ompu

`uid
guide
etwor
bysica
je re
ediur

Et
1
urrot

COMPUTEER NETYWORKKS lled

Cei
Oca

hardwares
A computer network is a collection of computers and other CHAPTER CHECKLIST
sharing of resources and
interconnected by communication channels rhat allows . Benefits of Network
omaton. Acomputer networking is the practice for exchanging information . Transmission Media
between two or more computer devices together for the purpose of data sharing
Types of Network
BENEFITS OF NETWORK . Network Architecture
Computer network is very useful in modern environment. Some of the benefits Network Devices
of network are discussed here Network Topology
(i) File Sharing Networking of computer helps the user to share data files.
(ü) Hardware Sharing Users can share devices such as printers, scanners,
CD-ROM drives, hard drives, etc. in a computer network.
(üi) Application Sharing Applications can be shared over the network and
this allows inmplementation of client/server applications.
(iv) User Communication This allows users to communicate using E-mail,
newsgroups,video conferencing within the network.
(v) Access to Remote Database This allows users to access remote
database.
c.g. airline reservation database may be accessed for ticket booking,
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
The media through which data is transterred in a
network from one
to other is called transmission or
communication media. Transmissioncomputer
media is
grouped into two types:
(i) Guided media or wired technologies
(ii) Unguided media or wireless technologies
 Computer Networks
15

Guided Media r Wired transcciver (a

In
gunded media or wired |Technologies
technologies,
the computers in a
are connectedIthrough wire or cable.
The data signal
Infrarcd communiucaion requres
combination of transmiter and recciver) in both devices
that communicate. Infrarcd communication is playing an
phially gets transferred from the important role in wircless data communication due to the
the rmeiving computer through the transmittingcomputer to popularity of laptop computers, personal digital assistants
matium. Some of guided media are givenwired transmission (PDAs), digital cameras, mobile phones, pagers and other
below devices but being alinc-of-sight transmission, it is sensitive
,sthernet Cable or Twisted Pair Cable to fog and other atmospheric conditions.
In tchis cable, wires arce twistèd together, which are
surrounded by an insulating material and an outer 3. Radiowave
layer When two terminals communicate by using radio
alled jacket. One of the wire is used to carry signals to the known as
trequencies, thensuch type of communication is
mver and the other is used only as a ground
l Area Networks (LAN's) are used twisted reference.
pair cable.
c.g. radiowave transmission.
Radiowave transmission set-up has two parts; Transmitter
: Co-axial Cable and Receiver.
are termed as
It consists of a solid wire core (i) Devices which transmits signals
Copper
surrounded by foil shields or Conductor
transmitter.
onducting braid or wire (ii) Devices which receives signals are termed as receiver.
mesh, cach separated by some Both the transmitter and receiver use antennas to radiate
kind of plastic insulator. The Di-electric and capture the radio signal.
inner solid wire core carries Braid
the 4. Microwave
the signal through PVC Sheath

network and the shield is used It permis data transmission rates of about 16 gigabits per
to provide carthing or ground.
Co-axial cable
second. This type of transmission uses high frequency radio
waves,
Co-axial cable is commonly signals to transmit data through space. Like radio
buildings,
microwaves can pass through obstacles viz. method
used in transporting multi-channel television signals in of sight of
mountains etc. Microwaves offer a line
CIties.
communication.
3. Optical Fibre A transmitter and receiver of a microwave system are
Optical fibre or fibre optic cable consists of thin threads mounted on very high towers and both should be visible to
made up of glass or glass like material, which are capable of each other (line of sight). In case of microwave
carrying light signals from a source at one end to another transmission, curvature of the earth, mountains and other
end. At the source, there are either Light Emitting Diodes structures often block the line of sight. Hence several
(LEDs) or Laser Diodes (LDs) present, which modulate the repeater stations are required for long distance transmission
data into light beam using frequency modulation techniques. thereby increasing the cost considerably. It is generally used
demodulated.
At the receiver's end, the signals are :Iang distance telephonic communications.
). Satellite Communication
Unguided Media Satellites are an essential part of telecommunications
or Wireless Technologies systems worldwide. They can carry a large amount of data
interconnected and in addition to TV signals. When the data is transmitted
When the computers in a network are communication.
data is transmitted through waves,then they are
said to be using satellite then it is said to be satellite
connected through unguided media. Satellite communication is a special use of microwave
transmission system. Asatellite is placed precisely at 36000
Some of the unguided media are given below km above the equator where itsorbit speed exactly matches
1. Bluetooth the earth's rotation speed. Hence it always stays over the
over a short distance from same point with respect to the arth. This allows the ground
is used for exchanging data name bluetooth is derived station to aim its antenna at a fixed point in the sky.
ixed and mobile devices. The
from Harald Bluetooth, a king in Denmark. locations, which are
Satellites areespecially used for remoteintrastructure.
reach with wired
to Also
difficult
2. Infrared communication and data transfer on Internet, is only
visible to human eye.
Is the frequency of light that is not data transmission. possible through satellites.
These high frequencies allow high speed
 Allimone |INIORMATICS PRACTICES
NETW
ll6
calendar appoinments,
mudmgc maland usedin almitcdt
These ate range, whh
and muse, individual person, It generally
fax

TYPES OF NETWORK rcahabiluy of metresand can be construCted with

o ra
kr e
c

Nework can he wdely divded ino tollowng ypcs 10 are

ofless than examples of PAN
LocalArea Network (LAN)
wirclessly.
USB,Zwave
Few
and Zig Bee. Bluetooth,
w here
are
r o r k i nag

other devices arc

In a LAN, a grou of conputers and (icnerally, Private Network(VPN. Repea

onnatd ovet a rclatively short distance. it Is a

building or
Virtual
VPN is an encrypted conncction over che Internet t Bh
a ard

pvatelr ownad nctworks within a single used ben

they
a
can share It can be
Campus, upto a tew kilometres in size. Users device to a network. KnCTion
of
as data on shicld your browsing
CNpenuve devces, such as laser printers, as well
LAN and can also use the LAN to communicate with
cach restricted websites, Wi-Fi and more.
prying cyes on
It prevents
public activity
unauthorisedpeoplefrom eavesdropping
ransmi
a
other, bY sending mails or engaging in chat sessions. Repeaters
conductwork remotely. Want
t oc
MostBy. cables arc used to connect the computers in LANs. traffic and allows the user to 00metre
Howevet, there is also a limit on the number of computers technology is widely used in corporate environmenty
that can be attached to a single LAN.
Now-a-davs, we also have WLAN(Wireless LAN) which is NETWORK ARCHITECTURE Hub Ahub
is
based on wireless nctwork.
architecture is thelogical and structural
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Nerwork
the network, consisting of transmission cquipm laycoa veral
co

communication protocols and

This is basically a bigger version of LAN and normally uses
acity
software, infrastructure
wired or wireless), transmission of data and Connech lisamu
similar technology. lt might cover few buildings innetwork between components. Allincor
a
and might cither be private or public. This is 50 km) network architecture hubpo
which spans a physical area (in the range of 5 km to There are two types of
comput
that is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. Point-to-Point (P2P) Network Therea
MANS are usually characterised by very high-speed node can receivt
digital media and
connections using optical fibres or otherNetworks P2P or Peer-to-Peer network, each
Inexactly () 4
(WANS) one sender and each sender sends to exactly
provides uplink services to WWide Area
and the Internet. e.g. in a city, a MAN, which can support receiver. Sending and receiving can be done on sen
cable
both data and voice might even be related to local
ui
wires or they can take turns over the same wire
television network. variety of techniques.
It is also frequently used to provide a shared connection to Swit
other networks using a link to a WAN. Client/Server Network Asw
The model of interaction between two applican devio
Wide Area Network (WAN) programs in which a program at one end (client) requs LAN
WAN spans a large geographical area, often a country o a service from a program at the other end (server). It The
continent and uses various commercial and privare network architecture which separates the client from Over
communication lines to connect computers. Typically, server. It is scalable architecture, where one computer wO
Swi
WAN Combines multiple LANs that are geographically at server and other as client.
esta
separated. Like the LAN, most WANs are not owned by In this architecture, client acts as the active device the
any one organisation, but rather exist under collective or server behaves as passively. Co
distributed ownership and management. The world's most
Va
popular WAN is the Internet.
in
Check Point 01
Personal Area Network (PAN)
PAN refers to a small network of communication. It is a 1. Which type of networkwould use phone line?"
2. Which device joins multiple computers together within ot
computer network organised around an individual person. LAN?
These nerworks rypically involve amobile computer, a cell 3. Agroup of computers connected together with the help o
phone and/or a handheld computing devices such as a cables within an office building is called what?
PDA. Person can use these networks to transfer files 4. What is the full form of WAN?
 CES C nputer Networks
ze,nEs, whcdig.
NETWORK DEVICES
ed irh Raware device that Are uscd to ehe anrhtssel
fàx machines an.d other connect Computers. Crvet atd a fiewall system ane prev¢ Fues termprarly.
are called nerwork devicc, clectronic dcvices access. lt holds ehe informhation frnm a wetrete
to a wet page
so that the tepeatcd access t s4me wetsite t tsaí we
many ypes of proxy erver insteast of
nerwork deviccs uscd in
some of them atc could be directed to the
described below server. Thus, it hcips in reducing the traffe loat
Aater
hardware device
Bridge filters data
which is used to amplify the It scrves asimilar function as switches. A bridge
hcnthe are transported over long
a signals traffic at a nctwork boundary. Bridges reduce the aount of
of a repcater is to amplify the distance. The basic
transit it. to the other device. incoming signal and traffic on a LAN by dividing it into two segments.
mainly Traditional bridges support one network boundary.
Raters are used for extending the whercas switches usually offer four or more hardware ports.
connect two
computers, which arerange. If you
CEres apart you need repcater. more than Switches are sometimes called multiport bridges.

JRE 2iub
Ahuois a device, used with Computer systems to connect
Router
It is a hardware device, which is designed to take incoming
packets, analyse the packets, moving and converting the
computers together. It acts as a packets to another network interface, dropping the packets,
SVeral computers with the central centralised connection
node or server. directing packets to the appropriate locations, etc.
sa multiport device, which provides access to
incoming data packets received by the hub arecomputers.
sent to all Modem (MOdulator DEModulator)
hub ports and from them the data is sent to all the It is a device that converts digital signal to analog signal
computers connected in a hub network. (modulator) at the sender's site and converts back analog
There are two types of
hub signal to digital signal (demodulator) at the receiver's end,
aAcive Hub It acts as repeaters. It amplifies the signal in order to make communication possible via telephone
as it moves from one device to another. lines. It enables acomputer to transmit data over telephone
or cable lines.
G) Passive Hub It simply passes the signal from one
connected device to another. Modems are of two types
(i) Internal Modem Fixed within a computer.
Suitch (ii) External Modem Connected externally to a computer.
AsiRch is a hardware device, which is used to connect When a network contains largest number of system/
devices or segments of the network into smaller subsets of computer it needed modem.
LAN segments.
RJ45 Connector
The main purpose of segmenting is to prevent the traffic
overloading in a network. RJ45 stands for Registered Jack-45. It is an eight wire
connector. RJ45 connector is used to connect computers
Switch forwards a data packet to a specific route by
onto a Local Area Network (LAN).
establishing a temporary connection between the source and
te destination. Afrer the transmission once. the It is commonly used in telephony applications and
There is a networking. It is also used for serial connections.
coversation is done, the connection is terminated.
vast difference between switch and hub. A hub forward each
RJII Connector
incoming packet (data) to all the hub ports, while a switch RJ11 connector is the typical connector used on two pair,
forwards each incoming packet to the specified recipient.
four wire handset wiring.
RJ1l connector wiring comes in two standard assortments
Gateway Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and flat-satin cable or the
+gateway is a device, which is used to connect dissimilar untwisted. RJ11 connectors are used to terminate phone
erworks. The gateway establishes an intelligent connection
Derween a local nerwork andexternal networks, which are lines and are typically deployed with single line Plain Old
ompletely different in structure. Telephone Service (POTS) telephone jacks.
 INFORMATICS
I
Allinone| PRACICS. ComputerNNetworks
devioes are d1fe t y
computersot transmire,
Alhe data is nall a.. StarTopolog
dara line. TheFach packet has a header each
Ethernct Card destination
peckets, address. When whic
as central
An eherntcard kind of nermork sarer Ihee adapers destination node identufies
the dara
the
adr iech The centra
n the ehernn tandard for high peed nerwok cable, the thereby proceie means data w
hnTn e cahles Ithernt cande are eometimes known packet and various advadtages of bus ifi r unicast
vice ora
Nerwrk Inerface Cande (NIC) There are eination
ork andfor
Erhernet carde arr avaslabie in veral different standard
follows
nodes are connected directly
pakag alnd form fators Nweethernet cards instaled Allthe is required.
inande dekrop ompurers ue the PC standard and are length
cablearchitecture simpl, reliabl,
sual inxtalled by the manufaturer. Ethernet cards may The is very
extended
ratr at d1fferent nerwork speeds depending on he topology can be casily on etrt
prol standard thev support " Bus various disadvantages of bus top
There are
Wi-FiCard follows
anyfault
occurreddin data
transrn
Thesr are small and porrable cards that allow to connect to " In case of is very difficult. We have to chec
the Internet through a wireless network. In these cards, isolation the fault.
transmNSIOn Is donc through radio waves. The antenna network to find in number of
slow with increase
transmit the radio signals to those cquipment. which has " Becomes
Only a single message can travel at a particu.a: Therearevaric
W-Fi ards.
. Installatio

Ring or Circular Topology

W-F cards can be external or internal. If aWi-Fi card is not aredirecr
instalied in your computer, youmay purchase a USB antenna
node is Connected tr Easytod
attachment and have it externally connected to your device. In thistype of topology, the trave "
. Failure o
Many ncwer computers, mobile devices, etc., are equipped only neighbouring nodes. 1he data
two only
direction from node to node around the i12. A network
with wireless nerworking capability and do not require a node, the data return, . Allowss
W-Fi card.
passing through cach
sending node. Node 1
There are
Check Point 02 follows
Requin
1. What is huh? Ifhub
2 What is the use of repeater in a network? Diffic
3. Name twotransmission media for networking. Ncce thew
4 Gtve one difference between microwave and satellite. Node 5

NETWORK TOPOLOGY Tree

At
tree to
The arrangement of computers and other peripherals in a Its basi
nerwork is called its topology. The main network topologies
are as follows
Node 4 Node 3
25 2 ser
form o
Ring orCircular topology
node g
Bus Topology (Linear Topology)
Abus topology is an arrangement in which the computers There are various advantages of ring or circular tup
are as follows
and the peripheral devices are connected to a common single
data line. Short length cable is required.
Suitable for optical fibre as the data tlow ia
Laser direction.
Server Scanner
Prrter
There are various disadvantages of ring or
topology are as follows
Router " In ring topology, each node is connected in a u
way with its two neighbouring nodes, so when thae
transmission problem anywhere in the network. en
Bus topology
network stops functioning.
" Fault diagnosis is very difficult.
 -Networks
ES Class
12th topolog 19
ablnneoccktsed kntoownth each
communicating device
iontrteadlningOn tthnee
plewhich is a networking is We can casily can
central
The node can be device connected
a like a hub or
either Faulty nodes
Cxtend the network.
easily be isolated from the rest of the
ddres On he will be transmitted
forward data to
to
device means the all the
broadcasting
node can nodes in the follows
that node
network.
nere are various disadvantages of tree
topology are ds

logy are a Node 2

only.identify the Long cables are required.
very shor Node 1
Node 3 There are dependencies on the root node.
d linear. Installation and reconfiguration is very difficult.

aer sides. Hub Mesh

It is also Topology
ogy ae as mesh known as complerely interconnected topology. In

link totopology, every node has a dedicated point-to-point

every other node.
sitheon,entfairulet Node 5
Node 4
This topology is also more
secure as compared to other
topologies because each cable between two nodes carries
Star topology
des. various.
different data.
advantages of star
rtime. rale
nsallationof star topology istopology
very easy
are as follows
as all the nodes
Server

tó
connected the
aedirectly faults central nodé or
fasyto
detect and remove it. server. Node 4 Node 1

Wo and of.
Falure single system will not bring
in one nATVork. down the entire
. After several types of cables in
to the Alows same network.
arious disadvantages of star topology are as
cable
Requires more length than
bus Node 3

Fhub or server fails, the topology.

entire network will be
lr to expand, as the new node has to disabled.
Mesh topology
Node 2

connect all There are various advantages of mesh topology are as

node follows
he way to central
" Excellent for long distance
e Topology networking.
Communication possible through the alternate
Getopology isan extension and variation of bus topology. e-route, if one path is busy.
vcir structure is like an inverted tre, where the root acts " A network can handle large amount of traffic since
STer. In tree topology, the nodes are interlinked in the multiple nodes can transmit data simultaneously.
-of ree. If one node fails, then the node following that There are various disadvantage of mesh topology are as
gets detached from the main tree topology. follows
Server
Long wirelcable length is required.
Wiring is complex and cabling cost is high in creating
such networks.

Check Point o3
1. Which topology is known as completely interconnected
topology?
Tree topology 2. Distinguish between bus topology and mesh topology.
3. Ifyou connected your computer network in the form of star
tae various advantages of tree topology are as follows or bus topology, which topology will require more cable
int tree ropology simulates hierarchical flow of data. length?
o, ir is
data andsuitable for applications, where hierarchical flow 4. Name any two topology.
5. Which topology is ideal for long distance networking?
control is required.