Study Material for ICT

Contents
• System software
• Operating System
• Functions of OS
• Types of OS

System Software
• “System Software can be designed as the software in such a way
so that it can control and work with computer hardware. It acts as
an interface between the device and the end user. It also provides
the platform for the running of other software”.
Operating System
• Operating systems contain and manage all the programs and
applications that a computer or mobile device is able to run,
which means managing the device’s software and hardware
functions.
Functions Of OS
• Booting: Booting is the process of turning on the computer and
powering up the system.
• Memory management: This feature controls and coordinates the
computer applications while allocating space for programs.
• Loading and execution: Your OS will load, or start up, a program
and then execute the program so that it opens and runs.
• Data security: A good OS includes features that keep your data
safe and computer programs secure. Security features are set up
to keep unwanted cyber attackers.
• Device controlling: Your OS will allow you to open or block access
to devices like removable devices, CD/DVDs, data transfer
devices, USBs, and more.
• Printing controlling: As an extension of device controlling, your
OS takes control of the printers that are connected to the
computer, and the materials that need to be printed.
• User interface: Also referred to as a UI, this is the part of the OS
that allows a user to enter and receive information. This can be
done with typed commands, code, and other formats.
• Disk management: This manages all the drives installed in a
computer, including hard drives, optical disk drives, and flash
drives. Disk management can also be used to divide disks, format
drives, and more.
• Process management: Your OS is designed to allocate resources
to different computer processes, enable the processes to share
information, protect them, and synchronize them.
Types Of OS
• The Serial Processing Operating Systems
• Batch Processing
• Multi programming
• Real Time System
• Distributed Operating System
• Multi-Processing
• Parallel operating systems
Serial Processing Operating Systems
• The Serial Processing Operating Systems are those which
Performs all the instructions into a Sequence Manner or the
Instructions those are given by the user will be executed by using
the FIFO Manner means First in First Out. All the Instructions
those are Entered First in the System will be Executed First and
the Instructions those are Entered Later Will be Executed Later.
Batch Processing
• The Batch Processing is same as the Serial Processing
Technique. But in the Batch Processing Similar Types of jobs are
Firstly Prepared and they are Stored on the Card. and that card
will be Submit to the System for the Processing. The System then
Perform all the Operations on the Instructions one by one. And
a user can’t be Able to specify any input.
Multi programming
• Multi programming we can Execute Multiple Programs on the
System at a Time and in the Multi-programming the CPU will
never get idle, because with the help of Multi Programming we
can Execute Many Programs on the System and When we are
Working with the Program then we can also Submit the Second or
Another Program for Running and the CPU will then Execute the
Second Program after the completion of the First Program. And in
this we can also specify our Input means a user can also interact
with the System.
 Real Time System
In this Response Time is already fixed. Means time to Display the
Results after Possessing has fixed by the Processor or CPU. Real Time
System is used at those Places in which we Requires higher and Timely
Response.
• 1) Hard Real Time System: In the Hard Real Time System, Time is
fixed and we can’t Change any Moments of the Time of
Processing. Means CPU will Process the data as we Enters the
Data.
• 2) Soft Real Time System: In the Soft Real Time System, some
Moments can be Change. Means after giving the Command to the
CPU, CPU Performs the Operation after a microsecond.
Distributed Operating System
Distributed Means Data is Stored and Processed on Multiple Locations.
When a Data is stored on to the Multiple Computers, those are placed in
Different Locations. Distributed means In the Network, Network
Collections of Computers are connected with Each other.
Multi Processing
• In Multi Processing there are two or More CPU in a Single Operating
System if one CPU will fail, then other CPU is used for providing
backup to the first CPU. With the help of Multi-processing, we can
Execute Many Jobs at a Time. All the Operations are divided into
 the Number of CPU’s. if first CPU Completed its Work before the
Second CPU, then the Work of Second CPU will be divided into the
First and Second.
Parallel operating systems
• Parallel operating systems are able to use software to manage all
of the different resources of the computers running in parallel,
such as memory, caches, storage space, and processing power.
Parallel operating systems also allow a user to directly interface
with all of the computers in the network.
Other Operating OS
• Standalone operating system
• Server operating system
• Embedded operating system
• Utilities

Standalone operating system

Complete operating system that works correctly on a laptop a pc or a
notebook for the specified path. It works independently. Normally it is
installed on clients in a network
Server operating system
• A server operating system, also called a server OS, is an operating
systems specifically designed to run on servers, which are
specialized computers that operate within a client The server
operating system or server OS, is the software layer on top of which
other software programs or applications can run on the
 server hardware. Server operating system helps to enable and
facilitate different services
Types Of Servers
• Print server
• Mail server
• Web server
• Database server
• File server
Popular server operating systems
Popular server operating systems include
• Windows Server
• Mac OS X Server
• and variants of Linux such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)
Embedded operating system
• An embedded operating system is a operating system
for embedded computer systems. These operating systems are
designed to be compact, efficient at resource usage, and reliable,
for sake of many functions that standard desktop operating
systems provide, and which may not be used by the specialized
applications they run.
 Objective
Main objective of designing of embedded operating system is to
perform specific task for special devices which are not computers.
Embedded operating system allows executing programming codes
which deliver access to devices for performing their jobs.
Uses
There are various examples of embedded operating system, where to
use this operating system; such as –
 Automotive
 Heavy Machinery
 Industrial Control
 Medical Devices
 Rail
 Robotics
 Routers
Utilities
• Utility program is a system application that executes a specific task,
generally pertaining to optimal maintenance or operation of the
system resources. Operating systems such as Windows, macOS and
Linux come with their own set of utility programs to maintain and
execute different utility functions such as formatting, compressing,
scanning, exploring and much more.
• Utility programs also assists with the management of computer
functions, resources and files. You can ensure complete password
 protection and keep your systems virus free using different utility
programs.

Functions Of Utilities
 System Utilities
 File Management Utilities
 Storage Device Management Utilities
 Miscellaneous Utilities
 Database
A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data,
typically stored electronically in a computer system. you can organize
data into tables, rows, columns, and index it to make it easier to find
relevant information.
• A database is usually controlled by a database management
system (DBMS). Together, the data and the DBMS, along with the
applications that are associated with them, are referred to as a
database system, often shortened to just database.
Components of database
• Hardware:
• The hardware consists of physical, electronic devices like
computers, I/O devices, storage devices, etc. This offers the
interface between computers and real-world systems.
• Software:
 • This is a set of programs used to manage and control the overall
database. This includes the database software itself, the Operating
System, the network software used to share the data among users,
and the application programs for accessing data in the database.
• Data:
• Data is a raw and unorganized fact that is required to be processed
to make it meaningful. Data can be simple at the same time
unorganized unless it is organized. Generally, data comprises facts,
observations, perceptions, numbers, characters, symbols, images,
etc.
• Procedure:
• Procedure are a set of instructions and rules that help you to use
the DBMS. It is designing and running the database using
documented methods, which allows you to guide the users who
operate and manage it.
• Database Access Language:
• Database Access language is used to access the data to and from
the database, enter new data, update already existing data, or
retrieve required data from DBMS. The user writes some specific
commands in a database access language and submits these to the
database.

File processing systems

• File processing systems were the common way digital data was
stored before databases and database management systems were
developed..
 Advantages

• File processing systems were the first approach at managing data

after the advent of computers and the term was used as early as
1961 It was a logical progression from temporary data states, such
as those held in Random Access Memory (RAM) and allowed users
and developers to preserve information between computing
sessions. Particularly, FPS systems offered these advantages:
• Budget Friendly – In most cases, no third-party tools beyond the
operating system is required for file processing systems.
• Easily Scalable – File sizes and storage space can easily be extended,
though some aspects of scalability can be limited.
• User Friendly – File processing systems mimic those familiar to
operating system structures such that users are often able to
seamlessly interact with data.
• Duplicate Data
• Data is stored more than once in different files, that means
duplicate data may occur in all these files. Since all the files are
independent on each other so it is very difficult to overcome this
error and if anyone finds this error then it will take time and effort
to solve this issue.

• Inconsistency
• In file processing system, various copies of same data may contain
different values. Data is not consistent in this system, it means if a
data item needs to be changed then all the files containing that
data need to be modified. It may create a risk of out dated values
of data.
• For Example: If you change student name in library then his name
should be changed in all the departments related to the student.
• Poor Data Integrity
• A collection of data is integrated if it meets certain consistency
constraints. A programmer always puts these constraints in the
programs by adding some codes. In File Processing System, poor
data integrity often arises and it becomes very difficult to add new
constraints at that time.
• For Example: The maximum marks of the student can never be
more than 100.
• Poor Data Security
• Poor data security is the most threatening problem in File
Processing System. There is very less security in File Processing
System as anyone can easily modify and change the data stored in
the files. All the users must have some restriction of accessing data
up to a level.
• For Example: If a student can access his data in the college library
then he can easily change books issued date. Also he can change
his fine detains to zero.