2. Orthographic projections.

Drawing procedure
1 Estimate the space required for each of the views from the overall dimensions in each plane,
and position the views on the available drawing sheet so that the spaces between the three drawings
are roughly the same.
2: In each view, mark out the main center-lines. Position any complete circles, in any view,
and line them from the start, if possible. Measure the height of cylindrical features measured in the
front view and projected over to the end view.
3 Complete the plan view and project up into the front view the sides of the cylindrical parts.
4 Complete the front and end views. Add dimensions, and check that the drawing (mental
check)can be redrawn from the dimensions given; otherwise the Drawing paper
Overall space for front

Note: Do not complete one view on a drawing before starting the next, but rather work on all
views together.

9
 DIMENSIONING
Before an object can be built, complete information about both the size and shape of the object
must be available. The exact shape of an object is communicated through orthographic drawings,
which are developed following standard drawing practices. The process of adding information
regarding size and location of features to a drawing is known as dimensioning the drawing. In
order that size information is communicated as clearly as possible, standard dimension practices
have been established.

Terminologies
1. Extension line: thin solid line perpendicular to a dimension line indicating which feature
is associated with the dimension. There is a visible gap between the feature and the end of
an extension line.
2. Dimension line: thin solid line which shows the extent and direction of a dimension.
3. Dimension: numerical value that defines the size or geometric characteristic of a feature.
4. Arrows: are placed at the ends of dimension lines to show the limits of the dimension.
Arrows are uniform in size and style no matter what the size of the drawing.
5. Leader line is the thin solid line used to indicate the feature with which a dimension, note,
or symbol is associated. A leader line is commonly used for diameters and radii, the leader
lines should be radial. The leader should be outside the limits of the view, but as close as
possible to the feature it dimensions.
6. Diameter symbol, Ø: is the symbol which is placed preceding a numerical value indicating
that the associated dimension shows the diameter of a circle.
7. Radius symbol, R: is the symbol which is placed preceding a numerical value indicating
that the associated dimension shows the radius of a circle, arc fillet etc.
All dimension, extension, and leader lines should be thin, sharp, dark lines (.5mm/2H).

Principles of dimensioning
i) Dimensions should be placed outside the outline of the view wherever practical.
This is achieved by drawing projection or extension lines from points or lines on the
view and placing a dimension line between them. There should be a small gap
between the outline and the start of the extension line and the extension line should

1
 extend a small distance beyond the dimension line. The line has arrow heads of about
3mm long (an included angle of 15°, closed & filled) at each end and should touch
the extension line or other limiting line. The dimensions may be placed in the
following ways: chain, parallel or staggered.

Fig. 1: Anatomy of a dimension

ii) The dimension line which is nearest to the outline should be about 10mm from it if
possible and the succeeding dimensions should be well spaced for clarity.
iii) Dimension placement depends on the space available between extension lines.
When space permits, dimensions and arrows are placed between the extension lines.
When there is room for the numerical value but not both the arrows and the
numerical value, the value is placed between the extension lines and the arrows are
placed outside the extension lines. When there is room for the arrows but not the
numerical value, the arrows are placed between the extension lines with the value
outside the extension lines adjacent to a leader. When the space is too small for
2
 either arrows or the numerical value, both are placed outside of the extension lines.
See Fig 1, dimensioning of small distances.
iv) The dimensions should be applied in the view that provides the best description of
the feature being dimensioned. For example, holes should be dimensioned in a view
where they appear round. A slot should be dimensioned in a view where the contour
of the slope is visible. Apply the dimensions in a view where the dimensions appear
true size. Dimensions can be grouped for clarity.
v) Place larger dimensions towards the outside so that the extension lines do not cross
dimension lines. Dimension lines should never cross. However, extension lines may
cross each other.
vi) Do not over dimension. Each feature should be dimensioned once and only once. By
repeating a dimension will only confuse the reader and could cause errors in the
manufacturing process.
vii) Use the diameter dimension to specify the size of holes and cylinders. Precede the
dimension with the diameter symbol, Ø. Circular features should be located by
dimensioning the centerlines. Use radius to dimension an arc. The radius dimension
is preceded by symbol, R.
viii) Concentric circles should be dimensioned on the longitudinal view.
ix) Use the × to indicate repeated dimensions of features
x) Each drawing should use the same unit for all dimensions, but without showing the
unit symbol.

Systems of placing dimensions

i) Unidirectional: Dimensioned numeral values and text are placed so that they can
be read only from the bottom of the drawing.
ii) Aligned: Dimensioned numeral values and text are placed so that they can be read
either from the bottom or right side of the drawing.

3
4
 DIMENSIONING
Before an object can be built, complete information about both the size and shape of the object
must be available. The exact shape of an object is communicated through orthographic drawings,
which are developed following standard drawing practices. The process of adding information
regarding size and location of features to a drawing is known as dimensioning the drawing. In
order that size information is communicated as clearly as possible, standard dimension practices
have been established.

(a) (b)
(a) Size dimensions (b) Location and orientation

Terminologies
8. Extension line: thin solid line perpendicular to a dimension line indicating which feature
is associated with the dimension. There is a visible gap between the feature and the end of
an extension line.
9. Dimension line: thin solid line which shows the extent and direction of a dimension.
10. Dimension: numerical value that defines the size or geometric characteristic of a feature.
11. Arrows: are placed at the ends of dimension lines to show the limits of the dimension.
Arrows are uniform in size and style no matter what the size of the drawing.

5
12. Leader line is the thin solid line used to indicate the feature with which a dimension, note,
or symbol is associated. A leader line is commonly used for diameters and radii, the leader
lines should be radial. The leader should be outside the limits of the view, but as close as
possible to the feature it dimensions.
13. Diameter symbol, Ø: is the symbol which is placed preceding a numerical value indicating
that the associated dimension shows the diameter of a circle.
14. Radius symbol, R: is the symbol which is placed preceding a numerical value indicating
that the associated dimension shows the radius of a circle, arc fillet etc.
15. All dimension, extension, and leader lines should be thin, sharp, dark lines (.5mm/2H).

Principles of dimensioning

xi) Dimensions should be placed outside the outline of the view wherever practical.
This is achieved by drawing projection or extension lines from points or lines on the
view and placing a dimension line between them. There should be a small gap
between the outline and the start of the extension line and the extension line should
extend a small distance beyond the dimension line. The line has arrow heads of about
3mm long at each end and should touch the extension line or other limiting line. The
dimensions can be places in chain, parallel and staggered or running manner. Parallel
dimensioning: Improved positional accuracy is obtainable by dimensioning more
than one feature from a common datum. Staggered dimensioning: is used to improve
clarity or greater clarity. Running is simplified parallel dimensioning, requires less
space.

6
;

xii) The dimension line which is nearest to the outline should be about 10mm from it if
possible and the succeeding dimensions should be well spaced for clarity.
xiii) Dimension placement depends on the space available between extension lines.
When space permits, dimensions and arrows are placed between the extension lines.
When there is room for the numerical value but not both the arrows and the numerical
value, the value is placed between the extension lines and the arrows are placed
outside the extension lines. When there is room for the arrows but not the numerical
value, the arrows are placed between the extension lines with the value outside the
extension lines adjacent to a leader. When the space is too small for either arrows or
the numerical value, both are placed outside of the extension lines as shown.

7
xiv) The dimensions should be applied in the view that provides the best description of
the feature being dimensioned. For example, holes should be dimensioned in a view
where they appear round. A slot should be dimensioned in a view where the contour
of the slope is visible. Apply the dimensions in a view where the dimensions appear
true size. Dimensions can be grouped for clarity.

8
xv) Place larger dimensions towards the outside so that the extension lines do not cross
dimension lines. Dimension lines should never cross. However, extension lines may
cross each other.
xvi) Do not over dimension. Each feature should be dimensioned once and only once.
By repeating a dimension will only confuse the reader and could cause errors in the
manufacturing process.
xvii) Use diameter dimension to specify the size of holes and cylinders. Precede
the dimension with the diameter symbol, Ø. Circular features should be located by
dimensioning the centerlines. Use radius to dimension an arc. The radius dimension
is preceded by symbol, R.
xviii) Concentric circles should be dimensioned on the longitudinal view.

xix) Use the × to indicate repeated dimensions of features

xx) Each drawing should use the same unit for all dimensions, but without showing the
unit symbol.
xxi) Dimensions should be arranged such that they can be red from the bottom of the
drawing or from the right hand of the drawing.

9
 Systems of placing dimensions
Unidirectional: Dimensioned numeral values and text are placed so that they can be read
only from the bottom of the drawing.
Aligned: Dimensioned numeral values and text are placed so that they can be read either
from the bottom or right side of the drawing.

10