Object Oriented Programming II

OOP Concept
❑ Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a method of structuring a
program by bundling related properties and behaviors into individual
objects.
❑ Conceptually, objects are like the components of a system.
❑ An object could represent a person with properties like a name, age,
and address and behaviors such as walking, talking, breathing, and
running.
 Python
❑ Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, language. It was
created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- object-oriented, and high-level
programming 1990. Like Perl, Python source code is also available under
the GNU General Public License (GPL).

❑ Python is designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords

frequently where as other languages use punctuation, and it has fewer
syntactical constructions than other languages.
 Users vs. Programmers
• Users see computers as a set of tools - word processor, spreadsheet,
map, to-do list, etc.

• Programmers learn the computer “ways” and the computer language

• Programmers have some tools that allow them to build new tools

• Programmers sometimes write tools for lots of users and sometimes

programmers write little “helpers” for themselves to automate a task
Python as a Language
 Early Learner: Syntax Errors
• We need to learn the Python language so we can communicate our
instructions to Python. In the beginning we will make lots of mistakes and
speak gibberish like small children.

• When you make a mistake, the computer does not think you are “cute”. It
says “syntax error” - given that it knows the language and you are just
learning it. It seems like Python is cruel and unfeeling.

• You must remember that you are intelligent and can learn. The computer is
simple and very fast, but cannot learn. So it is easier for you to learn Python
than for the computer to learn English...
Talking to Python
 Elements of Python
• Vocabulary / Words - Variables and Reserved words (Chapter 2)
• Sentence structure - valid syntax patterns (Chapters 3-5)
• Story structure - constructing a program for a purpose
 Reserved Words
You cannot use reserved words as variable names / identifiers

False class return is finally

None if for lambda continue
True def from whilenonlocal
and del global not with
as elif try or yield
assert else import pass
break except in raise
 Sentences or Lines

x = 2 Assignment statement
x = x + 2 Assignment with expression
print(x) Print statement

Variable Operator Constant Function

Programming Paragraphs
 Python Scripts
• Interactive Python is good for experiments and programs of 3-4 lines
long.

• Most programs are much longer, so we type them into a file and tell
Python to run the commands in the file.

• In a sense, we are “giving Python a script”.

• As a convention, we add “.py” as the suffix on the end of these files

to indicate they contain Python.
 Sequential Steps
x=2 Program:
Output:
print(x) x = 2
print(x) 2
x=x+2 x = x + 2 4
print(x)
print(x)

When a program is running, it flows from one step to the next. As

programmers, we set up “paths” for the program to follow.
 x=5
Conditional Steps
Yes
x < 10 ?

print('Smaller') Program:
No Output:
x = 5
Yes if x < 10: Smaller
x > 20 ? print('Smaller') Finis
if x > 20:
print('Bigger') print('Bigger')
No
print('Finis')

print('Finis')
 n=5 Repeated Steps
No Yes Output:
n>0? Program:
5
print(n) n = 5 4
while n > 0 :
print(n)
3
n = n -1 n = n – 1 2
print('Blastoff!') 1
Blastoff!
Loops (repeated steps) have iteration variables that
print('Blastoff')
change each time through a loop.
It is used for:
•web development (server-side),
•software development,
•mathematics,
•system scripting.
 Why Python?
•Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, (etc.)
•Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
•Python has syntax that allows developers to write programs with fewer lines than
some other programming languages.
•Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can be executed as soon
as it is written. This means that prototyping can be very quick.
•Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-orientated way or a
functional way.
Python Syntax

>>> print("Hello, World!")

Hello, World!
Python Variables
Variables are containers for storing data values.
Python has no command for declaring a variable.
A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it.

Example
x = 40 # x is of type int
x = 50
x = ”shifat” # x is now of type str
y = “Bangladesh"
print(x)
print(x)
Print(type(x))
print(y)
Built-in Data Types

Text Type: str

Numeric int, float, complex

Types:
Sequence list, tuple, range
Types:
Mapping dict
Type:
Set Types: set, frozenset
Boolean bool
Type:
Binary bytes, bytearray, memoryview
Types:
Arithmetic operators
OPERATOR DESCRIPTION SYNTAX

+ Addition: adds two operands x+y

- Subtraction: subtracts two operands x-y

Multiplication: multiplies two

* x*y
operands
Division (float): divides the first
/ x/y
operand by the second

Division (floor): divides the first

// x // y
operand by the second

Modulus: returns the remainder when

% x%y
first operand is divided by the second

Power : Returns first raised to power

** x ** y
second
Relational Operators

OPERATOR DESCRIPTION SYNTAX

Greater than: True if left
> operand is greater than the x>y
right
Less than: True if left operand
< x<y
is less than the right
Equal to: True if both
== x == y
operands are equal
Not equal to - True if
!= x != y
operands are not equal
Greater than or equal to: True
>= if left operand is greater than x >= y
or equal to the right
Less than or equal to: True if
<= left operand is less than or x <= y
equal to the right
Assignment operators
OPERATOR DESCRIPTION SYNTAX
Assign value of right side of expression to left side
= operand
x=y+z

Add AND: Add right side operand with left side

+= operand and then assign to left operand
a+=b a=a+b

Subtract AND: Subtract right operand from left

-= operand and then assign to left operand
a-=b a=a-b

Multiply AND: Multiply right operand with left

*= operand and then assign to left operand
a*=b a=a*b

Divide AND: Divide left operand with right operand

/= and then assign to left operand
a/=b a=a/b

Modulus AND: Takes modulus using left and right

%= operands and assign result to left operand
a%=b a=a%b

Divide(floor) AND: Divide left operand with right

//= operand and then assign the value(floor) to left operand
a//=b a=a//b

Exponent AND: Calculate exponent(raise power) value

**= using operands and assign value to left operand
a**=b a=a**b
Print Function
The built-in print function displays its argument(s) as a line of text:

In [1]: print('Welcome to Python!')

Welcome to Python!

Printing a Comma-Separated List of Items

In [2]: print('Welcome', 'to', 'Python!')

Welcome to Python!

Printing Many Lines of Text with One Statement

When a backslash (\) appears in a string, it’s known as the escape character.

In [3]: print('Welcome\nto\n\nPython!')
Welcome
To

Python!
Other Escape Sequences

Escape sequence Description

\n Insert a newline character in a string. When the string is

displayed , for each newline, move the screen cursor to the
beginning of the next line.

\t Insert a horizontal tab. When the string is displayed, for each

tab, move the screen cursor to the next tab stop.

\\ Insert a backslash character in a string.

\” Insert a double quote character in a string.

\’ Insert a single quote character in a string.

Printing the Value of an Expression and some Escape Sequences

In [1]: print('Sum is', 7 + 3)

Sum is 10
In [2]: print('Display \'hi\' in quotes')
Display 'hi' in quotes
Ln [3]: print("Display \"hi\" in quotes")
Display "hi" in quotes

In [4]: print("""Display "hi" and 'bye' in quotes""")

Display "hi" and 'bye' in quotes
Objects and Dynamic Typing
• In [1]: type(7)
• Out[1]: int
• In [2]: type(4.1)
• Out[2]: float
• In [3]: type('dog')
• Out[3]: str

Values such as 7 (an integer), 4.1 (a floating-point number) and 'dog' are all objects. Every object has a type and a
value. An object’s value is the data stored in the object. The snippets above show objects of Python built-in types int
(for integers), float (for floating-point numbers) and str (for strings).
 Dynamic Typing

• Python uses dynamic typing—it determines the type of the object a variable refers to while executing your
code. We can show this by rebinding the variable x to different objects and checking their types:
• In [9]: type(x)
• Out[9]: int
• In [10]: x = 4.1
• In [11]: type(x)
• Out[11]: float
• In [12]: x = 'dog'
• In [13]: type(x)
• Out[13]: str
Getting Your Questions Answered
Online forums enable you to interact with other Python programmers and get your Python questions
answered. Popular Python and general programming forums include:

• python-forum.io
• StackOverflow.com
• https://www.dreamincode.net/forums/forum/29-python/

Colab Notebook for lab

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