Chapter 1

Overview

Machine learning is a growing technology which enables computers to learn

automatically from past data. Machine learning uses various algorithms for building
mathematical models and making predictions using historical data or information.
Currently, it is being used for various tasks such as image recognition, speech
recognition, email filtering, Facebook auto-tagging, recommender system, and many
more.

What is Machine Learning?

In the real world, we are surrounded by humans who can learn everything from their
experiences with their learning capability, and we have computers or machines which
work on our instructions. But can a machine also learn from experiences or past data like
a human does? So here comes the role of Machine Learning.

Machine Learning is said to be a subset of artificial intelligence that is mainly

concerned with the development of algorithms which allow a computer to learn from
the data and past experiences on their own.
The term machine learning was first introduced by Arthur Samuel in 1959. Arthur
Samuel, an early American leader in the field of computer gaming and artificial
intelligence, coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 while at IBM. He defined
machine learning as “the field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without
being explicitly programmed.” However, there is no universally accepted definition for
machine learning. Different authors define the term differently. Here are more
definitions.
1. Tom Mitchell (1998): a computer program is said to learn from experience E with
respect to some class of tasks T and performance measure P, if its performance at
tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with experience E.
Examples i) Handwriting recognition learning problem, Task T: Recognizing and
classifying handwritten words within images, Performance P: Percent of words correctly

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classified, Training experience E: A dataset of handwritten words with given
classifications
ii) A robot driving learning problem, Task T: Driving on highways using vision sensors,
Performance measure P: Average distance traveled before an error, training experience:
A sequence of images and steering commands recorded while observing a human driver
iii) A chess learning problem, Task T: Playing chess, Performance measure P: Percent of
games won against opponents, Training experience E: Playing practice games against
itself

2. Machine learning is programming computers to optimize a performance criterion using

example data or past experience. We have a model defined up to some parameters, and
learning is the execution of a computer program to optimize the parameters of the model
using the training data or past experience. The model may be predictive to make
predictions in the future, or descriptive to gain knowledge from data, or both.
3. The field of study known as machine learning is concerned with the question of how to
construct computer programs that automatically improve with experience.
4. A computer program which learns from experience is called a machine learning
program or simply a learning program. Such a program is sometimes also referred to as a
learner.

5. Machine Learning is defined as the study of computer algorithms for automatically

constructing computer software through past experience and training data.
6. It is a branch of Artificial Intelligence and computer science that helps build a model
based on training data and make predictions and decisions without being constantly
programmed.
7. Machine Learning is the study of learning algorithms using past experience and
making future decisions.
8. Machine Learning is defined as the branch of Artificial Intelligence and computer
science that focuses on learning and improving the performance of computers/machines
through past experience by using algorithms.

Machine learning enables a machine to automatically learn from data, improve

performance from experiences, and predict things without being explicitly programmed.
With the help of sample historical data, which is known as training data, machine
learning algorithms build a mathematical model that helps in making predictions or
decisions without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning brings computer
science and statistics together for creating predictive models. It constructs or uses the
algorithms that learn from historical data. The more we will provide the information, the
higher will be the performance. A machine has the ability to learn if it can improve its
performance by gaining more data.

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Machine learning is a part of artificial intelligence and the subfield of Data Science. It is
a growing technology that enables machines to learn from past data and perform a given
task automatically. It allows the computers to learn from the past experiences by its own,
it uses statistical methods to improve the performance and predict the output without
being explicitly programmed.

A) It is very hard to write programs that solve problems like recognizing a face.
– We don’t know what program to write because we don’t know how our
brain does it.
– Even if we had a good idea about how to do it, the program might be
horrendously complicated.
B) Instead of writing a program by hand, we collect lots of examples that specify the
correct output for a given input.
C) A machine learning algorithm then takes these examples and produces a program
that does the job.
– The program produced by the learning algorithm may look very different
from a typical hand-written program. It may contain millions of numbers.
– If we do it right, the program works for new cases as well as the ones we
trained it on.
Some more examples of tasks that are best solved by using a learning algorithm.
A) Recognizing Patterns:
– Facial identities or facial expressions
– Handwritten or Spoken words
– Medical images
B) Generating Patterns:
– Generating images or motion sequences
C) Recognizing Anomalies:
– Unusual sequences of credit card transactions
– Unusual patterns of sensor readings in a nuclear power plant or unusual
sound in your car engine.
D) Prediction:
– Future stock prices or currency exchange rates

A classic example of a task that requires machine learning: It is very hard to say what
makes a 2.

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How does Machine Learning Work?
A Machine Learning system learns from historical data, builds the prediction models,
and whenever it receives new data, predicts the output for it. The accuracy of
predicted output depends upon the amount of data, as the huge amount of data helps to
build a better model which predicts the output more accurately.
Suppose we have a complex problem, where we need to perform some predictions, so
instead of writing a code for it, we just need to feed the data to generic algorithms, and
with the help of these algorithms, machine builds the logic as per the data and predict the
output. Machine learning has changed our way of thinking about the problem. The
following block diagram explains the working of Machine Learning algorithm:

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What is Machine Learning?
Machine Learning is defined as the branch of Artificial Intelligence and computer science that
focuses on learning and improving the performance of computers/machines through past
experience by using algorithms.
AI is used to make intelligent machines/robots, whereas machine learning helps those machines
to train for predicting the outcome without human intervention.

How does Machine Learning Work?

Machine Learning uses algorithms and techniques that enable the machines to learn from past
experience/trends and predict the output based on that data.

However, machine learning access a huge amount of data using data pre-processing. This data
can be either structured, semi-structured, or unstructured. Further, this data is fed through some
techniques and algorithms to machines, and then based on previous trends; it predicts the outputs
automatically.

Features of Machine Learning:

 Machine learning uses data to detect various patterns in a given dataset.
 It can learn from past data and improve automatically.
 It is a data-driven technology.
 Machine learning is much similar to data mining as it also deals with the huge
amount of the data.

Need for Machine Learning

The need for machine learning is increasing day by day. The reason behind the need for
machine learning is that it is capable of doing tasks that are too complex for a person to
implement directly. As a human, we have some limitations as we cannot access the huge
amount of data manually, so for this, we need some computer systems and here comes
the machine learning to make things easy for us.

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We can train machine learning algorithms by providing them huge amount of data and
let them explore the data, construct the models, and predict the required output
automatically. The performance of the machine learning algorithm depends on the
amount of data, and it can be determined by the cost function. With the help of
machine learning, we can save both time and money.

The importance of machine learning can be easily understood by its uses cases.
Currently, machine learning is used in self-driving cars, cyber fraud detection, face
recognition, and friend suggestion by Facebook, etc. Various top companies such as
Netflix and Amazon have built machine learning models that are using a vast amount of
data to analyze the user interest and recommend product accordingly.

Following are some key points which show the importance of Machine Learning:
 Rapid increment in the production of data
 Solving complex problems, which are difficult for a human
 Decision making in various sector including finance
 Finding hidden patterns and extracting useful information from data.

History of Machine Learning

Before some years (about 40-50 years), machine learning was science fiction, but today
it is the part of our daily life. Machine learning is making our day to day life easy
from self-driving cars to Amazon virtual assistant "Alexa". However, the idea behind
machine learning is so old and has a long history. The following are some milestones
which have occurred in the history of machine learning:

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The early history of Machine Learning (Pre-1940):

 1834: In 1834, Charles Babbage, the father of the computer, conceived a device
that could be programmed with punch cards. However, the machine was never
built, but all modern computers rely on its logical structure.
 1936: In 1936, Alan Turing gave a theory that how a machine can determine and
execute a set of instructions.
The era of stored program computers:
 1940: In 1940, the first manually operated computer, "ENIAC" was invented, which
was the first electronic general-purpose computer. After that stored program
computer such as EDSAC in 1949 and EDVAC in 1951 were invented.
 1943: In 1943, a human neural network was modeled with an electrical circuit. In
1950, the scientists started applying their idea to work and analyzed how human
neurons might work.
Computer Machinery and Intelligence:
 1950: In 1950, Alan Turing published a seminal paper, "Computer Machinery and
Intelligence," on the topic of artificial intelligence. In his paper, he asked, "Can
machines think?"
Machine intelligence in Games:
 1952: Arthur Samuel, who was the pioneer of machine learning, created a program
that helped an IBM computer to play a checkers game. It performed better more it
played.
 1959: In 1959, the term "Machine Learning" was first coined by Arthur Samuel.
The first "AI" winter:
 The duration of 1974 to 1980 was the tough time for AI and ML researchers, and
this duration was called as AI winter.
 In this duration, failure of machine translation occurred, and people had reduced
their interest from AI, which led to reduced funding by the government to the
researches.
Machine Learning from theory to reality
 1959: In 1959, the first neural network was applied to a real-world problem to
remove echoes over phone lines using an adaptive filter.
 1985: In 1985, Terry Sejnowski and Charles Rosenberg invented a neural
network NETtalk, which was able to teach itself how to correctly pronounce
20,000 words in one week.
 1997: The IBM's Deep blue intelligent computer won the chess game against the
chess expert Garry Kasparov, and it became the first computer which had beaten
a human chess expert.

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Machine Learning at 21st century
 2006: In the year 2006, computer scientist Geoffrey Hinton has given a new name to
neural net research as "deep learning," and nowadays, it has become one of the
most trending technologies.
 2012: In 2012, Google created a deep neural network which learned to recognize the
image of humans and cats in YouTube videos.
 2014: In 2014, the Chabot "Eugen Goostman" cleared the Turing Test. It was the
first Chabot who convinced the 33% of human judges that it was not a machine.
 2014: DeepFace was a deep neural network created by Facebook, and they claimed
that it could recognize a person with the same precision as a human can do.
 2016: AlphaGo beat the world's number second player Lee sedol at Go game. In
2017 it beats the number one player of this game Ke Jie.
 2017: In 2017, the Alphabet's Jigsaw team built an intelligent system that was able to
learn the online trolling. It used to read millions of comments of different websites
to learn to stop online trolling.
Machine Learning at Present:
Now machine learning has got a great advancement in its research, and it is present
everywhere around us, such as self-driving cars, Amazon Alexa, Catboats, recommender
system, and many more. It includes Supervised, Unsupervised, and Reinforcement
learning with clustering, classification, decision tree, SVM algorithms, etc.
Modern machine learning models can be used for making various predictions,
including weather prediction, disease prediction, stock market analysis, etc.

Classification of Machine Learning

At a broad level, machine learning can be classified into three types:

1. Supervised learning
2. Unsupervised learning
3. Reinforcement learning

1) Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is a type of machine learning method in which we provide sample
labeled data to the machine learning system in order to train it, and on that basis, it
predicts the output.

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The system creates a model using labeled data to understand the datasets and learn
about each data, once the training and processing are done then we test the model by
providing a sample data to check whether it is predicting the exact output or not.
The goal of supervised learning is to map input data with the output data. The
supervised learning is based on supervision, and it is the same as when a student learns
things in the supervision of the teacher. The example of supervised learning is spam
filtering.
Supervised learning can be grouped further in two categories of algorithms:
 Classification
 Regression

2) Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning is a learning method in which a machine learns without any
supervision.
The training is provided to the machine with the set of data that has not been labeled,
classified, or categorized, and the algorithm needs to act on that data without any
supervision. The goal of unsupervised learning is to restructure the input data into new
features or a group of objects with similar patterns.
In unsupervised learning, we don't have a predetermined result. The machine tries to
find useful insights from the huge amount of data. It can be further classifieds into two
categories of algorithms:
 Clustering
 Association

3) Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning method, in which a learning agent
gets a reward for each right action and gets a penalty for each wrong action. The agent
learns automatically with these feedbacks and improves its performance. In
reinforcement learning, the agent interacts with the environment and explores it. The
goal of an agent is to get the most reward points, and hence, it improves its
performance. The robotic dog, which automatically learns the movement of his arms, is
an example of Reinforcement learning.
Applications of Machine learning
Machine learning is a buzzword for today's technology, and it is growing very rapidly day by
day. We are using machine learning in our daily life even without knowing it such as Google
Maps, Google assistant, Alexa, etc. The following are some of the most trending real-world
applications of Machine Learning.

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1. Image Recognition:
Image recognition is one of the most common applications of machine learning. It is used to
identify objects, persons, places, digital images, etc. The popular use case of image recognition
and face detection is Automatic friend tagging suggestion:
Facebook provides us a feature of auto friend tagging suggestion. Whenever we upload a photo
with our Facebook friends, then we automatically get a tagging suggestion with name, and the
technology behind this is machine learning's face detection and recognition algorithm.
It is based on the Facebook project named "Deep Face," which is responsible for face
recognition and person identification in the picture.
2. Speech Recognition
While using Google, we get an option of "Search by voice," it comes under speech recognition,
and it's a popular application of machine learning. Speech recognition is a process of converting
voice instructions into text, and it is also known as "Speech to text", or "Computer speech
recognition." At present, machine learning algorithms are widely used by various applications of
speech recognition. Google Assistant, Siri, Cortana, and Alexa are using speech recognition
technology to follow the voice instructions.
3. Traffic prediction:
If we want to visit a new place, we take help of Google Maps, which shows us the correct path
with the shortest route and predicts the traffic conditions.
It predicts the traffic conditions such as whether traffic is cleared, slow-moving, or heavily
congested with the help of two ways:
 Real Time location of the vehicle form Google Map app and sensors
 Average time has taken on past days at the same time.

Everyone who is using Google Map is helping this app to make it better. It takes information
from the user and sends back to its database to improve the performance.

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4. Product recommendations:
Machine learning is widely used by various e-commerce and entertainment companies such
as Amazon, Netflix, etc., for product recommendation to the user. Whenever we search for some
product on Amazon, then we started getting an advertisement for the same product while Internet
surfing on the same browser and this is because of machine learning.
Google understands the user interest using various machine learning algorithms and suggests the
product as per customer interest. Similarly, when we use Netflix, we find some recommendations
for entertainment series, movies, etc., and this is also done with the help of machine learning.

5. Self-driving cars:
One of the most exciting applications of machine learning is self-driving cars. Machine learning
plays a significant role in self-driving cars. Tesla, the most popular car manufacturing company
is working on self-driving car. It is using unsupervised learning method to train the car models to
detect people and objects while driving.

6. Email Spam and Malware Filtering:

Whenever we receive a new email, it is filtered automatically as important, normal, and spam.
We always receive an important mail in our inbox with the important symbol and spam emails in
our spam box, and the technology behind this is Machine learning. Below are some spam filters
used by Gmail:
 Content Filter
 Header filter
 General blacklists filter
 Rules-based filters
 Permission filters

Some machine learning algorithms such as Multi-Layer Perceptron, Decision tree, and Naïve
Bayes classifier are used for email spam filtering and malware detection.

7. Virtual Personal Assistant:

We have various virtual personal assistants such as Google assistant, Alexa, Cortana, Siri. As
the name suggests, they help us in finding the information using our voice instruction. These
assistants can help us in various ways just by our voice instructions such as Play music, call
someone, Open an email, Scheduling an appointment, etc. These virtual assistants use machine
learning algorithms as an important part.
Machine learning Life cycle
Machine learning has given the computer systems the abilities to automatically learn without
being explicitly programmed. But how does a machine learning system work? So, it can be
described using the life cycle of machine learning. Machine learning life cycle is a cyclic process
to build an efficient machine learning project. The main purpose of the life cycle is to find a
solution to the problem or project.

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Machine learning life cycle involves about seven major steps.
 Gathering Data
 Data preparation
 Data Wrangling
 Analyze Data
 Train the model
 Test the model
 Deployment

The most important thing in the complete process is to understand the problem and to know the
purpose of the problem. Therefore, before starting the life cycle, we need to understand the
problem because the good result depends on the better understanding of the problem.
In the complete life cycle process to solve a problem, we create a machine learning system called
"model", and this model is created by providing "training". But to train a model, we need data.
Hence, life cycle starts by collecting data.
1. Gathering Data:
Data gathering is the first step of the machine learning life cycle. The goal of this step is to
identify and obtain all data-related to the problem.
In this step, we need to identify the different data sources, as data can be collected from various
sources such as files, database, Internet, or mobile devices. It is one of the most important steps
of the life cycle. The quantity and quality of the collected data will determine the efficiency of
the output. The more will be the data, the more accurate will be the prediction.
This step includes the following tasks:
 Identify various data sources
 Collect data
 Integrate the data obtained from different sources

By performing the above task, we get a coherent set of data, also called as a dataset. It will be
used in further steps.

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2. Data Preparation
After collecting the data, we need to prepare it for further steps. Data preparation is a step where
we put our data into a suitable place and prepare it to use in our machine learning training.
In this step, first, we put all data together, and then randomize the ordering of data.
This step can be further divided into two processes:
 Data exploration: It is used to understand the nature of data that we have to work with. We need
to understand the characteristics, format, and quality of data. A better understanding of data leads
to an effective outcome. In this, we find Correlations, general trends, and outliers.
 Data pre-processing: Now the next step is preprocessing of data for its analysis.

3. Data Wrangling
Data wrangling is the process of cleaning and converting raw data into a useable format. It is the
process of cleaning the data, selecting the variable to use, and transforming the data in a proper
format to make it more suitable for analysis in the next step. It is one of the most important steps
of the complete process. Cleaning of data is required to address the quality issues.
It is not necessary that data we have collected is always of our use as some of the data may not
be useful. In real-world applications, collected data may have various issues, including:
 Missing Values
 Duplicate data
 Invalid data
 Noise

So, we use various filtering techniques to clean the data. It is mandatory to detect and remove the
above issues because it can negatively affect the quality of the outcome.

4. Data Analysis
Now the cleaned and prepared data is passed on to the analysis step. This step involves:
 Selection of analytical techniques
 Building models
 Review the result
The aim of this step is to build a machine learning model to analyze the data using various
analytical techniques and review the outcome. It starts with the determination of the type of the
problems, where we select the machine learning techniques such
as Classification, Regression, Cluster Analysis, Association, etc. then build the model using
prepared data, and evaluate the model.
Hence, in this step, we take the data and use machine learning algorithms to build the model.
5. Train Model
Now the next step is to train the model. In this step we train our model to improve its
performance for better outcome of the problem. We use datasets to train the model using various
machine learning algorithms. Training a model is required so that it can understand the various
patterns, rules, and, features of the data.

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6. Test Model
Once our machine learning model has been trained on a given dataset, then we test the model. In
this step, we check for the accuracy of our model by providing a test dataset to it. Testing the
model determines the percentage accuracy of the model as per the requirement of project or
problem.

7. Deployment
The last step of machine learning life cycle is deployment, where we deploy the model in the
real-world system. If the above-prepared model is producing an accurate result as per our
requirement with acceptable speed, then we deploy the model in the real system. But, before
deploying the project, we will check whether it is improving its performance using available data
or not. The deployment phase is similar to making the final report for a project.
Difference between Data Science and Machine Learning
Data Science is the study of data cleansing, preparation, and analysis, while machine learning is
a branch of AI and subfield of data science. Data Science and Machine Learning are the two
popular modern technologies, and they are growing with an immoderate rate. But these two
buzzwords, along with artificial intelligence and deep learning are very confusing term, so it is
important to understand how they are different from each other.
Data Science and Machine Learning are closely related to each other but have different
functionalities and different goals. At a glance, Data Science is a field to study the approaches to
find insights from the raw data. Whereas, Machine Learning is a technique used by the group of
data scientists to enable the machines to learn automatically from the past data. To understand
the difference in-depth, let's first have a brief introduction to these two technologies.

Note: Data Science and Machine Learning are closely related to each other but cannot be treated as
synonyms.

What is Data Science?

Data science, as its name suggests, is all about the data. Hence, we can define it as, "A field of
deep study of data that includes extracting useful insights from the data, and processing that
information using different tools, statistical models, and Machine learning algorithms."

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It is a concept that is used to handle big data that includes data cleaning, data preparation, data
analysis, and data visualization.
A data scientist collects the raw data from various sources, prepares and pre-processes the data,
and applies machine learning algorithms, predictive analysis to extract useful insights from the
collected data. For example, Netflix uses data science techniques to understand user interest by
mining the data and viewing patterns of its users.
Skills required to be become a Data Scientist
 An excellent programming knowledge of Python, R, SAS, or Scala.
 Experience in SQL database Coding.
 Knowledge of Machine Learning Algorithms.
 Deep Knowledge of Statistics concepts.
 Data Mining, cleaning, and visualizing skills.
 Skills to use Big data tools such as Hadoop.

What is Machine Learning?

Machine learning is a part of artificial intelligence and the subfield of Data Science. It is a
growing technology that enables machines to learn from past data and perform a given task
automatically. It can be defined as:
Machine Learning allows the computers to learn from the past experiences by its own, it
uses statistical methods to improve the performance and predict the output without being
explicitly programmed.

The popular applications of ML are Email spam filtering, product recommendations, online
fraud detection, etc.
Skills Needed for the Machine Learning Engineer:
 Understanding and implementation of Machine Learning Algorithms.
 Natural Language Processing.
 Good Programming knowledge of Python or R.
 Knowledge of Statistics and probability concepts.
 Knowledge of data modeling and data evaluation.

Where is Machine Learning used in Data Science?

The use of machine learning in data science can be understood by the development process or
life cycle of Data Science. The different steps that occur in Data science lifecycle are as follows:

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 1. Business Requirements: In this step, we try to understand the requirement for the business problem
for which we want to use it. Suppose we want to create a recommendation system, and the business
requirement is to increase sales.
2. Data Acquisition: In this step, the data is acquired to solve the given problem. For the
recommendation system, we can get the ratings provided by the user for different products,
comments, purchase history, etc.
3. Data Processing: In this step, the raw data acquired from the previous step is transformed
into a suitable format, so that it can be easily used by the further steps.
4. Data Exploration: It is a step where we understand the patterns of the data, and try to find out the
useful insights from the data.
5. Modeling: The data modeling is a step where machine learning algorithms are used. So, this step
includes the whole machine learning process. The machine learning process involves importing the
data, data cleaning, building a model, training the model, testing the model, and improving the
model's efficiency.
6. Deployment & Optimization: This is the last step where the model is deployed on an actual project,
and the performance of the model is checked.

Comparison between Data Science and Machine Learning

The following table describes the basic differences b/n Data Science and Machine Learning (ML)

Data Science Machine Learning

It deals with understanding and finding hidden It is a subfield of data science that enables the machine to
patterns or useful insights from the data, which learn from the past data and experiences automatically.
helps to take smarter business decisions.

It is used for discovering insights from the data. It is used for making predictions and classifying the result
for new data points.

It is a broad term that includes various steps to create It is used in the data modeling step of the data science as a
a model for a given problem and deploy the model. complete process.

A data scientist needs to have skills to use big data Machine Learning Engineer needs to have skills such as
tools like Hadoop, Hive and Pig, statistics, computer science fundamentals, programming skills in
programming in Python, R, or Scala. Python or R, statistics and probability concepts, etc.

It can work with raw, structured, and unstructured data. It mostly requires structured data to work on.

Data scientists spent lots of time in handling the ML engineers spend a lot of time for managing the
data, cleansing the data, and understanding its complexities that occur during the implementation of
patterns. algorithms and mathematical concepts behind that.

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Deep learning vs. Machine Learning vs. Artificial Intelligence
Deep Learning, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence are the most used terms on the
Internet for IT folks. However, all these three technologies are connected with each
other. Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be understood as an umbrella that consists of both machine
learning and deep learning. Or We can say deep learning and machine learning both are subsets
of artificial intelligence.
As these technologies look similar, most of the persons have misconceptions about 'Deep
Learning, Machine learning, and Artificial Intelligence' that all three are similar to each other.
But in reality, although all these technologies are used to build intelligent machines or
applications that behave like a human, still, they differ by their functionalities and scope.
It means these three terms are often used interchangeably, but they do not quite refer to the same
things. Let's understand the fundamental difference among Deep Learning, Machine Learning,
and Artificial Intelligence with the following image.

With the above image, you can understand Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science
that helps us to create smart, intelligent machines. Further, ML is a subfield of AI that helps to
teach machines and build AI-driven applications. On the other hand, Deep learning is the sub-
branch of ML that helps to train ML models with a huge amount of input data and complex
algorithms and mainly works with neural networks.

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

Artificial Intelligence is defined as a field of science and engineering that deals with making
intelligent machines or computers to perform human-like activities. Mr. John McCarthy is
known as the godfather of this amazing invention. There are some popular definitions of AI,
which are as follows:
"AI is defined as the capability of machines to imitate intelligent human behavior."
"A computer system able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as
visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages."

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Applications of Artificial Intelligent
 Language Translations
 AI in healthcare
 Speech recognition, text recognition, and image recognition
 AI in astronomy
 AI in gaming
 AI in finance
 AI in data security
 AI in social media
 AI in travel and transport
 AI in Automotive Industry
 AI in robots
 AI in Entertainment, agriculture, E-commerce, education, etc.

We have discussed machine learning and artificial intelligence basics, and it's time to move
towards the basics of deep learning.

What is Deep Learning?

"Deep learning is defined as the subset of machine learning and artificial intelligence that is
based on artificial neural networks". In deep learning, the deep word refers to the number of
layers in a neural network.
Deep Learning is a set of algorithms inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. It
uses a huge amount of structured as well as unstructured data to teach computers and predicts
accurate results. The main difference between machine learning and deep learning technologies
is of presentation of data. Machine learning uses structured/unstructured data for learning, while
deep learning uses neural networks for learning models.
In machine learning, if a model predicts inaccurate results, then we need to fix it manually.
Further, in deep learning techniques, these problems get fixed automatically, and we do not need
to do anything explicitly. A self-driving vehicle is one of the best examples to understand deep
learning.
Deep learning can be useful to solve many complex problems with more accurate predictions
such as image recognition, voice recognition, product recommendations systems, natural
language processing (NLP), etc.

Applications of Deep Learning

Deep learning can be applied in various industries such as:

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  Self-driving vehicles
 Fraud detection
 Natural Language Processing
 Virtual Personal Assistance
 Text, Speech, and Image recognition
 Healthcare, infrastructure, banking & finance, marketing
 Entertainment
 Education
 Automatic game playing
 Auto handwriting generation
 Automatic language translation
 Pixel restoration and photo description & tagging
 Demographic and election predictions, etc.

Conclusion
Artificial intelligence is one of the most popular 5th generation technologies that is changing the
world using its subdomains, machine learning, and deep learning. AI helps us to create an
intelligent system and provide cognitive abilities to the machine. Further, machine learning
enables machines to learn based on experience without human intervention and makes them
capable of learning and predicting results with given data. At the same time, deep learning is the
breakthrough in the field of AI that uses various layers of artificial neural networks to achieve
impressive outputs for various problems such as image recognition and text recognition.

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