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Hkkjrh; ekud IS 16471 : 2017

Indian Standard

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Protection of Below Ground

Structures Against Water from the
Ground — Guidelines

ICS 91.120.30

© BIS 2017

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BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
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MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI-110002
www.bis.gov.in www.standardsbis.in

December 2017 Price Group 9

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Waterproofing and Damp-Proofing Sectional Committee, CED 41

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the
Waterproofing and Damp-Proofing Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division
Council.

Different types of waterproofing materials are used in the building industry. In order to obtain satisfactory
performance, it is essential that prior to the application of these materials for the damp-proofing and
waterproofing treatment, special care has to be taken to design the details and carefully prepare the building
surface for receiving the treatment as recommended. This standard provides guidance for the waterproofing
treatment of structures below ground. It is essential to ensure the water tightness/protection from water of
the structures so that the flow of water from inside the structure to outside (in case of swimming pools), and
the infiltration of water from the surrounding soil into the structure are effectively prevented. This standard
is intended to provide guidance to the designers, engineers, contractors and others engaged in building
activity to ensure protection of below ground structures against water.

A number of recent developments are addressed, which are important when specifying, designing and
constructing below ground structures, including,
a) more deep construction in congested urban areas;
b) an increase in the provision of basements;
c) development and use of new materials for waterproofing; and
d) a more detailed assessment is provided of the risks inherent in below ground construction and how
these might best be addressed.

It is to be noted that the figures used in this standard are only representative of different installation methods,
and should not be translated directly into practice without first checking all the parameters specific to the
installation.

In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given to international coordination among the
standards and practices prevailing in different countries in addition to relating it to the practices in the field
in this country. This has been met by deriving assistance from BS 8102 : 2009 ‘Code of practice for protection
of below ground structures against water from the ground’, published by the British Standards Institution.
This standard has been formulated to suit Indian context and is largely based on the technical provisions
given therein.

This standard has been formulated to serve as a useful guidance and suggest recommendations for planning
and carrying out waterproofing activity. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification and particular
care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are not misleading. It has been assumed in the
formulation of this standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to suitably qualified and experienced
people, for whose guidance it has been formulated.

The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex B.

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places retained in
the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
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IS 16471 : 2017

Indian Standard
PROTECTION OF BELOW GROUND STRUCTURES
AGAINST WATER FROM THE GROUND — GUIDELINES
1 SCOPE 3.2 Cut-off Wall — An embedded retaining wall
(see 3.4) designed to surround and seal-off an area,
This standard lays down recommendations and to inhibit water inflow from the surrounding area.
provides guidance on methods of dealing with and
preventing the entry of water from surrounding 3.3 Damp Area — An area which, when touched,
ground into a structure below ground level. It covers might leave a light film of moisture on the hand but
the use of, no droplets of water (that is beading).
a) waterproofing barrier materials applied to 3.4 Embedded Retaining Wall — A wall used to
the structure, support the sides of an excavation, installed in
b) structurally integral watertight construction, advance and penetrating below the lowest level of
and the below ground construction.
c) drained cavity construction. NOTE — Within this standard the principal forms
considered constitute the primary permanent wall for
It also covers the evaluation of groundwater the below ground construction, and are taken as
conditions, risk assessment and options for drainage diaphragm walls, contiguous or secant piles (which may
be installed in different configurations) or steel sheet
outside the structure. It applies to structures which piles.
extend below ground level and those on sloping sites.
3.5 Ground Barrier — An impermeable barrier
This standard does not give recommendations between the structure and the ground intended to
concerning the use of embedded heating in prevent or impede the ingress of water, dampness,
structures, floors and walls or for the special radon, methane and other ground gases and
requirements in connection with the design and contaminants.
construction of cold stores.
3.6 Loading Coat — Layer of material designed to
NOTE — Structures are generally characterized as deep,
if they have more than one storey below ground level,
hold a Type A waterproofing material in place when
or shallow, if they have only a single storey below resisting water pressure.
ground. This standard is applicable to both.
3.7 Perched Water Table — Reservoir of water in
2 REFERENCES the ground maintained permanently or temporarily
above the standing water level in the ground below
The standards listed in Annex A contain provisions
it, and is caused by the presence of an impervious
which through reference in this text, constitute
soil or a stratum of low permeability.
provisions of this standard. At the time of
publication, the editions indicated were valid. All 3.8 Seepage — The slow transmission of water
standards are subject to revision and parties to through discrete pathways of a structure.
agreement based on this standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent 3.9 Tanking — An application of an appropriate
editions of the standards indicated in Annex A. waterproofing barrier to the walls, the base slab and,
where relevant, the roof of a below ground structure,
3 TERMINOLOGY such that the entire envelope of the structure below
ground is protected against water ingress.
For the purpose of this standard, the definitions
given in IS 4911, IS 6461 (Part 7) and the following NOTE — A cavity drain membrane is not considered to
shall apply. constitute tanking.

3.1 Cavity Drain Membrane — A dimpled, flexible, 3.10 Type A (Barrier) Protection – Protection against
high-density polymer sheet, which can be placed water ingress which is dependent on a separate
against the internal face of a structure after barrier system applied to the structure.
construction and is designed to intercept water 3.11 Type B (Structurally Integral) Protection –
penetrating the structure and direct it to a drainage Protection against water ingress which is provided
system. by the structure.

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3.12 Type C (Drained) Protection — Protection against waterproofing specialist should be included as
water ingress into usable spaces which is provided by part of the design team so that an integrated
the incorporation of an appropriate internal water waterproofing solution is created. The
management system. waterproofing specialist should,
3.13 Vapour Check — Membrane or other element that a) be suitably experienced;
restricts the transmission of water vapour. b) be capable of devising solutions that
3.14 Waterproof — Impervious to water. accommodate the various project
constraints and needs; and
NOTE — This can also be known as watertight.
c) provide the design team with
3.15 Waterproofing — Application of waterproof/ water- information and guidance that assists
resisting materials. with and influences the design,
installation and future maintenance of
3.16 Waterproofing Barrier — Material that does not the waterproofed structure.
permit the transmission of free water, but might allow
some water vapour permeability. All design decisions made by others that might
have an impact on the waterproofing design
3.17 Waterproofing System — Materials and methods should be brought to the attention of the
used to protect a structure from water ingress and might waterproofing specialist/designer and installing
also provide resistance to the diffusion of water vapour. contractors. Final decisions and any
3.18 Water Resistance – Ability of a material to resist recommendations should be approved by the
water penetration. designer/engineer-in-charge.
NOTE — The waterproofing specialist could be
3.19 Waterstop — Material designed to inhibit the the manufacturer or material supplier, provided
transmission of water through joints in the structure. that the manufacturer/supplier has the relevant
expertise.
3.20 Water Vapour — Water in its gaseous state.
4.3 Principal Considerations of Design
3.21 Water Vapour Resistance — Ability of a material
to resist water vapour penetration. 4.3.1 General

4 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES In order to develop a robust design for protecting

a structure against groundwater, the following
4.1 General factors should be assessed:
It is essential for the success of any project involving a) Likely highest level of the water table,
below ground structures that strategies for dealing with the drainage characteristics of the soil
groundwater, soil gases and contaminants are considered and other site specific properties (see 5);
from the very earliest stages of the planning and design
b) Appropriate waterproofing measures
processes. For guidance on construction project
(see 6), that is Types A, B or C protection
management, a reference may be made to IS 15883 (Part 1).
and, where necessary, external drainage
For new structures, it is recommended that the structural
based on,
design, overall weatherproofing design, waterproofing
design and construction processes are considered 1) the results of the site evaluation,
together, as they generally interact. In addition, it is including the classification of the
recommended that, during the design process and at all water table; and
stages of the construction process, the designers, 2) the intended use of structure, with
specialists, manufacturers/suppliers and installing consideration given to any
contractors establish and maintain effective channels of requirement for future flexibility.
communication. Regular and clear communication This should be undertaken in
coupled with good site supervision allows variations and consultation with the client;
amendments to the design to be planned and executed
c) Appropriate type of primary
without compromising the performance of the
waterproofing system (see 8, 9 and 10).
waterproofed structure (see also 4.2).
A three-dimensional review of structure and
4.2 Design Team
waterproofing should be undertaken so as to
The advice of a geotechnical specialist should be sought identify any complex geometries, which are not
on the geology and hydrogeology, the external drainage readily identified from normal two-dimensional
options and groundwater conditions (see 5). A details. Service entries are particularly vulnerable

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IS 16471 : 2017

to water penetration; where they cannot be avoided, NOTE — Reference to defects does not apply to normal
they should be carefully detailed, incorporating designed flexural cracks or surface crazing in concrete
elements but only to through cracking, which might
sealing, to minimize the risk of water ingress (see need to be locally sealed.
8.1.3).
5 SITE EVALUATIONS
NOTES
1 The general principle is to assess the risk of water NOTE — Attention is drawn to the fact that many of
reaching the structure and then to select a waterproofing the issues addressed in this clause are also relevant to
system capable of achieving the required internal the design of the structure itself.
environment.
5.1 General
2 Mechanical heating and ventilation often play an
important role in creating the internal environment, 5.1.1 Desk Study
particularly where higher grades are required. The design
of such systems is a specialist activity, outside the scope A desk study should be carried out,
of this standard. Condensation may also be controlled
by the provision of adequate ventilation (assisted by a) to assess the geology and hydrogeology,
heating), coupled with the suitable treatment of floor
and wall surfaces.
including soil permeabilities, flood risk,
3 The three-dimensional review needs to include detailed
radon, methane and other ground gases and
information on the proposed waterproofing system (for contaminants (for example, chlorides and
example, the effect that this has on wall base details, acids);
laps in membranes and waterstops). Examples of
complex geometries are corner details and where the
b) to assess the topography of the
wall adjoins: the base slab/foundation; the superstructure; surrounding ground in relation to the below
differing floor levels; and windows below ground. ground structure;
c) to establish the likely highest level of the
4.3.2 Defects and Remedial Measures
water table and the potential for the
An ideal waterproofing solution would be defect- occurrence of a perched water table; and
free. However, it should be noted that two types of d) to identify any missing ground and
defects might occur in any waterproofing, where a groundwater information, which should then
structure is subjected to water pressure, and this be obtained by undertaking a site
could mean that the required internal environment is investigation.
not achieved. These defects are as follows:
5.1.2 Risk Assessment (see Note 1)
a) Defects owing to poor workmanship or the
inappropriate use of materials; A risk assessment should be carried out which
considers the long-term water pressures, the effects
b) Defects owing to the specific properties of
of surface water infiltration and the use of external
the materials being used.
drainage and cut-off walls.
It is essential that the construction methods and
Risk assessment should also consider,
materials used to realize the design are such that the
defects in (a) are avoided. The defects in (b), which a) the effects of climate change, burst water
are generally minor, should be recognized and catered mains and sewers, adjacent trees, sulphates,
for in the design. Contingency planning for dealing radon, methane and other ground gases and
with any localized defects or system failure that arise contaminants; and
should be included as part of the overall water- b) where external drainage is proposed, the
resisting design for the structure (see also 11). effects of drawdown on adjacent structures,
In either case, the issue of repairability should be the potential silting of drainage and
taken into account and the feasibility of remedial befouling issues.
measures assessed. Even when the site investigation indicates dry
Figure 1 outlines the principal factors and stages conditions, the risk of some water logging (see
that need to be addressed in order to produce a robust Note 2) in the future should be assumed.
waterproofing solution for a below ground structure. The following consequences of failure should be
It demonstrates that some matters are interrelated analyzed when doing desk study:
and that a degree of iteration might result from a
need to address buildability and repairability. The 1) Dispute costs, legal fees;
principal issues (boxes) do not necessarily need to 2) Private or public property damage liability;
be addressed in the order shown but all need to be
3) Endangerment of building operative or
understood and evaluated.
public from damage to electrical equipment;

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FIG. 1 DESIGN FLOWCHART

4) Damage to archives, stored goods or plant; 5.1.3 Water Table Classification

5) Loss of rent; Where assessment of the water table is undertaken,
6) Reduction in value of property; this should be classed into the following three
7) Damage to reputation of landlord/ categories, which can then be used to determine the
developer; suitability of different types of waterproofing
8) Facility, business disruption; protection (see 6.2):
9) Lack of access/utility of basement areas; and a) High — Where the water table or perched
10) Costs of remedial work and operational water table is assessed to be permanently
delays. above the underside of the base slab.
b) Low — Where the water table or perched
NOTES
water table is assessed to be permanently
1 The principal risks with respect to water ingress into
structures are the external environmental conditions. below the underside of the base slab. This
2 Even in permeable subsoil, groundwater requires time
only applies to free-draining strata.
to drain away and this can result in limited pressure c) Variable — Where the water table
periodically coming to bear against the structure. fluctuates.

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NOTE — In certain ground conditions, external drainage The survey should include any construction which
systems can be used to convert the high abuts the main structure, such as garden walls and
and variable water tables to the low condition (see also
6.3). arches under steps, as these are a potential source
of moisture transfer.
5.2 Inspection and Survey for Existing Structures
NOTES
5.2.1 General
1 An example of an external cavity is where an inner
Following an assessment of the external risk wall, load bearing or otherwise, has been built with a
cavity between it and an earlier retaining wall. This
(see 5.1.2), a comprehensive survey should be cavity might be closed/capped with a plinth, and would
undertaken of any existing waterproofing typically be drained at the base and ventilated by air
arrangements. The structure should also be examined bricks.
in order to determine any potential movement that 2 Where the external wall is of solid construction, there
might occur between the walls and floor. might be no waterproofing or there might have been
previous attempts to mask dampness. Many such
As the space available in below ground structures applications can be incomplete or ineffective. It is
possible that the attempted waterproofing was
may be converted into habitable rooms during inappropriate for the prevailing external conditions or
refurbishments, the survey should also consider the the wall surface to which it had been applied.
previous use, for example this might have been such
that dampness was of less concern than for the 5.2.3 Floor at Base Slab Level
proposed use.
Where drainage tiles have been used to cover the
NOTES floor, they should be assessed to confirm that they
1 The base slab of many older structures is likely to have sufficient strength to withstand loadings from
abut the external walls. This can give rise to movement walls, plant, equipment, vehicles, etc, appropriate to
between wall and floor. Special flexible joint details the intended use. Where no-fines concrete has been
might be required so that strains in the waterproofing
materials are controlled within acceptable limits where used as a drainage layer, this should be similarly
bonded or surface-applied barrier materials are used in assessed to confirm that it has sufficient strength to
such situations. Similar details might also be required at withstand loadings and is still draining effectively.
other locations where structural movement can occur.
2 Less movement would be expected in cases where the Consideration should also be given to,
floor is set into the wall although horizontal movement
can occur unless the floor is reinforced such as to a) the ability of any surface to accept the
achieve the necessary fixity. proposed waterproofing; and
3 Existing waterproofing might have to be removed
completely and replaced with an entirely new system,
b) the effect that any proposed waterproofing
although in some instances it might be possible to apply system is likely to have on stresses imposed
a Type A barrier or a Type C drained cavity system on the existing structure by groundwater
directly. These systems can be considered where there once the waterproofing system has been
is no existing waterproofing but the suitability of Type
A barrier materials depends on the characteristics of
installed.
the surface of the wall or floor. NOTES
5.2.2 External Walls 1 Drainage tiles are typically made from clay or
concrete. Both tiles and no-fines concrete have widely
An old external cavity form of waterproofing been replaced by cavity drain membranes. The floor
should be thoroughly surveyed for signs of moisture
protection might be encountered that is not penetration.
immediately obvious. Where an external cavity is
2 Moisture from the ground can move across abutting
found, it should be inspected to confirm that, constructions at any level and in some conditions
running water might be encountered.
a) the cavity is not bridged by debris;
b) any drainage is still functioning and has not 6 WATER-RESISTING DESIGNS
been silted up; and 6.1 Groundwater
c) air bricks are not obstructed by soil or
vegetation. 6.1.1 Waterproofing measures should be designed
on the basis of water to the full height of the retained
It should be established whether walls are earth ground at some time during the structure’s life where,
retaining or free standing as there might be instances
where the waterproofing measures have not been a) no detailed geological or hydrogeological
continued along internal walls abutting the external assessment has been undertaken;
retaining wall. b) the results of the soil investigations are
inconclusive with respect to groundwater;

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c) the ground drainage characteristics are NOTE — Examples of the three types of waterproofing
unreliable; and protection are given in Fig. 2.

d) the drainage measures (either internal or When making this selection, consideration should
external) are unreliable or un-maintainable be given to,
and infiltration cannot be controlled.
1) the need for combined protection
Protection against water ingress from the following (see 6.2.2);
three sources should be considered: 2) the water table classification and required
1) Inflow of surface water, ranging from performance level (see 6.2.3); and
percolation of rain to inundation of water 3) the need for continuity in the protection
from burst water mains (see 6.3); (see 6.2.4).
2) Water pressures acting on the external There is a range of waterproofing systems that can
retaining wall system; and be incorporated in each type of waterproofing
3) Water pressures below the base slab. protection and these should be assessed in
accordance with 8, 9 and 10, as appropriate, and
The water-resisting design should enable the system relevant manufacturers’ data sheets to confirm that
to withstand a pre-determined head of water or the system selected is suitable for the structure to
control the water before it reaches the structure. One which it is to be applied. It is noted that the
or both of the following methods may be used, manufacturer’s recommendations for installation,
in conjunction with the waterproofing protection including provision of protection, should always be
(see 6.2), to reduce water penetration, depending on followed.
the conditions of the site and the required internal
environment: Similarly, recommendations for fixings where
proprietary products are used should be followed.
i) Exclusion of surface water (see 6.3); and
ii) Sub-surface drainage (see 6.4). In cases where the below ground structure is fully
buried or the sub-structure extends beyond the
6.2 Waterproofing Protection superstructure, protection should be provided
against water ingress through the roof slab, for
6.2.1 General
example by,
One, or a combination, of the following types of
i) encouraging water to drain away from the
waterproofing protection should be selected:
structure;
a) Type A (barrier) protection; ii) providing drainage above the roof slab;
b) Type B (structurally integral) protection; and iii) using an external barrier.
c) Type C (drained) protection.
For existing structures, the following types of

Key
1 External waterproofing
2 Masonry or concrete wall, as appropriate (see Table 1)
3 Concrete floor slab
4 Sandwiched waterproofing
5 Loading coat
6 Internal waterproofing
2A TYPE A (BARRIER) PROTECTION

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Key
1 Water resistant reinforced concrete wall and slab
2 External or internal (within wall) waterstop, as required
3 Waterstop required at junction between wall and slab and at all construction joints
4 Concrete/steel piled wall
5 Water-resistant reinforced concrete floor slab or slab with added barrier
6 Waterstop at junction to follow profile of wall
7 Piled wall might need to be faced to achieve desired water resistance (see Table 1)

2B TYPE B (STRUCTURALLY INTEGRAL) PROTECTION

Key
1 Cavity drain membrane
2 Inner skin (render, drylining or walling, depending on system)
3 Maintainable drainage channel with pipe connection to suitable discharge point
4 Sump formed in-situ or preformed
5 Pump
6 Wall cavity
7 Reinforced concrete/steel pile or diaphragm wall
8 Drainage channel
9 Waterstop at junction to follow wall profile
10 Internal block wall
11 Access point(s) to drainage
12 Floor slab with integral protection and/or added membrane (internal or external)

2C TYPE C (DRAINED) PROTECTION

FIG. 2 TYPES OF PROTECTION

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waterproofing systems should be considered, a) During the life of the structure, some degree
subject to their suitability for application and their of groundwater pressure is likely to build
ability to be repaired: up against the chosen waterproofing
system.
a) An internal Type A waterproofing barrier on
a structure of suitable strength and b) Cracking or defective construction joints
stiffness, built of concrete or masonry can provide a potential path for water
(subject to the condition of the surface) (see ingress.
Fig. 2A); c) Water ingress can occur where there is
b) A drained cavity to the walls and floor, groundwater pressure. If this is not
using a Type C cavity drain system (see consistent with the required performance
Fig. 2C). level (see Table 2),
1) consideration should be given to the form
In situations where the use of a waterproofing system
covered by this standard is either not achievable or and feasibility of remedial work; and
not cost effective, other methods may be used, if 2) if remedial work is not possible, the
they can be shown to lead to similar results. However, design should be altered.
the risks and implications of such methods should d) There are a number of risks associated with
be investigated and recorded. not carrying out planned maintenance for
structures with Type C protection, for
6.2.2 Combined Protection
example, pump failure (see 10.3).
Consideration should be given to the use of
combined protection (that is, Type A and Type B, The designer should discuss these points with the
Type A and Type C or Type B and Type C) where in a client prior to deciding on which type(s) of
single system, waterproofing protection to use. The following
should also be taken into account:
a) the assessed risks are deemed to be high
(see 5); 1) Initial capital costs compared with costs for
b) the consequences of failure to achieve the future maintenance and any necessary
required internal environment are too high; or upgrades;
c) additional vapour checks are necessary for 2) Scope for testing during installation;
a system where unacceptable water vapour 3) Risks associated with aggressive
transmission can occur. groundwater and other ground
contaminants, which might require the use
Although structures with Type B protection are
designed to be water resistant, additional of a specific protection barrier;
waterproofing systems may be applied internally or 4) Need or ability to provide heating and/or
externally to control water vapour movement, where ventilation and the consequences arising in
appropriate. An in-situ ‘liner’ wall designed to terms of water vapour.
provide Type B protection can be cast inside an
NOTE — This might call for the adoption of an
embedded retaining wall to provide combined improved grade of waterproofing protection (see
protection. In some cases, a fully bonded barrier Table 1 and 6.2.2) or active environmental control in
might also be provided between the two elements. order to manage water vapour (see Table 2).

Although structures with Type C protection are 6.2.4 Continuity of Waterproofing Protection
designed to control and manage seepage into a
structure, where this is unacceptably high the water The need for continuity in the waterproofing
resistance of the structure should be improved prior protection should also be considered when selecting
to the installation of the Type C protection, by the a type of protection. In most circumstances, the
application of either Type A or Type B protection. protection should be continuous. In certain
situations, for example, where a drained cavity is
When combining types of protection, the combined with an underslab membrane,
compatibility of the different protection types should discontinuity with respect to waterproofing can be
be assessed in order to minimize the risks and negate
acceptable subject to careful detailing and an
the need for remedial measures.
appropriate assessment of risk (see 5.1.2 and Note 2).
6.2.3 Water Table Classification and Grades of Any build up of water should be permanently
Waterproofing Protection controlled by a water management system.
When selecting a type of waterproofing protection, The proposed type of foundation and its suitability
Table 1 and Table 2 should be taken into account, in for providing continuity of waterproofing (where so
conjunction with the following: required) should be assessed.

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In existing structures, assessment of any direct or be acceptable, if there is a need to manage radon,
methane and other ground gases and contaminants
potential discontinuity should be undertaken in order
(see 6.5).
to determine the need for special waterproofing
details, for example to overcome the effects of future 6.3 Exclusion of Surface Water
movement.
Where practicable, provision should be made to
NOTES prevent or reduce percolation of rainwater into the
1 Continuity can be provided in situations where the ground.
surface or structure of the wall and foundation provides
uninterrupted positioning of the waterproofing NOTE — Burst water mains and leaky sewers can provide
measures. additional sources of surface water. These can affect
perched water tables. The drainage behind the wall needs
2 Discontinuity of waterproofing protection might not

Table 1 Use of Different Protection Types Based on Water Table Classification

(Clause 6.2.3)
Risk Associated Water Table Waterproofing Protection
with Water Classification
Table (see Note) Type A Type B Type C
Piled Wall Reinforced
Concrete Wall
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Low Low Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable

Variable Acceptable, if the Acceptable where: Acceptable Acceptable
variable a) The piled wall is directly
classification is accessible for repair and
due to surface maintenance from inside the
water. structure; or
Manufacturer’s b) The piled wall is combined
advice should be with a fully bonded
sought waterproofing barrier; or
High Acceptable where, c) The piled wall is faced Acceptable Acceptable
a) an appropriate internally with a concrete wall.
cementitious multi-
coat render or
High cementitious
coatings are used;
b) the wall is of
concrete
Measure to a) Use combined protection
reduce risk b) Incorporate appropriately designed sub-surface drainage and ensure that this is maintained
c) Use a fully bonded waterproofing barrier
d) Lower the permeability of the main structure wall
e) Use concrete with a waterproofing admixture
f) Ensure that discharge systems, for example, pumps are maintaned so that the system remains effective
NOTE — The water table classifications are defined as follows (see also 5.1.3):
a) Low — where the water table or perched water table is assessed to be permanently below the underside of the base slab.
This only applies to free drainage strata.
b) Varibale — where water table fluctuates.
c) High — where the water table or perched water table is assessed to be permanently above the underside of the base slab.
d) Ground permeability might affect risk under a low or varibale water table (see 5.1).

Table 2 Grades of Waterproofing Protection

(Clause 6.2.3)
Sl No. Grade Example of Use of Structure Performance Level
(1) (2) (3) (4)
i) 1 Car parking, plant rooms (excluding electrical Some seepage and damp areas tolerable,
equipment) depending on the intended use1)
ii) 2 Car parking, plant rooms (utilities) and No water penetration acceptable. Damp areas
workshops requiring a drier environment tolerable, ventilation might be required
(than Grade 1), storage areas
iii) 3 Ventilated residential and commercial areas, No water penetration acceptable.
including offices, restaurants, retails shops, Ventilation, dehumidification or air conditioning
leisure centres, car parking, etc necessary, appropriate to the intended use
1)
Seepage and damp areas for some forms of construction can be quantified by reference to available industry standards.
9 al /O
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IS 16471 : 2017

to be able to cope with the highest inflow rates, for Cut-off walls are formed from diaphragm walls, secant
example, the burst water main, which might not be piles or steel piles. Over the excavated wall depth
practicable in coarse grained soils.
remedial works can be carried out on leaky walls.
6.4 Sub-surface Drainage This is not feasible for the length of wall below
formation. Therefore, specified tolerances should be
Where sub-surface drainage is deemed necessary to such that there is adequate intersection between piles
lower the potential for hydrostatic pressure on the or provision of continuous water bars at diaphragm
waterproofing system and lessen the risk of water wall panel joints and particular attention should be
ingress through defects, it should be provided by given to workmanship. In interbedded soils, relief
one of the following methods: wells may be used below formation level. The cut-
a) Permeable granular fill; off wall may also be used to reduce the flow rate and
control the drawdown outside the site.
b) No-fines or hollow block work;
c) Geosynthetic drainage composite; and NOTES

d) Underslab drainage. 1 Figure 3 gives examples of the positioning of land

drains, drainage channels and sub-surface drainage.
Such provisions should be made maintainable where 2 For structures in coarse-grained soil, with variable
they are used to control the level of water in a and high water tables (see 5.1.3), the flow rates are
likely to make it impracticable to pump for the design
structure that does not in itself provide adequate life of the structure. In these cases, a hydraulic cut off
water resistance. wall into fine-grained soils is required to isolate the
ground below the base slab. This enables an underslab
Where practicable, water should be kept from drainage system to relieve the water pressure below the
prolonged contact with perimeter structure walls or base slab.
base slabs by porous or open jointed land drains, 3 For structures in fine-grained soil, with variable and
combined with a geosynthetic drainage composite high water tables (see 5.1.3), the flow rates are more
likely to make it practical to pump for the design life
installed to the full height of the earth-retaining wall of the structure. A drainage system may be provided
and laid to proper slope around the perimeter of the outside the retaining wall to control the water pressures.
structure, adjacent to the wall footing and, where An underslab drainage system may also be provided
appropriate, beneath the slab itself. below the base slab to control the water pressures

The sub-surface system should be graded to an open 6.5 Ground Gases

outlet below the level of the lowest slab, such as to The insertion of a ground barrier for the prevention
a stormwater drain protected by a pumped surcharge of radon, methane and other ground gases and
device or to a pumped sump, and can also provide a contaminants from entering a structure should be
suitable outfall for any sub-floor drainage. considered in the design, choice of the materials and
Perimeter drainage at base slab level is likely to lower installation of any waterproofing system.
the groundwater table to a degree that varies with 7 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION ISSUES
the permeability of the subsoil and the possible
consequences of this (such as permanent lowering 7.1 Site De-watering
of the water table in the surrounding area) should be
Where appropriate, the site should be de-watered at
taken into account. Any existing system of land
least until such time as the below ground structure
drains should be tested, checked and only retained
and waterproofing is completed (see 6.4 regarding
if both appropriate and maintainable. Any local
the effects of dewatering on nearby structures). On
diversions necessary should retain the existing
open sites, where any adjacent structures are
geometry so far as practicable with new and easily
sufficiently remote to be unaffected by groundwater
maintainable pipework.
lowering, de-watering or pumping from carefully
Care should be taken so that no damage is caused in arranged sumps with appropriate drainage channels
nearby structures. should be continuous while the laying of any
waterproofing barrier materials is in progress and until
Where deep structures are contemplated in built up all loading coats have hardened and the structure
areas, groundwater lowering should not be has developed sufficient strength to resist the full
undertaken without careful investigation in water pressure.
conjunction with a groundwater specialist (see 4.2).
Perimeter walls providing a cut off into an impervious 7.2 Structural Elements
layer or stabilization of granular subsoils by grout
Forms of construction to receive below ground
injection or similar alternative treatments may be
waterproofing protection may include the following:
considered instead.

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3A CONSTRUCTION WITHOUT A TOE

3B CONSTRUCTION WITH A TOE

Key
1 Maintainable land drain (see 6.4) not to be positioned closer than a line of 45o from the underside of the
slab/blinding or with an invert above the upper surface of the floor slab
2 Measures to control water vapour might be necessary where the invert of the land drain is above the
underside of the floor slab
3 Incorrect position of land drain, which can cause hydrostatic pressure on barrier leading to water ingress,
if defects are present
4 Subsoil drainage layer, where appropriate (see 6.4)
5 Structural wall slab and foundation slab

FIG. 3 SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGE POSITIONING

a) Walls-constructed from, c) Roof, where applicable-constructed from

1) masonry (plain or reinforced brick or reinforced in-situ concrete, precast concrete
block); with an in-situ topping, or a steel composite
slab, as appropriate.
2) precast concrete;
3) in-situ concrete, either cast in form NOTES
(plain, reinforced or prestressed) or 1 For structures cast entirely below ground, or where
embedded walls; or the substructure extends beyond the superstructure, the
roof slab requires protection against water ingress (see
4) steel or concrete piles in embedded walls. 6.2.1).
b) Base-slab constructed from concrete cast 2 Further guidance on construction methods for each
type of waterproofing protection is given in 8 , 9
in-situ, plain or reinforced, raft or other form.
and 10.

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8 TYPE A (BARRIER) PROTECTION capable of providing the appropriate protection

against water and water vapour without disruption
8.1 Structural Aspects or decay.
Structures using Type A protection are normally Although some barrier materials accept local strains
constructed of concrete or masonry. Deeper and can accommodate a crack opening in the
structures are of concrete construction. Steel can supporting structure, it should be noted that others
also form part of the construction as temporary sheet might be damaged by differential movement or
piling. Consideration might be given to employing cracking (see Fig. 4).
the sheet pile wall as an element of the waterproofing
system (see 9). Schematic illustrations of Type A Care should be taken so that a load-bearing substrate
protection are given in Fig. 2A. is capable of supporting the barrier material, even
under sustained water pressure, particularly around
8.1.1 General openings or service penetrations. A levelling or
Barrier protection design should be based on an smoothing layer should be applied to masonry
evaluation of, structures, as required.

a) the nature of the substrate(s); Remedial measures to fill significant voids or

openings should be undertaken as the effect of
b) the likely overall and local movements that
sustained water pressure forcing the barrier material
might cause distress in the waterproofing
into them might create a risk of failure.
barrier;
c) the ability of the barrier system to NOTE — There are two issues in regard to the possible
influence of cracks on barrier performance. One relates
accommodate these movements; to cracks pre-existing at the time of application and
d) the essential characteristics of the the ability of the selected system to initially bridge the
crack. Decisions based on the specific properties of
waterproofing system, for example, bonded/ the barrier material would be needed before deciding
unbonded, pre-applied/post-applied, liquid- whether any such cracks require pre-treatment. The
applied or pre-formed; second issue is the ability of the selected system to
accommodate cracks that might form after application.
e) the need for external or internal application;
and 8.1.3 Continuity of Waterproofing Barrier
f) the effects of environmental contaminants. The waterproofing barrier should, in most instances,
8.1.2 Differential Movement and Cracking be continuous around the structure (see 6.2.4). In
order to maintain the continuity of the barrier,
Barrier-specific properties should also be evaluated, penetrations through walls or floors that are to be
allowing for any predicted cracking from the protected (for example openings for services, pipes,
structure. The waterproofing barrier should be cables) should be avoided, wherever possible. Where

4A REINFORCED (in-situ CONCRETE/ 4B UNREINFORCED OR NOMINALLY REINFORCED

MASONRY WALL) (in-situ CONCRETE/MASONRY WALL)

Key
1 Stress and crack width reduced by reinforcement
2 Likely to be compatible with most waterproofing barriers
3 Stress and crack width increased by lack of reinforcement
4 Might exceed strain capacity of some water proofing barriers, if wall cracks

FIG. 4 EFFECT OF STRUCTURE ON APPLIED WATERPROOFING BARRIER

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it is essential to provide such openings, special should be installed strictly in accordance with the
treatment around the penetration should be provided manufacturer’s instructions, including any
and reference should be made to the manufacturer’s recommendations regarding,
instructions and specialist advice. Similarly, where
fixings through the barrier are necessary, the 1) protection from damage, following application
manufacturer’s instructions should be followed. and curing, where the barrier is applied
Movement joints below ground should not be used externally;
unless unavoidable; in such cases these should be 2) penetrations through the barrier;
waterproofed based on structural design 3) fixings, where these are necessary; and
requirements and in consultation with the
4) application over joints in the substrate.
manufacturer’s instructions.
8.2.2 Bonded Sheet Membranes
Where a waterproofing barrier is required for a
structure supported on piled foundations, special Bonded sheet membranes may be pre- or post-applied
consideration should be given to the detailing so to the structure. Pre-applied membranes are initially
that structural continuity is not compromised (see attached to enabling works in a reverse
Fig. 5) and reference should be made to the waterproofing application; they subsequently
manufacturer’s instructions. become bonded to poured concrete walls and slabs
using synthetic adhesive layers.
8.2 Waterproofing Barrier Materials
8.2.2.1 General
8.2.1 General
A bonded sheet membrane should be firmly
The waterproofing barrier used to provide Type A
supported by a load bearing structure so that external
protection should be installed in one of the following
ground and water pressures are adequately resisted.
locations, depending on the material(s) from which
it is formed: It is important that the sub-structure provides a
satisfactory base on which to apply the membrane,
a) On the exterior face of walls or slabs
and therefore concrete should be free from ridges
(external waterproofing);
and indentions and finished to a true and even
b) On some external source of support (reverse surface, preferably with a wood float finish. Brickwork
waterproofing); and block work should have flush joints. In all cases
c) Within the structure (sandwiched the manufacturer’s instructions shall be closely
waterproofing); and followed regarding, substrate preparation, detailing
d) On the interior face of perimeter walls and lap sealing.
(internal waterproofing).
For hot applied materials, care needs to be taken to
Table 3 should be considered when selecting the ensure the adhesive is melted for the whole area to
appropriate waterproofing barrier for use. All barriers avoid only partial bonding of the membrane and

Key
1 Floor slab
2 Pile cap, as appropriate
3 Pile
4 Pile reinforcement
5 Slab/pile/pile cap to have integral protection and/or added internal or external membrane
(catering for reinforcement, see 8.1.3)

FIG. 5 PILE TO FLOOR SLAB JUNCTION

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Table 3 Categories of Barrier Materials

(Clause 8.2.1)
Sl No. Type of Barrier Description Application 1)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
i) Bonded sheet membranes a) Pre-applied composite sheet Applied before concreting of structural
(see 8.2.2) membranes comprising thermoplastic slabs and confined walls. Can be applied
polyolefin (HDPE and LDPE based externally or sandwiched
carrier film), synthetic adhesives and
protective layer that bond to concrete
poured against them
b) Synthetic or bitumen based sheet Can be applied externally or sandwiched.
membrane can be either, Does not provide bonded membrane
1) flexible, cold applied (self protection below slabs
adhesive); or
2) hot applied (torch-on or bonded
using a hot melt bitumen adhesive
or cold bitumen adhesive) generally
applied in multiple layers
ii) Unbonded sheet membranes Flexible, synthetic sheet co-extruded Can be applied externally or sandwiched.
(see 8.2.3) membranes generally made of plasticized Requires separation layers and protection
PVC with a signal layer in case of damage screed below slab
iii) Liquid applied membranes There are many types of liquid applied Can be applied externally or sandwiched
(see 8.2.4) membranes, which included one or two
part systems
iv) Geosynthetic clay liners These comprise bentonite with a single Can be applied externally or
(see 8.2.5) or dual carrier material, typically of sandwiched.Vulnerable to wet/dry cycling
Geotextile or HDPE and must remain confined to be
There are two principal forms: dry watertight
bentonite and pre-hydrated bentonite
v) Cementitious crystallization These are applied as coating to surface Can be applied internally or externally
slurries and powders of concrete walls and slabs or a solution
(see 8.2.6) or powder added to concrete
vi) Cementitious multi coat These are generally applied in multicoats Can be applied internally or externally
renders, topping and coatings or slurries and are resistant to liquid water
(see 8.2.7) but allow some water vapour penetration
1)
see Figs. 2 and 6.

associated risks of water tracking (see Fig. 6). Cold 8.2.2.2 Horizontal applications
applied materials are increasingly preferred due to
ease of installation and to avoid the high risk of fire Membrane applications below foundations slabs are
and injury. all effectively reverse waterproofing applications and
should therefore use only a pre-applied bonded

6A REINFORCED (in-situ CONCRETE/ 6B UNREINFORCED OR NOMINALLY REINFORCED

MASONRY) WALL (in-situ CONCRETE/MASONRY) WALL

Key

1 Bonded barrier preventing water from tracking from a defect in the membrane to a
crack/joint in the supporting concrete wall
2 Partially bonded or unbonded barrier allowing water to track from a defect
3 Defect in barrier
NOTE — If the defect is coincident with a crack, the crack can be repaired with crack injection.
FIG. 6 EFFECT OF BONDED AND UNBONDED BARRIERS
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membrane slab (see Fig. 6B). Protective screeds, specialist equipment to provide a double seam weld
fabrics or boards should be avoided as they act as a that allows pressure testing of joints. The pressure
de-bonding layer between the membrane and testing is to check the integrity of the welds for
structural concrete and provide a path for water watertightness and strength and must be completed
migration. before subsequent layers are applied.
8.2.2.3 Vertical applications (pre-applied) 8.2.3.5 Compartmenting
For protection of walls on confined sites against To prevent water tracking as described in Fig. 6,
temporary works or piled walls, a pre-applied unbonded membranes require a compartmenting
membrane that subsequently becomes bonded to the system to enable the membrane to be divided into
poured concrete should be mechanically fixed to the sectors and limit the free movement of water ingress
vertical substrate to provide a fully bonded around the structure. This is achieved using
application. waterstops profiles of the same material double
welded to the waterproof layer. These welds should
8.2.2.4 Vertical applications (post-applied) also be pressure tested for integrity. Future repair
operations can be carried out by injection of water
For walls with external working space that allows the
reactive resins. For these repairs to be effective and
waterproofing to be applied after the concrete wall is
the source of leaks readily identified, compartment
poured, post-applied self adhesive membranes shall
sizes should be limited to no more than 150 m2.
be used. Walls shall be prepared in accordance with
membrane manufacturer’s instructions. Careful 8.2.4 Liquid Applied Membranes
attention needs to be paid to the compatibility and
sealing of the junction between the exposed external 8.2.4.1 General
face of the pre-applied slab membrane and the Details on the preparation of the substrate,
post-applied membrane. application rate, method and curing requirements
8.2.3 Unbonded Sheet Membranes should be sought from the manufacturer. Liquid
membrane (see IS 12027) performance is dependent
8.2.3.1 General on the applied thickness and correct mixing of
components. Particular attention should therefore be
As the membrane is unbonded utmost care should paid to site quality control of mixing and application,
be taken to avoid any damage. All substrates should both wet and dry film thicknesses to avoid thin
be as smooth as possible, free from debris, and other patches and unmixed material.
irregularities that may puncture the waterproofing
layers. 8.2.4.2 Sandwich applications

8.2.3.2 Horizontal applications When applied to the internal face of the structure,
the membrane might need to be restrained against
The membrane is loosely laid sandwiched between the effects of water pressure; in such cases, the
layers of geotextile; the first layer is an adjustment restraining element should be firm against the applied
layer to compensate for surface irregularities, the liquid membrane. Suitable protection to the
second is a separation layer from subsequent membrane should be provided. Specialist literature
minimum 50 mm screed protection. The engineer may be referred for detailed information.
should note that on piled foundations, the unbonded
8.2.5 Geosynthetic Clay Liners
membrane is separated from the structure and will
fall away in case of ground settlement leaving the Bentonite is a natural clay mineral, which has the
membrane unsupported against water pressure. capacity to expand when in contact with water
forming a barrier to the transmission of water and
8.2.3.3 Vertical applications other liquids. Bentonite is held between two
For walls the same sandwich layers are required. The geosynthetic layers. The bentonite forms an
membrane must be attached to the walls using impervious seal providing it remains hydrated and
mechanical fixings recommended by the manufacturer fully confined. The geosynthetic layers attach to the
to which the membrane can be spot welded. Protection poured concrete.
to be provided by boards or masonry walls. Geosynthetic clay liners are available in two forms.
Dry bentonite liners rely on activation taking place
8.2.3.4 Lap seam welding
on site from the absorption of the groundwater once
For all applications, watertightness of unbonded installed. Pre-hydrated bentonite liners are
membranes relies totally on lap seam welding. manufactured by vacuum extrusion and do not need
Adjacent membranes are joined together using to be hydrated on site.

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8.2.5.1 General concrete structure by brush or spray. They are

suitable for use on both new and existing structures,
Bentonite-based waterproofing should only be used and do not require a loading coat.
where the liner remains confined between two
surfaces. For this reason, bentonite membranes are Surfaces should be prepared (in accordance with the
generally not suitable for use below slabs where manufacturer’s instructions) so as to have a capillary
ground settlement is likely, for example on piled open structure prior to the application of the barrier.
foundations. NOTE — A capillary open structure refers to the
intrinsic fine capillary tracts (pore structures) of a
NOTE — The materials are suitable for new-build and
concrete matrix.
refurbishment applications.
8.2.6.2 Horizontal applications
8.2.5.2 Horizontal applications
Cementitious crystallization barriers can be applied
Geosynthetic clay liners can be laid onto compacted
as single coat slurry to hardened concrete or dry
sub-base or blinding concrete. The surface can be
sprinkle and trowel-applied to fresh concrete. They
damp, but the liner should not be laid into standing
can also be applied to concrete blinding immediately
water and should be protected from wet weather to
prior to the placing of overlaying concrete.
avoid premature hydration. Prematurely hydrated
material should be replaced prior to concreting. The 8.2.6.3 Vertical applications
manufacturer’s advice should be sought on surface
The barrier should be applied in a two-coat
preparation requirements.
application to all vertical surfaces. Vertical surfaces
The manufacturer should also be consulted regarding should be prepared in accordance with the
the continuity of the horizontal liner with the vertical manufacturer’s instructions.
liner as different options exist depending on the type
NOTE — The rate and final depth of the crystals
of vertical application, that is pre-applied (see 8.2.5.3) growing into the capillary channels depend on the
or post-applied (see 8.2.5.4). concentration of active elements in the product, the
concrete quality, the presence of free lime, temperature
8.2.5.3 Vertical applications (pre-applied) and humidity. All these are variable factors and change
over the life of the concrete particularly as free lime is
When pre-applied, the liner should be fixed to no longer available.
formwork or to secant, contiguous or steel piles or
diaphragm walls and the concrete should be poured 8.2.7 Cementitious Multi-coat Renders Mortars
directly, confining the liner. and Coatings

8.2.5.4 Vertical applications (post-applied) The installation of cementitious multi-coat renders

mortars and coatings should, unless otherwise
When post-applied, the liner should be nailed to the advised by the manufacturer, be left until as much as
reinforced concrete structure. Minimal substrate practicable of the structure’s dead load has been
preparation is required. As the waterproofing applied. The substrate should be prepared in
performance relies on full confinement for the life of accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions prior
the structure, as soon as possible after the vertical to the application of the system.
bentonite sheeting has been applied to the walls,
backfilling should take place in accordance with the Details on the application method and rate, mixing,
manufacturer’s instructions and to avoid the risk of number of layers/coats and curing requirements
premature hydration. should be sought from the manufacturer.

8.2.6 Cementitious Crystallization Slurries and Existing substrates and structural elements should
Powders be assessed for suitability to withstand any increase
in applied loads from water pressure. Specialist
Cementitious crystallization barriers are blends of literature may be referred for detailed information.
Portland cement, treated quartz sands and active
chemicals. They are supplied in powder form and are 9 TYPE B (STRUCTURALLY INTEGRAL)
mixed with water to form slurry, which is then applied PROTECTIONS
directly to the prepared concrete surface. The active 9.1 General
chemicals combine with free lime and moisture
present in the capillary tracts to form insoluble Concrete structures containing a waterproof
crystalline complexes which prevent water ingress. admixture should be considered as having a lower
degree of water/vapour transmission when the design
8.2.6.1 General of the concrete mix and casting of the structure is
Cementitious crystallization barriers should be adequately supervised and the admixture is assessed
applied to either internal or external surfaces of the and certified (see 9.2.1.3). Service entries are

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IS 16471 : 2017

particularly vulnerable to water penetration; where 9.2.1.2 Reinforced and prestressed concrete (in-
they cannot be avoided, they should be carefully situ or precast)
detailed, incorporating sealing, to minimize the risk
of water ingress. Structures in reinforced or prestressed concrete
should be designed and constructed in accordance
NOTE — For water and water vapour resistance,
with IS 456 and IS 1343.
Type B protection relies upon the design and the
materials incorporated into the external shell of the
9.2.1.3 Concrete containing waterproofing
structure itself. Schematic illustrations of Type B
protection are given in Fig. 2B. admixtures

9.2 Materials for Structurally Integral Protection Manufacturers should be consulted as to the
performance of a specific waterproofing admixture
9.2.1 Concrete in reducing the risk of water penetration through a
9.2.1.1 General crack, possibly under considerable hydrostatic
pressure. Potential seepage locations, such as
The following factors are considered as being of penetrations and joints, would typically be addressed
particular importance in achieving a water-resistant by design (for example waterstops; see 9.2.1.4).
concrete structure and thus should be taken into
account, Waterproofing admixtures should be used in
conjunction with other waterproofing components
a) the design of the structure (general and supplied by the same manufacturer, for example,
detailed), and the specification of materials; waterstops, sealants.
b) the quality of workmanship in preparing and
NOTE – There is a range of products, generally
placing concrete; categorized as waterproofing admixtures, which seek
c) curing; different ways to increase the inherent resistance of
concrete to water and water vapour. As the mechanisms
d) site organization; used by each product to achieve these aims are quite
diverse, it is not possible in this standard to give specific
e) the condition of the formation, that is the
guidance on their use.
formation should be clean with no running
water; 9.2.1.4 Waterstops
f) material storage; and The principal types of waterstops can be classified
g) the close-fitting of formwork, the fixing of as following:
reinforcement(s) and the preparation of joints.
a) Passive sections:
Crack widths in concrete should be controlled by 1) Rubber or flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
using the appropriate design, mix specification, extruded profiles cast into the concrete on
detailing, construction supervision and curing both sides of the joint, either at the concrete
(especially in relation to temperature). surface or mid-depth of the concrete section,
The effects of residual moisture ingress (water or to form a physical obstruction to water
water vapour) may be minimized by the provision of transmission; and
appropriate internal environmental design and 2) Steel strips placed mid-depth of the concrete
control mechanisms. section to form a physical obstruction to water
transmission.
When selecting applied internal finishes, advice
should be sought from the manufacturer. Moisture b) Active or hydrophilic strips:
content and relative humidity should also be
1) Preformed profiles of materials or sealant
considered.
composition applied to the concrete joint at
NOTE — Reinforced concrete structures may be designed depth in the section. The materials swell or
and detailed specifically to minimize water ingress with give rise to crystal growth on contact with
no additional protective measures. Concretes meeting
water providing an enhanced obstruction.
minimum design requirements for structural use and
durability in the ground, and properly placed and They can be used as a sole material or in a
compacted, are likely to have good resistance to the composite product with passive waterstop
transmission of water in liquid form. A degree of sections; and
resistance to water vapour transmission is also achieved
dependent on section thickness. The pattern of any 2) Post-injected systems.
seepage encountered is often associated with poor joints,
cracks or other discontinuities such as service c) Permeable hose or other sections that are fixed
penetrations. to the construction joint surface before casting

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IS 16471 : 2017

the second pour, to facilitate the injection of a should be viewed as a three-dimensional

specialised sealing resin into the joint, when arrangement (see also 4.3.1), such that all potential
required. water paths can be identified and detailed. The joint
should be carefully detailed and waterstops should
Waterstops should be used to provide enhanced be attached to, and follow, the profile of the wall in
resistance to water transmission at joints in the accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
concrete structure, for example, at construction or
day-work joints, services or other penetrations (see NOTES
Fig. 2). The positioning of the waterstop(s) (external 1 Embedded retaining walls provide a degree of integral
and/or internal) should be appropriate for the method protection, although the number of joints and difficulties
of construction and the level of risk. Particular controlling their construction can lead to a risk of a
greater quantity of water penetration, compared with a
attention should be given to the use of waterstops cast in form wall, and this needs to be allowed for in the
at movement joints (see 8.1.3). overall design strategy.
2 Grouting tubes may also be installed within a clean
The specifier should be satisfied that waterstops flush joint so that remedial grouting can be undertaken,
have been tested and certified for the application, if necessary. Attempts to install grout tubes that
service conditions and groundwater chemistry maintain intimate contact with convoluted joints might
proposed. be unsuccessful; in this situation, a hydrophilic strip
bonded to the joint with adhesive might be more suitable
Where centre-bulb waterstops are used, robust (see also 11).
methods of fixing should be used to keep the
components in place during concreting operations. 9.3.2 Concrete Retaining Walls
Correct orientation should be provided to facilitate Piled and diaphragm retaining walls should conform
adequate compaction of the concrete around any to the general requirements.
internal components and to avoid creating paths for
subsequent water ingress. Where secant pile retaining walls are used, specialist
advice should be obtained as to the appropriate
9.2.2 Steel system and construction method for the project.
Steel piles in either sheet (see IS 2314) or tubular NOTES
form may be used as the permanent structural wall in 1 The water penetration through well-formed walls
cases where the pile clutch interlock system between using these techniques is normally limited to, and
individual sections can be adequately sealed. Soldier controlled by, the vertical joints rather than the flow
through the concrete elements and there is thus little
piles formed from H or I sections may also be used
benefit in designing concrete piled and diaphragm walls
with suitable lagging. Steel structures should be in accordance with the higher tightness classes specified.
designed and constructed in accordance with IS 800. 2 The joints between diaphragm wall panels can be
enhanced by the incorporation of water bars, where the
9.3 Embedded Retaining Walls performance requirements justify it. Such water bars
can be effective at restricting water ingress via
9.3.1 General transverse flow through the wall section but further
attention might be necessary to deal with water flowing
Construction for deep structures may be either top up the wall joints inboard of the water bar location.
down or bottom up, or a combination thereof. The
construction method should, as dictated by the 9.3.3 Steel Retaining Walls
ground conditions and site constraints (including
The performance level of water tightness should be
the proximity of buildings on adjacent sites),
specified. This may be achieved by the application
determine the use and type of embedded piled walls,
of an appropriate sealing system(s) to the clutch
which may be of concrete or steel pile, or diaphragm
interlocks, using one of the following systems:
walls.
a) Active (hydrophilic) systems, pre-applied
For all types of embedded retaining wall, the
or, if essential, applied under shelter and
requirements for water resistance should be clearly
tightly controlled conditions on site; or
specified. In particular, the acceptability of running
or dripping water (seepage) and the extent to which b) Passive (hot-installed bituminous product)
any damp areas are tolerable should be considered systems; or
and specified, as appropriate for the required grade c) Welded clutches.
of waterproofing protection (see 6.2.3).
The system selected should be able to provide the
For all embedded retaining walls, whether concrete specified performance and be consistent with the
or steel, the joint between the base slab and the wall method of installing the piles. The manufacturer’s
should be precisely detailed to achieve structural instructions should be followed to achieve the
continuity consistent with the design. This junction necessary resistance to seepage.

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IS 16471 : 2017

For integral protection, sheet pile interlocks should capacity of the system. Water entering a drained
be welded or sealed with a hydrophilic material. cavity system is regulated by the structure, so
defects that might result in unacceptable leaks should
Sealing welds along the interlock should be capable be remedied before the system is installed.
of accommodating any movement that might take
place. The welding process should be selected to 10.2 Cavity Drain Systems
suit the environment to which the welds are exposed NOTE — Cavity drain systems do not change the
and the site conditions in which welding occurs. loadings due to water on an existing structure, other
than where remedial measures are taken to control water
The connection to the base slab should cater for ingress.
any uplift forces in addition to providing a robust
barrier to water ingress. Horizontal sealants should 10.2.1 Cavity Drain Systems with Membranes
be provided at the junction between the base slab 10.2.1.1 Cavity drain membranes
and the perimeter wall using active or passive
methods. Cavity drain membranes should be used in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. In
Where possible, sheet piles should be shop-welded particular, the stud height or profile of the membrane
and subsequently driven in sets of two or three, thus should be selected in conjunction with the
reducing the extent of site welding required. If manufacturer’s data and after considering the
welding is undertaken on site, only the exposed length external hydrostatic pressure, the porosity of the
of the sheet piles is treated. Appropriate working structure and the predicted rates of water ingress
conditions need to be provided and the piles should though the structure’s external fabric. Cavity drain
be driven within acceptable deviations to form the membranes can be used on surfaces that have been
joint. contaminated with impurities. However, in these
situations, consultation should be undertaken with
NOTES
the local environmental agency regarding discharge
1 In some instances, welded clutches might be used in from the system.
addition to the systems specified in 9.3.3 (a) and (b).
2 Steel sheet pile interlocks can be seal-welded after Before a cavity drain membrane is laid or fitted on
installation to provide watertight structural walls. walls and floors constructed of new concrete, the
3 Failure to prepare the surfaces appropriately increases concrete surface should be treated to reduce the risk
the risk of porosity in the welds, with reduction in the of leaching of free lime or mineral salts and to avoid
degree of water resistance over time.
the obstruction of the drainage system.
10 TYPE C (DRAINED) PROTECTION
NOTE — Where cavity drain membranes are used, the
membrane forms a permanent cavity between the
Type C waterproofing protection manages water that
external elements of the structure and the internal wall/
penetrates the external shell of a structure, by floor finishes. Such cavities vary in width, depending
collecting it in a cavity formed between the external on the stud height or profile of the membrane, but are
wall and an internal lining/wall. There is permanent usually up to 20 mm.
reliance on this cavity to collect groundwater 10.2.1.2 Floor cavities
seepage and direct it to a suitable discharge point,
for example, drains or a sump for removal by gravity Where the floor cavity incorporates perimeter
drainage or mechanical pumping. channels that discharge into a sump(s), both the
channels and the sump(s) should be cleaned before,
New construction generally incorporates a cavity during and after installation of the membrane to allow
drain membrane. However, the use of other products uninterrupted drainage (see also 10.3). Before the
and techniques, such as drained voids constructed cavity drain membrane is laid,
in masonry, can also be considered. Traditionally,
the cavity in floor construction has been formed by a) the floor should be flood tested to confirm
the use of either no-fines concrete or ceramic tile that all water runs freely to the points of
systems. These are rarely used in new construction, collection; and
but might be encountered when refurbishing existing b) the base slab should be cleaned to remove
structures (see 5.2.3). Schematic illustrations of all debris that might cause blockages.
Type C protection are given in Fig. 2C. Sections of the membrane(s) laid across the floor
10.1 Structural Aspects should be jointed and sealed. Once laid, the
membrane should be protected against damage
The outer leaf of the exterior wall should be capable caused by following trades. The membrane should
of controlling the quantity of water that can pass be inspected for damage and any defects should be
through it, in order not to exceed the drainage remedied before floor finishes are applied.

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IS 16471 : 2017

NOTE — The cavity drain membrane may be covered circumstances, such as where there is a potential for
with a variety of floor finishes depending on the design radon, methane or other ground gases and contaminants
requirements of the structure.
to be present. In these circumstances, specialist advice
10.2.1.3 Wall cavities should be sought during the design phase.
The wall cavity should be constructed so that it 10.3 Maintenance and Commissioning
remains free draining at all times.
10.3.1 Design
Where the wall cavity incorporates perimeter
In order to maximize the long-term integrity and
channels that work in conjunction with a drained floor
effectiveness of a waterproofing system
cavity, the drainage, which is common to walls and
incorporating Type C protection, the waterproofing
floors, should conform to 10.2.1.2.
system should be designed to be maintainable.
Before the cavity drain membrane is fitted, in Access points that allow routine maintenance of
situations where the cavity is to be constructed or channels and outlets should be incorporated into
installed over existing walls, all wall coverings that the design of the waterproofing system.
might decay, or become loose or friable, should be 10.3.2 Installation and Inspection
removed.
Immediately after the installation of a cavity drain
NOTES
system, drainage channels and sumps should be
1 If they are not removed, such wall coverings can
cause the blockage of the cavity or drainage channels
cleared out and tested. Pumping devices should be
and impede free drainage. Sections of the membrane(s) checked, tested and fully commissioned in
fitted to the walls should be jointed and sealed ensuring accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
adequate laps.
2 The cavity drain membrane may be covered with a The servicing requirements for the waterproofing
variety of wall finishes dependent on the design system should be clearly set out in the
requirements of the structure. documentation supplied by the designer to the client,
10.2.2 Cavity Drain Systems Without Membranes including the need for regular planned maintenance
of the drainage and/or pumping systems not less
Where a drained cavity is formed by a masonry cavity than once a year. The client should be informed that
wall, the inner leaf should be either built off a any failure to adhere to the maintenance schedule
concrete upstand, constructed integrally with the could result in a failure of the waterproofing system.
slab, or built of engineering bricks to a minimum of
NOTE — In circumstances where pumps are running
150 mm above channel level. Materials should be for long periods of time, or where the system is subject
selected which are appropriate to the environment to silting or the deposition of free lime, more frequent
on both faces. Where the cavity is constructed servicing might be necessary.
against an embedded retaining wall, allowance
should be made for the permitted construction 11 REMEDIAL MEASURES
tolerances, in order to maintain the necessary 11.1 General
channel width. Care should be taken during
construction to keep the cavity clear of debris and Before any remedial action is taken, defects should
mortar droppings. be diagnosed to determine the cause and extent of
failure. The correct diagnosis of the fault is of vital
In order to allow free drainage from the channel and importance, to establish whether faults exist with the
access for maintenance, it is recommended that this system as a whole, or whether faults are localized
channel is laid nominally level but with adequate (see also 5.2). Where remedial work is required, the
access points for maintenance through the inner leaf following measures should be considered:
of the cavity wall. Where possible, the drainage
channel should be formed within the depth of the a) Installation of a tanking system or a drained
slab. Where this cannot be achieved, the detailing cavity;
should be such that water cannot migrate from the b) Installation of external drainage; or
cavity across the slab.
c) localized works to the fabric of the structure,
A drained cavity to the roof should be considered such as,
either as part of the base construction or, where 1) pressure or vacuum grouting (see 11.2);
necessary, as part of the remedial measures.
2) crack sealing with resin or cementitious
10.2.3 Cavity Ventilation mortar (see 11.3);
3) crack filling by pressure or vacuum
It is not usually advisable to ventilate the cavity;
injection (see 11.4); and
however, it might be necessary in certain

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IS 16471 : 2017

4) replacement of locally defective material Holes should be drilled through the walls and floor
(see 11.5). of the structure adjacent to the defect (sometimes
inclined to intersect seepage paths) and the pressure
These should be considered irrespective of whether or vacuum grout should be driven into the material
planned remedial treatment has been included as a behind to gel and seal the leak. As grout selection
contingency measure in new construction or for and application are specialized techniques, advice
maintaining or improving the internal environment should be sought from manufacturers and
of an existing structure. experienced applicators prior to use.
If the location of a defect in an existing external Care should be taken when grouting larger areas to
membrane can be established, it is possible in some avoid blocking any external drainage systems.
instances, where access is not a problem, to expose
the membrane and carry out repairs by excavating NOTE — Often more than one phase of grouting is
locally, adjacent to the walls of the structure. needed as the seepage might be moved to defects
elsewhere in the structure or higher up in the walls.
Where the internal membrane is fully bonded to the 11.3 Crack Sealing with Resin or Cementitious
substrate, the defect is generally located at the Mortar
position where dampness or seepage occurs. Once
the internal finish has been removed to reveal the Where structural continuity is not required and there
defect, the membrane can be locally repaired using is no hydrostatic pressure against the adhesion of
compatible materials. the repair, cement grout, neat cement grout or low
viscosity latex emulsion should be brushed into
Where the internal membrane is only partially bonded cracks and porous areas to seal them against water
to the substrate, the defect might be more difficult to ingress. Suitable materials include,
locate. Even if the defect can be found, further
migration to other defects can follow. In such cases, a) cementitious slurry;
consideration needs to be given to removing and b) cement/silica-fume slurry;
replacing the entire membrane with a new bonded c) polymer-modified cementitious slurry;
system.
d) polymer resin;
Locating defects in a sandwich system can be e) cementitious crystallization systems; and
particularly problematic and localized repair is seldom f) epoxide putty.
viable. Where access is not feasible, grouting in
accordance with 11.2 and 11.4 ought to be 11.4 Crack Filling by Pressure or Vacuum Injection
considered.
Pressure or vacuum injection can be used to fill and
NOTE – There are many causes of seepage in new and seal cracks and joints, particularly at kickers where a
existing structures, principally poor design and/or waterstop has become displaced and cutting out and
specification, defective materials, defective
workmanship, deterioration of the structure, or a
replacement is not practical.
change in the external environment (for example, rising
groundwater or locally leaking sewers or water mains).
The selection of grout systems should take into
Adjacent construction works can also affect the pattern account,
of groundwater flow and surface water run-off. A number
of these factors can also combine to cause problems. a) the likelihood of structural movement;
b) the nature and size of the defect;
11.2 Pressure or Vacuum Grouting
c) the moisture content of the substrate;
Grouting to cut off seepage might repair isolated defects. d) the temperature of the structure; and
However, it should be noted that, where a large number
e) the injection method to be used.
of defects occur, it is more effective to prevent water
ingress by other methods. There are a number of grouting Where the wall or floor is expected to remain damp, a
materials available for use based on, water-tolerant grout should be used. Suitable
materials include,
a) cement;
b) bentonite; 1) epoxy resin;
c) chemical (example, acrylic); 2) polyurethane resin;
d) resin (example, epoxide, polyester and non- 3) acrylic resin;
expansive polyurethane); 4) polyester resin;
e) expansive polyurethane; and 5) styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and acrylic
emulsions; and
f) modified rubber latex.
6) polymer-modified cementitious grouts.

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IS 16471 : 2017

NOTES NOTES
1 Porous areas of concrete can sometimes be injected 1 Where a relatively small number of well-separated
successfully, but severe honeycombing might require defects in the walls or floors result in seepage (for
the defect to be cut out and replaced. example, poorly compacted concrete), adequate repairs
2 Injection techniques have been used to seal very fine can be achieved by cutting out and replacing the
cracks. defective area. Achieving a water-resistant joint
between the substrate concrete and the repair material
11.5 Replacement of Locally Defective Material is the most critical feature of this method. The
installation of temporary drainage points, in the area
The properties of the repair material should be to be repaired, might be necessary in some situations to
control the seepage. However, some repair materials
selected to match the substrate as closely as
are formulated for application where running water is
possible, particularly the shrinkage and thermal present.
behaviour. Specialist advice should be obtained to 2 Surface preparation and the compatibility of the
select the most suitable concrete repair system and physical and chemical properties of the repair material
to specify the required performance of the material are important. Many types of repair materials are
available, including,
to suit the size, depth and location of the area to be
repaired. a) concrete compatible with that used in the
original construction;
Where proprietary mortars or concretes are used, b) polymer-modified cementitious mortars and
they should be applied in accordance with the concrete;
manufacturer’s instructions, and any repair should c) polymer-based mortars; and
be undertaken by experienced contractors. d) sprayed concrete.

ANNEX A
(Clause 2)
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS
IS No. Title
456 : 2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (fourth revision)
800 : 2007 Code of practice for general construction in steel (third revision)
1343 : 2012 Code of practice for prestressed concrete (second revision)
2314 : 1986 Specification for steel sheet piling sections (first revision)
4911 : 1986 Glossary of terms relating to bituminous waterproofing and damp-proofing of buildings
(first revision)
6461 (Part 7) : 1973 Glossary of terms relating to cement concrete: Part 7 Mixing, laying, compaction,
curing and other construction aspects
12027 : 1987 Specification for silicone-based water repellents
15883 (Part 1) : 2009 Guidelines for construction project management: Part 1 General

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IS 16471 : 2017

ANNEX B
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Water Proofing and Damp-Proofing Sectional Committee, CED 41

Organization Representative(s)

In Personal Capacity (48-B, Pocket B, Gangotri Enclave, S HRI S. P. B ANWAIT

Alaknanda, New Delhi 110 019)
BASF Construction Chemicals (I) Private Limited, Mumbai S HRI U PEN PATEL
SHRI P RAMOD P ATIL (Alternate)
Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council, S HRI J. K. P RASAD
New Delhi SHRI A. K. TIWARI (Alternate)
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee S HRI S. P. AGARWAL
DR S UKHDEO R. K ARADE (Alternate)
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi S HRI A. K. SHARMA
SHRI S. P. C HOUDHARY (Alternate)
Construction Chemicals Manufacturers’ Association, Mumbai S HRI M. A. W AHEED
SHRI G ANGADHARAN M ANARI (Alternate)
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi S HRI J. K. BHAGCHANDANI
MS J YOTSNA S HRIDHAR (Alternate)
Forsoc Chemicals (India) Private Limited, Bangalore S HRI U. B. R AVINDRA B ABU
HIRCO Developers Private Limited, Mumbai SHRI SANTOSH DEODHAR
Indian Concrete Institute, Chennai SHRI VIVEK NAIK
Indian Oil Corporation Limited (Research and Development D R K. P. N AITHANI
Centre), Faridabad DR M. C. JAIN (Alternate)
IWL India Limited, Mumbai SHRI ASHOK BANSAL
SHRI M. L. M UTHIAH (Alternate)
Kasturi Projects Private Limited, Thane S HRI K. R. PAI
Lloyd Insulation (India) Limited, New Delhi SHRI M OHIT KHANNA
SHRI K. K. M ITRA (Alternate)
MC Bauchemie (India) Pvt Limited, New Mumbai SHRI SAMIR SURLAKER
SHRI S UNNY S URLAKER (Alternate)
MES Builders Association of India, New Delhi SHRI JASPAL SINGH M AGO
SHRI P RAVEEN KAKKAR (Alternate)
Military Engineer Services, Engineer-in- Chief’s Branch, B RIG MANOJ K UMAR
Army HQ, New Delhi COL M. K. P RASAD (Alternate)
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited, Mumbai S HRI R. BHASKAR
Public Works Department, Govt of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi S HRI R. P. M ATHUR
SHRI D. C. G OEL (Alternate)
Public Works Department, Govt of Tamil Nadu, Chennai JOINT CHIEF ENGINEER (BUILDINGS )
SUPERINTENDING E NGINEER (P LANNING & DESIGN ) (Alternate)
Research Design & Standards Organization, Lucknow D IRECTOR (W ORKS )
SHRI A SHUTOSH K UMAR (Alternate)
Sika India Private Limited, Kolkata SHRI SANJOY DASGUPTA
SHRI P RASHANT J HA (Alternate)
STP Limited, New Delhi S HRI K. P. SRIVASTAV
SHRI R OHIT V ARSHNEY (Alternate)
The Institution of Engineers (India), Kolkata S HRI S. K. DHAWAN
GCP Applied Technologies India Pvt Ltd, Guragon SHRI VIKAS RASTOGI
BIS Directorate General S HRI S ANJAY P ANT, Scientist ‘E’ and Head (Civil Engg)
[Representing Director General (Ex-officio)]
Member Secretary
SHRI S. ARUN K UMAR
Scientist D (Civil Engg), BIS

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Bureau of Indian Standards

BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote harmonious
development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attending to
connected matters in the country.

Copyright

BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form without
the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in course of implementing the standard,
of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be
addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.

Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of
‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards: Monthly Additions’.

This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: CED 41 (7903).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

______________________________________________________________________________________
Amendment No. Date of Issue Text Affected
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
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BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

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Telephones: 2323 0131, 2323 3375, 2323 9402 Website: www.bis.gov.in

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