Prolific Mathematicians Worlwide

Srinivasa Ramanujan

Early Life:
- Born on December 22, 1887, in Erode, Tamil Nadu, India, to
a poor Brahmin family.
- Showed an early interest in mathematics, teaching himself
from books and obtaining a copy of George Carr's "A
Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied
Mathematics."
- At the age of 16, he obtained a scholarship to study at the
Government Arts College in Kumbakonam but struggled with
other subjects, eventually dropping out due to his focus on
mathematics.

Mathematical Discoveries:
- Ramanujan independently developed complex theorems and
results, often with little or no formal training.
- Sent his work to renowned mathematicians in England, including G.H. Hardy, who initially doubted the
authenticity of the results due to their extraordinary nature.
- Hardy recognized Ramanujan's genius and invited him to Cambridge University in 1914.

Collaboration with G.H. Hardy:

- Ramanujan's collaboration with Hardy resulted in several significant contributions to mathematical
knowledge.
- Together, they worked on areas such as number theory, mathematical analysis, and elliptic functions.
- Ramanujan introduced new methods and ideas, providing novel solutions to mathematical problems.

Ramanujan-Hardy Theorems:
- The famous Ramanujan-Hardy number, 1729, is known as the "Hardy-Ramanujan number" or the
"Ramanujan-Hardy taxicab number." It arose from a conversation where Hardy visited Ramanujan in
the hospital and mentioned that he came in a rather dull taxi with the number 1729. Ramanujan
responded that 1729 was an interesting number since it was the smallest number that could be
expressed as the sum of two cubes in two different ways:
1729 = 1^3 + 12^3 = 9^3 + 10^3.
Contributions to Number Theory:
- Ramanujan made profound contributions to the theory of numbers, including results related to
partitions, modular forms, and mock theta functions.
- His work on the partition function and the congruences associated with it revolutionized the field.

Later Years and Legacy:

- Ramanujan's health deteriorated during his time in England, and he returned to India in 1919.
- He continued to work on mathematics but faced health challenges and passed away on April 26,
1920, at the age of 32.
- Ramanujan left behind a wealth of unpublished results, which continue to influence various branches
of mathematics.
- His life and contributions have been the subject of numerous books, documentaries, and movies,
including the film "The Man Who Knew Infinity."

Srinivasa Ramanujan's legacy is celebrated for his unparalleled intuition and the sheer brilliance of his
mathematical insights, making him one of the most revered mathematicians in history.

Other Mathematicians

Name Picture Acheivements

Aryabhata (476–550 CE):

- Notable for his work "Aryabhatiya,"
which includes solutions to equations,
quadratic equations, and the computation of
π (pi).
- Developed the concept of place value
and the digit zero.

Brahmagupta 598–668 CE):

- Authored "Brahmasphutasiddhanta,"
containing rules for arithmetic and algebra.
- Introduced the use of zero as a number
and provided rules for solving linear and
quadratic equations.
Bhaskara II -Wrote "Siddhanta Shiromani," where he
solved indeterminate equations of second
degree and provided solutions for quadratic,
cubic, and quartic equations.
-Made significant contributions to
trigonometry.

C.R. Rao (1920–2019):

- Pioneering statistician who made
significant contributions to multivariate
statistical analysis, including the
development of the Cramér–Rao inequality.
- Received numerous awards, including
the National Medal of Science in the United
States.

Shakuntala (1929–2013):
Devi - Known as the "Human Computer" for her
exceptional ability to mentally calculate
mathematical problems.
- Authored several books on mathematics,
puzzles, and astrology.

Euclid (circa 300 BCE):

-It laid the foundation for geometry and
logical reasoning.
-Euclidean Geometry
- Authored "Elements," a comprehensive
compilation of mathematical knowledge,
including geometry, number theory, and
mathematical logic

Varamihira (505–587 CE):

- Renowned for his work
"Panchasiddhantika," which contains
mathematical and astronomical treatises.
- Contributed to trigonometry and
geometry.
Baudhayana (circa 800–500 BCE):
- Ancient Indian mathematician known for
the "Baudhayana Sulba Sutra," which
contains geometric principles and early
geometry.

Mary (1900–1998, United Kingdom):

Cartwright - Worked in the areas of nonlinear
differential equations, chaos theory, and
mathematical biology.
- Made significant contributions to the
understanding of dynamic systems.

Pythagoras Pythagoras Theorem

Archimedes Fulcrum
Archimedes Principle

Heron -Heron’s Formula

Eratosthenes -Sieve of Eratosthenes

-diameter of earth
Andrew Wiles (1953–, United Kingdom/USA):
- Proved Fermat's Last Theorem, one of
the most famous problems in the history of
mathematics.
- His work combined various areas,
including algebraic geometry and modular
forms.

John von 1903–1957, Hungary/USA):

Neumann - Contributed to game theory, functional
analysis, quantum mechanics, computer
science, and statistics.
- Played a key role in the development of
the modern computer.

Emmy Noether (1882–1935, Germany):

- Pioneer in abstract algebra and
theoretical physics.
- Developed Noether's theorem,
connecting symmetries and conservation
laws in physics.

David Hilbert (1862–1943, Germany):

- Made major contributions to many areas
of mathematics, particularly in algebraic
number theory and formalized axiomatic
systems.
- Presented a famous list of 23 unsolved
problems at the turn of the 20th century,
influencing much of future mathematical
research.

Henri Poincare (1854–1912, France):

- Contributed to topology, celestial
mechanics, and the development of the
concept of chaos theory.
- Laid the foundation for the field of
dynamical systems

Bernhard (1826–1866, Germany):

Riemann - Revolutionized differential geometry and
non-Euclidean geometry.
- Formulated the Riemann hypothesis,
one of the most famous unsolved problems
in mathematics.
Carl Gauss (1777–1855, Germany):
- Made significant contributions to number
theory, algebra, statistics, analysis,
differential geometry, and geophysics.
- Developed Gaussian distribution and the
method of least squares.

Euler (1707–1783, Switzerland):

- Pioneered many areas of mathematics,
including topology and graph theory.
- Introduced modern terminology and
notation, such as the use of the symbol "π"
for pi.
-Euler’s Formula

PC (1893–1972):
Mahalanobis - Renowned for his significant contributions
to statistics and economics.
- Founded the Indian Statistical Institute
(ISI) in Kolkata in 1931, which became a
pioneering institution for statistics research
and education.
- Mahalanobis distance, a measure used in
multivariate statistics to quantify the
distance between a point and a distribution.
- Contributed to the planning process of
India's second Five-Year Plan by
introducing statistical methods for economic
planning.
- member of the first Planning Commission
of India
- Received the Padma Vibhushan in 1968.

SS Abhyankar (1930–2012):
- Algebraic geometer known for his
contributions to algebraic geometry and
algebraic groups.
- Developed the theory of "resolution of
singularities."

SS Shrikande (1917–2020):**
- Mathematician known for his work in
combinatorial design theory.
- Contributed to the development of the
"Bose–Mesner algebra."
R. (1936–):
Balasubramani - Mathematician known for his work in
an number theory, particularly modular forms.
- Contributed to the study of L-functions
and their special values.

Shafi (1958)
Goldwasser - Noted for her contributions to
cryptography, complexity theory, and
computational number theory.

CS Seshadri (1932–2020):
- Algebraic geometer who worked on
algebraic groups and moduli spaces.
- Co-founded the Chennai Mathematical
Institute (CMI).

RR Simha (1906–1992):
- Worked in fluid dynamics and
aerodynamics.
- Notable for his contributions to
boundary layer theory and fluid mechanics.

T. (1957–):
Padmanabhan - Theoretical physicist and astrophysicist
known for contributions to gravitation and
cosmology.
- Made significant advancements in
understanding the thermodynamics of black
holes.

KS (1920–2017):
Chandrasekhar - Renowned for his contributions to
number theory and modular forms.
- Co-authored the influential book "Elliptic
Functions."
Asima (1917–2006):
Chatterjee - Renowned organic chemist and
mathematician.
- Contributed to the development of
anti-malarial drugs and was the first woman
to be awarded a Doctorate of Science by an
Indian university

Raghuram (1963–):
Rajan - Economist and mathematician who
served as the 23rd Governor of the Reserve
Bank of India.
- Known for his research on banking,
corporate finance, and economic
development.
Certainly, let's explore a few more notable
Indian mathematicians:

V (1926–2016):
Lakshmikantha - Known for his work in nonlinear analysis
m and differential equations.
- Contributed to the theory of differential
equations, functional differential equations,
and dynamic systems.

MS (1943–):
Raghunathan - Made significant contributions to the
field of algebraic groups and discrete
subgroups of Lie groups.
- Worked on arithmeticity properties of
algebraic groups.

SR Srinivasa (1940–):
Varadhan - Renowned for his work in probability
theory.
- Awarded the Abel Prize in 2007 for his
contributions to the field of probability and
partial differential equations.
Raj Chandra (1901–1987):
Bose - Worked in statistics and design theory.
- Co-invented the concept of orthogonal
arrays in statistics, which has applications in
experimental design.

Anand Kumar (1973–):

- Known for founding the Super 30
program, which coaches economically
backward students for the Joint Entrance
Examination for the Indian Institutes of
Technology (IIT-JEE).
- His efforts have helped many students
from underprivileged backgrounds pursue
higher education in mathematics and
engineering.

Vashishtha (1942–2019):
Narayan Singh - Mathematical prodigy known for his early
work in number theory.
- Worked on the theory of quadratic forms
and contributed to the Langlands program

MS (1932–2020):
Narasimhan - Mathematician known for his work in
algebraic geometry and representation
theory.
- Contributed to the study of moduli
spaces of vector bundles.

Raghavan (1937–):
Narasimhan - Worked in differential geometry and
complex analysis.
- Contributed to the theory of moduli
spaces and the study of holomorphic vector
bundles.
Manjul (1974–):
Bhargava - Fields Medalist known for his work in
algebraic number theory.
- Developed new methods to study the
arithmetic of elliptic curves and their
higher-dimensional analogs.

Harish Chandra (1923–1983):

- Renowned for his work in harmonic
analysis and representation theory.
- Contributed significantly to the
development of the Langlands program.

Satyandranath (1894–1974):
Bose - Collaborated with Albert Einstein in the
development of Bose–Einstein statistics and
the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate.
- Pioneer in theoretical physics and
mathematics.

Madhava of (circa 1350–1425):

Sangamagram - Founder of the Kerala school of
a astronomy and mathematics.
- Made pioneering contributions to infinite
series, including the discovery of the power
series representation of π.