MODULE 1

FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

Introduction to
Functions
 Relation
•A relation between two variables x and y is a
set of ordered pairs
•An ordered pair consist of a x and y-coordinate
•x-values are inputs, domain, independent
variable
•y-values are outputs, range, dependent
variable
 A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
The domain is the set of all x values in the relation
domain = {-1,0,2,4,9}
These are the x values written in a set from smallest to largest
This is a relation
{(2,3), (-1,5), (4,-2), (9,9), (0,-6)}
These are the y values written in a set from smallest to largest

range = {-6,-2,3,5,9}
The range is the set of all y values in the relation
 Example 1

{(0, 5),(1, 4),(2, 3),(3, 2),(4, 1),(5, 0)}

•What is the domain?
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
What is the range?
{-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0}
Example 2
Input 4 –5 0 9 –1

Output –2
–2
–2 77
7

•What is the domain?

{4, -5, 0, 9, -1}
•What is the range?
{-2, 7} 6
 A relation assigns the x’s with y’s

1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
10
5
Domain (set of all x’s) Range (set of all y’s)
This relation can be written {(1,6), (2,2), (3,4), (4,8), (5,10)}
Ways of Presenting Relations
1. By a set of ordered pairs
ex. a. ( 2, 4 ) ,( -1, 3 ), ( 6,1 ), ( 5, 8 ), ( -3, 7 )
2. By arrow diagram/Mapping
a. 2 4
b.
1
-1 3 -2
3
6 1
-1
5 8
3. Table x y 4. Graph
2 4
-1 3
6 1
5 8
A relation may be viewed as
ordered pairs, mapping design,
table, equation, or written in
sentences
1 to 1
Relations and Functions
many to many

1 to many
 Types of relations
1. One to one relation
Ex. a. Mother to father relation
b. ( 2, 4 ) ,( -1, 3 ), ( 6,1 ), ( 5, 8 ), ( -3, 7 )
2. One to many relation
Ex. a. Teacher to students relation
b. ( 3, 2 ), ( 3, -1 ), ( 3, 0 ), ( 3, -2 )
3. Many to one relation
Ex. A children to a father relation
1
3 -2
-1
One to one and many to one relations are functions.
 Functions

Examples of relations which are functions

a. Mother to father relation
b. ( 2, 4 ) ,( -1, 3 ), ( 6,1 ), ( 5, 8 ), ( -3, 7 )
c. ( -1,-2,), (1, -2 ), ( 3, -2 ), ( -2, -2 ), ( -3, -2 )
d. A children to a father relation
 What is a function?
According to the textbook, “a function is…a relation
in which every input is paired with exactly one
output”
A function is defined as a relation between two sets of
numbers or objects such that each element in the first
set corresponds to a unique element in the second set.
Every domain there is only one corresponding element
in the range.
 Is a relation a function?
•Focus on the x-coordinates, when given a relation
If the set of ordered pairs have different x-
coordinates,
it is A function
If the set of ordered pairs have same x-coordinates,
it is NOT a function
•Y-coordinates have no bearing in determining
functions
A function f from set A to set B is a rule of correspondence that assigns to each
element x in the set A exactly one element y in the set B.

1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
10
5
Set A is the domain Set B is the range
This is a function ---it
meets our conditions Must use all the x’s
The x value can only be assigned to one y
Let’s look at another relation and decide if it is a function.
The second condition says each x can have only one y, but it CAN be the same y
as another x gets assigned to.

1
2
2
4
3
6
4 8
5 10

Set A is the domain Set B is the range

This is a function
---it meets our Must use all the x’s
conditions The x value can only be assigned to one y
A good example that you can “relate” to is students in our math class this year are set
A. The grade they earn out of the class is set B. Each student must be assigned a
grade and can only be assigned ONE grade, but more than one student can get the
same grade (we hope so---we want lots of A’s). The example shown on the previous
screen had each student getting the same grade. That’s okay.

1 2
2 4
3
4 6
8
5 10

2 was assigned both 4 and 10

Is the relation shown above a function? NO Why not???
Check this relation out to determine if it is a function.
It is not---3 didn’t get assigned to anything
Comparing to our example, a student in math must receive a grade
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
5 10

Set A is the domain Set B is the range

This is not a function---it doesn’t

assign each x with a y Must use all the x’s
The x value can only be assigned to one y
Check this relation out to determine if it is a
function.
1
2 2
3 4
6
4 8
5 10

Set A is the domain Set B is the range

This is a Must use all the x’s
function The x value can only be assigned to one y
Relations and functions can be shown many different ways.
Are these relations or functions?
x y
Function & Relation

1
x y
5
1 5
2
6 2 6
3 7
3
7 4 6
4 (1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7), (4, 6)
Are these relations or functions?
Not a Function but a
x y Relation
x y
1 5 1 5
1 6
6
1 7
2 7 2 5
Are these relations or functions?
x y Not a function
But a relation
1 5 x y
• 5
2 6 • 6
• 11
3 8
• 8
11
 Exercise 1 :00

{(0, 5), (1, 4), (2, 3), ( 3, 2), (4, 1), (5, 0)}

•Is this a function?

–Hint: Look only at the x-
coordinates
YES
 Exercise 2 :40

{(–1, 7), (1, 0), ( 2, 3), (0, 8), (0, 5), (–2, 1)}

•Is this a function?

–Hint: Look only at the x-coordinates

NO
 Exercise 3 :40

Which mapping represents a function?

Choice One Choice Two

3 –1 2 2
1 2 –1 3
0 3 3 –2
0

Choice 1
 Exercise 4
Which mapping represents a function?
A. B.

B
 Example 5
Which situation represents a function?
a. The items in a store to their prices on a certain date
b. Types of fruits to their colors

There is only one price for A fruit, such as an apple, from

each different item on a the domain would be
associated with more than one
certain date. The relation
color, such as red and green.
from items to price makes it The relation from types of
a function. fruits to their colors is not a
function.
 In words:
Double the number and add 3
As an equation: y = 2x + 3
As a table of values:
These all represent
x y the SAME
-2 -1 function!
-1 1
0 3
1 5
As a set of ordered pairs:
(-2, -1) (-1,1) (0,3) (1, 5) (2, 7) (3, 9)
 Vertical Line Test
•Vertical Line Test: a relation is a function if a vertical line
drawn through its graph, passes through only one point.

AKA: “The Pencil Test”

Take a pencil and move it from left to right (–x to x); if it
crosses more than one point, it is not a function
Vertical Line Test

Would this graph

be a function?

YES
Vertical Line Test
Would this graph be
a function?

NO
Graphs of Functions
y
b y
c y

a.

x
x x

d
a & d are not function while b & c are functions

Vertical line test

If the vertical line intersects the graph at two or more points then the graph is not a function.
Equations that are not functions
Remember:
When the equation of a relation is given
we don’t have a function if we have any of these situations:
• y is absent from the equation
• y is enclosed in an absolute value
• y has an even exponent
• The statement is an inequality
Which of the following equations are functions?

1. y = x2 + 3 5. /x/ - 2y4 - 2 = 0 Remember:

When the equation of a relation is given
we don’t have a function if we have any of these
2. 3x + 4y = 5 6.7x + /y/ = 5 situations:
• y is absent from the equation
• y is enclosed in an absolute value
3. y2 - 2x -3 = 0 7. y + 5 > 2x - 5
• y has an even exponent
• The statement is an inequality
4. x2 - y3 = 6 8. x5 + 2y6 =1

Nos. 1, 2, & 4 are functions while nos. 3, 6, 5, 7 & 8 are not

Evaluation of
Functions
 Function Notation
• A function f from x to y is written as f: x y
• x is the domain and y is the range of co-domain.
• The corresponding value of y is called the value of the
function at x, or the image of x under the function f
The image of y is usually denoted by f (x)
f (x) is read as the value of f at x or simply f of x.
y = 2x + 1 f (x) = 2x + 1
y = 4x -3 f (x) = 4x - 3
The notation f (x) aids in representing the value function for
certain values of x.
We commonly call functions by letters. Because function starts
with f, it is a commonly used letter to refer to functions.

f x   2x  3x  6
2
This means
The left side DOES NOT
the right
This means MEAN f times x like
hand side is
the right hand brackets usually do, it
a function
side has the simply tells us what is on
called f
variable x in it the right hand side.
 Function Notation
f(x) means function of x and is read “f of x.”
f(x) = 2x + 1 is written in function notation.

The notation f(1) means to replace x with 1

resulting in the function value.
f(1) = 2x + 1
f(1) = 2(1) + 1
f(1) = 3
38
 Evaluating Function
Remember---this tells you what
is on the right hand side---it is f  x   2 x  3x  6
2

f 2   22   32   6
not something you work. It 2
says that the right hand side is
the function f and it has x in it.

f 2  24  32  6  8  6  6  8

So we have a function called f that has the variable x in it.
Using function notation we could then ask the following:
Find f (3). This means that instead of having an x in it, put a 3 in it.
Don’t forget order of operations---powers, then
multiplication, finally addition & subtraction
 f  x   2 x  3x  6
2
Find f (-2).
This means instead of having an x in it, put a -2 in it.
f  x   2 x  3x  6
2

f  2   2 2   3 2   6
2

f  2  24  3 2  6  8  6  6  20
f  2  20
Don’t forget order of operations---powers, then
multiplication, finally addition & subtraction
Find f (k).
This means to find the function f and instead of
having an x in it, put a k in it.
f  x   2 x  3x  6
2

f k   2k   3k   6
2

 
f k   2 k  3k   6  2k  3k  6
2 2

f k   2k  3k  6
2

Don’t forget order of operations---powers, then

multiplication, finally addition & subtraction
 Find f (2k).
This means to find the function f and instead of having an x

f  x   2 x  3x  6
in it, put a 2k in it.
2

f 2k   22k   32k   6

2

 
f 2k   2 4k  32k   6  8k  6k  6
2 2

f 2k   8k  6k  6
2

Don’t forget order of operations---powers, then

multiplication, finally addition & subtraction
1. f(x) = 5x + 6. Find f(x – 3).
1. 5x – 3
2. 5x + 3 2. f(x) = 2x – x2 . Find f(x + 1).
3. 5x – 9 1. -x2 + 1
4. 5x – 15 2. -x2 + 2x + 1
3. -x2 +4x + 3
4. -x2
Function Notation
Given g(x) = x 2 – 3, find g(-2) .

g(-2) = – 3x2

g(-2) = (-2) – 3
2

g(-2) = 1
Let's try a new function g x   x  2 x
2

Find g(1)+ g(-4).

g 1  1  21  1

2

g  4    4   2 4   16  8  24
2

So g 1  g  4  1  24  23
 Evaluating Functions
Given f(x) = 2 x 2  3 x , the following.
a. f(3) c. f(3x)
f(3) = 2x2 – 3x
f(3) = 2(3)2 – 3(3) f(3x) = 2x2 – 3x
f(3) = 2(9) - 9 f(3x) = 2(3x)2 – 3(3x)
f(3) = 9 f(3x) = 2(9x2) – 3(3x)
b. 3f(x) f(3x) = 18x2 – 9x
3f(x) = 3(2x2 – 3x)
3f(x) = 6x2 – 9x
Try this!
1. If f(x) = 2x - 3. find x, if f(x) = 14. If f(x) = 5𝑥, evaluate f(5)
For each function, evaluate f(0), f(1.5), f(-4),

f(0) = 3

f(1.5) = 4

f(-4) = 4
For each function, evaluate f(0), f(1.5), f(-4),

f(0) = 1

f(1.5) = 3

f(-4) = 1

49
Operations on
Functions
A. Functions expressed in ordered pairs.
Ex. If f = {(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 1)}
g = {(0, 3), (1, 2), (2, -1), (-2, 5) }
• f + g = {(0, 4), (2, 2)}
• f . g = {(0, 3), (2, -3)}
• f - g = {(0, -2), (2, 4)}
How to perform operation on functions
expressed in ordered pairs?
Operations on Functions

Adding
f  x   g  x    f  g  x 

f  x   g  x    f  g  x 
Subtracting

Multiplication
f  x   g  x    f  g  x 
Division
f x  f 
   x   g ( x )  0
g x   g 
B. Functions in equation form
The sum f + g
 f  g x  f x  g x
find the sum of two functions, add them together.
You should simplify by finding like terms.

f x   2 x  3
2
g x   4 x  1
3

( f  g )( x)  2 x  3  4 x  1
2 3 Combine
like terms

 4x  2x  4
3 2
 The difference f - g
 f  g x  f x  g x
subtract the first from the second. CAUTION: Make sure
you distribute the – to each term of the second function.
You should simplify by combining like terms.

f x   2 x  3
2
g x   4 x  1
3

f  g  2x  3  4x 1
2
 3
 Distribute
negative

 2 x  3  4 x 1  4 x  2 x  2
2 3 3 2
 The product f • g
 f  g x  f x g x
To find the product of two functions, put parenthesis
around them and multiply each term from the first
function to each term of the second function.

f x   2 x  3
2
g x   4 x  1
3


f  g  2x  3 4x 1
2
 3
 FOIL
 8x  2 x  12x  3
5 2 3
 The quotient f /g
f f x 
 x  
g g x 
To find the quotient of two functions, put the first one
over the second.

f x   2 x  32
g x   4 x  1
3

f 2x  3 2 Nothing more you could do

 3 here. (If you can reduce
g 4x 1 these you should).
Given f x  3x  7 x
2

g x   2 x  x  1
2

Find f  g  x   f ( x )  g ( x )
  
 3x  7x  2x  x  1
2 2

 3x  7x  2x  x  1
2 2

 3  2x  7  1x  1
2

 5x  6x  1
2
Given f x  3x  7 x
2

Find g x   2 x  x  1
2

f  g  x 
Given f x  3x  7 x2

Find g x   2 x  x  1
2

f  g  x 

  
 3x  7 x  2 x  x  1
2 2

 3x  7 x  2 x  x  1
2 2

 3  2x  7  1x  1
2

 x  8x  1
2
Given f x  3x  2 x  1
2

g x   x  4

Find f  g  x   f  x   g  x 
 
 3x  2 x  1  x  4
2

 3x 3
 
 2 x  x   12 x  8 x  4
2 2

 3x  2 x  12 x  x  8 x  4
3 2 2

 3x  14 x  9 x  4
3 2
 f x  3x  2 x  1
2
Given
g x   x  4

Find  f  x   f  x 
  g x 
 g
 f x  3x  2 x  1
2
Given
g x   x  4

Find  f  x   f  x 
  g x 
 g

3x  2 x  1
2

 x  4  0
x4
Examples:
1.f(x) = 3x + 1, g(x) = 2x – 3,
h(x) = 2x2 + 4x – 1
Find f + g, f –g, f . g, h + f, g + h.
a. f + g = f(x) + g(x) b. f – g = f(x) – g(x)
= (3x + 1) + (2x - 3) = (3x + 1) – (2x – 3)
f + g = 5x – 2 = 3x +1) - 2x + 3
c. f . g = f(x) . g(x) f – g = x + 4
= (3x +1)(2x -3)
= 6x2 – 9x + 2x – 3
= 6x2 – 7x - 3 d. h +f = h(x) . f(x)
= (2x2 + 4x – 1)(2x -3)
= 4x3 + 8x2 - 2x – 6x2 -12x +3
= 4x3 + 2x2 -14x +3
Composition of
Functions
A composite function
f g

x
g
g(x)
domain of g
f range of f
range of g
f(g(x))
domain of f

65
A different way to look at it…
x f  g  x 

f
g Machine
x
gFunction
Function
Machine

66
 Composition of functions
• Composition of functions is the successive application
of the functions in a specific order.

• Given two functions f and g, the composite function

f g is defined by  f g  x   f  g  x   and is read
“f of g of x.”

• The domain of f g is the set of elements x in the

domain of g such that g(x) is in the domain of f.

– Another way to say that is to say that “the range of

function g must be in the domain of function f.”
 Function Composition
Given the functions:
f(x) = 2x+2 & g(x) = 2
find f(g(x))
This notation tells us to substitute the g(x)
function, 2, for x in the f(x) function:
f(g(x)) = f (2) = 2(2)+2
=6
 Function Composition
Given the functions:
f(x) = x + 1 & g(x) = x - 5
find f(g(x))
This notation tells us to substitute the g(x)
function, x-5, for x in the f(x) function:
f (x-5) = (x-5)+1
f(g(x)) = x - 4
 Function Composition
g(x) = x - 5 & f(x) = 3x + 1
find g(f(x))
This notation tells us to substitute the f(x) function, x+1, for
x in the g(x) function:

g(f(x))= g(3x+1)
= (3x+1)-5
g(f(x)) = 3x - 4
 Composition of Functions
Given two Functions. f(x) = 2x + 1
g(x) = x – 3
a.f(g(x))=2(x – 3)+1
f(g(x))=2x – 6+1= 2x – 5
so [f ○ g](x)= 2x – 5

b. g(f(x))=(2x + 1) – 3 = 2x – 2
so [g ○ f ](x) = 2x -2
1.f(x) = 3x + 1, g(x) = 2x – 3, h(x) = 2x2 + 4x – 1
Find f o g, g o f, f o g(-1), g o g, h o f, g o f(2),
f o h(0),
Remember that f o g = f(g(x))
a. fo g = f(g(x))
= f(2x – 3) , substitute the equation g(x)
= 3(2x – 3) + 1, substitute g(x) in f & simplify
= 6x -9 + 1
= 6x - 8 c. f(g(-1)) = f{2(-1) – 3}
Therefore f o g = 6x -8 = f(-2-3)
b. g o f = g(f(x)) = f(-5)
= g(3x +1) =3(-5) + 1
= 2(3x + 1) - 3 = -15 + 1
= 6x +2 – 3 F(g(-1)) = -14
= 6x - 1
Try this!
2
1. Given h(x) = (2𝑥 + 3) and k(x) = 𝑥, find
k(h(x))

2. Given f(x) = 8𝑥 − 12 and g(x)= x + 8

 Solving Problems
involving Functions
Example No. 1
• Elaine is in the business of repairing home computers. She charges a
base fee of $45 for each visit and $25 per hour for her labor. The total
cost c(x) for a home visit and x hours of labor is modeled by the function
rule c(x) = 45 + 25x. Use the function rule to make a table of values and a
graph.
x c(x) Plot the points to form the graph.
Make a table of values. (0 , 45) (1, 70) ( 2, 95) (3, 120)
We will start at 0 since 0 =45+25(0)= 45
there is no negative 1 =45+25(1)= 70
number of hours.
2 =45+25(2)= 95
3 =45+25(3)= 120
Example No. 2
You are driving to visit a friend in another state who lives 440 miles away.
You are driving 55 miles per hour and have already driven 275 miles. Write
and solve an equation to find how much longer in hours you must drive to
reach your destination.

Total number of miles to travel = 440 miles The length of time/ number of hours needed to
Number of miles already travelled = 275 miles travel the remaining distance to reach the
Rate of Speed = 55 miles per hour destination.
Example No. 2
You are driving to visit a friend in another state who lives 440 miles away.
You are driving 55 miles per hour and have already driven 275 miles. Write
and solve an equation to find how much longer in hours you must drive to
reach your destination.

Let x be the remaining number of hours

needed to reach the destination.
Solve for x. Therefore, the driver
Mathematical sentence/ equation
440 = 275 + 55x must drive for 3 more
440 = 275 + 55x -275 + 440 = 275 + 55x -275 hours to be able to reach
1 1 the destination.
165 = 55x
55 55
3=x
Example No. 3
John and 2 friends are going out for pizza for lunch. They split one pizza
and 3 large drinks. The pizza cost $14.00. After using a $7.00 gift
certificate, they spend a total of $12.10. Write an equation to model this
situation, and find the cost of one large drink

1 pizza The cost / price of one large drink.

3 large drinks
$14.00 – pizza’s price
$7.00 – gift certificate used
$12.10 – total amount paid
Example No. 3
John and 2 friends are going out for pizza for lunch. They split one pizza
and 3 large drinks. The pizza cost $14.00. After using a $7.00 gift
certificate, they spend a total of $12.10. Write an equation to model this
situation, and find the cost of one large drink.
Let x be the cost of one large drink.
Solve for x.
14 + 3x = 12.10 + 7 Therefore, one large
Mathematical sentence/ equation 14 + 3x = 19.10 drink costs $1.70.
14 + 3x = 12.10 + 7 -14 + 14 + 3x = 19.10 – 14
3x = 5.10
1 1
3x = 5.10
3 3
x = 1.70
References
• Callanta, Melvin M; Canonigo, Allan M; Chua, Arnaldo I; Cruz, Jerry D; Esparrago, Mirla S;
Garcia, Elino S; Magnaye, Aries N; Orines, Fernando B; Ternida, Concepcion; Perez, Rowena
S; Ternida, Concepcion S;. (2015). Mathematics Learner's Module Grade 10. Pasig City: Rex
Printing Company, Inc.
• Barcelona, A. B., Belecina, R. R. and Villanueva, J. L. C. (2016). Senior High Conceptual Math
& Beyond General Mathematics. Quezon City: Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc.

• Oronce, Orlando A.. (2016). General Mathematics. Pasig City: Rex Printing Company, Inc.

• Verzosa, D.M.B., Crisologo, L.A.A., Hao, L.C. et al. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High
School General Mathematics. Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education