is available.

• void: Represents the absence of a type.

• It is used in following situations


C - Data Types
1. Function returns as void

• There are various functions in C which do not return any value or you can say
they return void. A function with no return value has the return type as void.

• For example, void exit (int status);

2. Function arguments as void

• There are various functions in C which do not accept any parameter.

• A function with no parameter can accept a void. For example, int rand(void);
C - Data Types
Character Types:

• char: Represents a single character.

Derived Types:

• Array: A collection of elements of the same data type.


C - Data Types
Character Types:

• char: Represents a single character.

Derived Types:

• Array: A collection of elements of the same data type.


C - Data Types
String Types:

• In C, there is no built-in data type called "String" like in some other


programming languages (e.g., Java or Python).

• However, strings in C are represented as arrays of characters.

Character Arrays:

• Strings are represented as arrays of characters.

• For Example
C - Data Types
String Types:

• In C, there is no built-in data type called "String" like in some other


programming languages (e.g., Java or Python).

• However, strings in C are represented as arrays of characters.

Character Arrays:
In this example, greeting is an
• Strings are represented as arrays of characters. array of characters containing the
characters of the string "Hello,
• For Example World!".
C - Data Types
String Input and Output:

The standard input/output functions (printf() and scanf()) can be used


for input and output of strings respectively.
C - Data Types
• Example

Output
C - Data Types
Basic Format Specifiers

• There are different format specifiers for each data type. Here are some
of them:
C - Data Types
• Constants

• When you don't want others (or yourself) to override existing variable
values, use the const keyword (this will declare the variable as
"constant", which means unchangeable and read-only):
C - Data Types
Constants

Example 1

Output
C - Data Types
Constants
Example 2

Output

Note:

• When you declare a constant variable, it must be assigned with a value.

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