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 Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara
Answer Key
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
THIRD SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, DECEMBER 2021
Course Code: EET201
Course Name: CIRCUITS AND NETWORKS
PART A
Answer all questions. Each question carries 3 marks
Q1 State and explain reciprocity theorem using an example.

Ans In a linear, bilateral, active, single source network, the ratio of excitation to response is a
constant when their positions are interchanged.

Applying mesh in I
2 - 1 (I1 – I2) = 0
-I1 + I2 = -2
I1 – I2 = 2 ------ ①
Applying mesh in II
-1 (I2 – I1) – I2 = 0 ------- ②
-I2 + I1 – I2 = 0
I1 – 2I2 = 0 ------ ③
Solving,
I1 – I2 = 2
I1 – 2I2 = 0
I1 = 4 I2 = 2

∴ I = I2 = 2
∴ E/I = 2/2 = 1

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 Mesh I,
2 – 1(I1) – 1(I1 – I2) = 0
2 – I1 – I1 + I2 = 0
2 – 2I1 + I2 = 0
2I1 – I2 = 2 ------ ①
Mesh II
-1(I2 – I1)
-I2 + I1 = 0
I1 – I2 = 0 ------ ②
I1 = 2
I2 = 2
I2 = I = 2

∴ E/I = 2/2 = 1
Hence reciprocity therom is verified.
Q2 Determine the Norton’s equivalent circuit of the following network.

Ans Norton’s Equivalent Circuit:

When ‘A’ and ‘B’ made short circuited, i=0
Thus, IAB = IN = 0A

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 To find the Norton’s equivalent resistance, connect an arbitrary source Vdc across ‘A’ and
‘B’.
Applying KVL to loop ‘ECDFE’
2i + 2(Idc – i) – 2i = 0 i = Idc
Applying KVL to loop ‘ACDBA’
Vdc – 2i = 0
Vdc = 2i = 2Idc

OR
Connect an arbitrary current source of 1A across A and B and find the voltage across that
current source.
2(1-i) + 2i – 2i = 0
Hencce i=1A; voltage across 1A source = 2V
ZN = 2V/1A = 2Ω

Norton’s equivalent circuit:

Q3 Define time constant of a circuit. Illustrate and explain does time constant affect the charging time of
the capacitor in series RC circuits connected to a DC source?

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Ans

As the time constant increases, charging time required to reach the steady voltage across capacitor
increases or speed of response decreases.
Q4 Derive the expression for the current in a series RL circuit when connected to a DC source of voltage
V, at time t = 0. Assume zero initial conditions.
Ans

Q5 Obtain the transfer function of a typical series RLC circuit. Take the voltage across the capacitor as
the output variable.
Ans Assume zero initial conditions.

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Q6 Define coefficient of coupling in coupled circuits. What are its maximum and minimum values?
Ans The coefficient of coupling can be defined as fraction of magnetic flux produced by current in one
coil that links with the other coil. It is represented as K.
Max. value is 1 & Min. value is 0
K = M/√ L1 L2
Q7 A series RLC circuit with 𝑅 = 10Ω, 𝐿 = 2𝐻 and 𝐶 = 0.5𝐹 is connected to a 230V, variable frequency
AC source. Determine the frequency of the source at which the circuit current is maximum. Also find
the maximum current.
Ans fr = 1/2π√LC
fr = 1/2π√2 x 0.5
fr = 0.159

Max. current at resonance, Imax = VS/R

I = 230/10
I = 23 A
Q8 Describe the variation of the impedance, power factor and current as a function of frequency in a
series resonant circuit.
Ans

Impedence Power factor Current

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Q9 What are h-parameters? Why are they called hybrid parameters?
Ans (V1 , V2) = f (I1 , V2)
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 -----①
I2= h21 I1 + h22 V2 ------②

Out of four parameters, one is measured in Ohm, one in mho and other two are dimension less.
Since these parameters have mixed dimensions, so they are called hybrid parameters.
Q10 Show that the overall T-parameter matrix of two cascaded 2-port networks is the product of the T-
parameter matrix of the individual networks.
Ans (V1 , I1) = f (…..)
V1X = Ax V2X - Bx I2X ----- ①
V2X = CX V2X – BX I2X ------ ②
V1Y = AY V2Y – BY I2Y ------- ③
V2Y = CY V2Y – DY I2Y ------ ④

V1 = V1X V2 = V2Y V2X = V1Y

I1 = I1X I2 = I2Y I2X = -I1Y
I2X = -I1Y
① & ② in matrix form is,

③ & ④ in matrix form is,

Substitute the conditions in the 1st matrix

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 Where,

PART B
Answer any one full question from each module. Each question carries 14 marks
Module 1
Q11 For the network given below,
a) Find the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit across the terminals A and B.
b) Determine the power dissipated in a 10Ω resistance when it is connected across the terminals A
and B.

Ans a) Thevenin’s equivalent circuit:

b) Power dissipated in 10Ω resisitor connected across A and B,

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Q12 In the circuit given below,
a) Determine the value of the load impedance for maximum power transferred by the source to the
load.
b) Find the maximum power transferred.

Ans a) Load impedance for maximum power transfer:-

ZTh = ZLoad = -j12||[8 + (j5||2)]

= 7.843<-36.631°Ω = 6.294 – j4.68Ω

Load impedence for maximum power transfer, ZL = ZTh * = 6.294 + j4.68Ω

b) Maximum power transfer:-

VTh = VLoad = V-j12Ω = 7.47<-18.89°V

Maximum power,

Module 2
Q13 a) In the circuit shown below, the switch was initially at position 1 and the steady state
condition is reached. At t = 0, the switch is changed to position 2.
Determine the expression for the current 𝑖(t), for 𝑡 > 0.

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 b) A 0.25F capacitor with an initial voltage of 10V is connected across a coil of 5Ω resistance
and 1H inductance, at time 𝑡 = 0. Determine the expression for the current through the coil
for 𝑡 > 0.
Ans a) Transient Current:-
At position-1: steady state condition, inductor acts as SC. I0 = 10/2 = 5A
At position-2: The transient current in the circuit can be found by applying KVL to the
closed loop.

b) The transient current in the circuit can be found by applying KVL to the closed loop.

Q14 In the circuit given below, the switch K is closed at 𝑡 = 0.

a) Determine the expression for the voltage across the capacitor, 𝑣(𝑡) for 𝑡 > 0.
b) Calculate the value of 𝑣(𝑡) at 𝑡 = 1 seconds and its final steady state value.

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Ans Voltage across capacitor:-

Module 3
Q15 a) Obtain the conductively coupled equivalent circuit for the network given below. Also write
the mesh equations for the equivalent circuit.

b) If the network given below is connected across a 230V, 50Hz AC source, determine the
current supplied by the source.

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Ans a)

b)

Q16 The switch K in the circuit given below is closed at 𝑡 = 0.

a) Determine the transformed circuit for 𝑡 > 0. Assume zero initial conditions.
b) Find the time domain expression for the voltage v(t) across the 5Ω resistor for 𝑡 > 0. Use mesh
analysis.

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Ans

Module 4
Q17 A 3-phase, 3-wire, 240V system supplies a delta-connected load in which
and . Determine the phase currents, line
currents and total power consumed by the load.

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Ans

Q18 A 3-phase, 400V, 4-wire system has a star connected load with ZA = 20Ω, ZB = 15 + j10Ω and ZC =
j5Ω. Find the line currents, current through the neutral conductor and the total power consumed by
the load.

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Ans

Module 5
Q19
a) A two port network ‘A’ has and another two port network ‘B’ has

.
If the two networks A and B are connected in series, find the Z parameters of the overall
network.
b) b) Find the equivalent 𝜋 network of a two port network represented by the following
equations.

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Ans

Q20 a) Find the h-parameters of the following two port network.

b) Derive the conditions of symmetry and reciprocity of a two port network in terms of ABCD
parameters.
Ans a)

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 b) (V1 , I1) = f (V2 – I2)
V1 = AV2 – BI2 -----
I1 = CV2 – DI2 -----

V2 = 0,

Condition for Reciprocity

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I1 = ….. I2 = -I2'
V1 = VS V2 = 0,
VS = BI2'
I1 = DI2'
VS / I2’ = B
Case II

I1 = -I1' I2 = I2
V1 = 0 V2 = VS
0 = AVS – BI2
AVS = BI2
I2 = (AVS)/B
-I1' = CVS – DI2
-I1' = CVS – D.(AVS) / B
-I1' = (BCVS - DAVS) / B
-I1' = VS ((BC-DA)/B)

For a network to be reciprocal,

-1 = BC-DA
DA-BC = 1

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Condition for symmetry,

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