©Professor Philip S.

Marcus
University of California, Berkeley

ME106

Solutions to Homework Week 7

The figure shows a jet of fluid with density ρ exiting a tube (heavy lines) into the air and pouring
into a tank (heavy lines). At z = 0 the water exits the tank straight-downward into the air through
a leak in the bottom. Four locations are shown:

• Point 1 at height z = H is in the jet as it exits into the air;

• Point 2 at height z = h is inside the jet and at the surface of the tank’s water;

• Point 3 at height z = 0 is just below the tank where the water leaks into the air;

• Point 4 at height z = h is at the surface of the tank’s water and is far from the jet.

1
At Points 1 to 3, the fluid velocity vector is written as Vi , with magnitude Vi ≡ |Vi |; the cross
sectional areas of the jet and leak are Ai (where the plane of the cross-section is perpendicular to
Vi ), where i = 1, 2, 3. The tube and exiting jet at Point 1 is at angle θ1 with respect to the horizontal.
The jet enters the tank at Point 2 at an angle θ2 . When the water from the tube strikes the surface
of the water at Point 2, it loses most of its energy and quickly spreads out along the upper part of
the tank. At Point 4 on the water’s surface, the velocity V4 = 0. The cross-sectional area of the tank
in the x-y plane is A. All control volumes in this problem have boundaries outside the tank and are
either in the air, in the jet between Points 1 and 2, or in the water exiting the leak. Thus, all parts of
all control volumes’ boundaries have atmospheric pressure Patm .

(a)

Figure 1: Control Volume 1 for Problem 1.

You cannot assume that there is a continuous streamline to which Bernoulli can be applied, from
Point 1 to Point 3. However, you can apply Bernoulli along the streamline between Point 3 and
Point 4 and between Point 1 and Point 2. Remember that h will only be steady in time if the rates
of water flowing in and out of the tank are identical. Because mass must be conserved in the tank,
ρA3 V3 = ρA1 V1 , or
V3 = (A1 /A3 )V1 . (1)
Use Bernoulli from 4 to 3. Since both points have atmospheric pressure and Point 4 has no velocity:
V32 /2 = gh, or
[(A1 /A3 )V1 ]2
h= . (2)
2g

2
Use the control volume shown in red in Fig. 1. The lines (in the 2-dimensional slice shown in the
figure) are either horizontal or vertical with the exception of the angled line at the top that passes
through Point 1. This line is perpendicular to V1 and makes an angle θc = θ1 − 90◦ with respect
to the horizontal. Assume that the pressure due to both the air and water on all sides of this control
volume is Patm .

The forces due to the fluid pressure surrounding this control volume sum to zero because all of the
fluids (air and water) at the boundaries of the control volume have atmospheric pressure.
˙ x = 0 = Fx + ρA1 (n1 · V1 ) (x̂ · V1 ) + ρA3 (n3 · V3 ) (x̂ · V3 ).
M om (3)

By construction of the control volume top at Point 1, its inward normal vector n1 is parallel to
V1 , so (n1 · V1 ) = V1 . By geometry, (x̂ · V1 ) = −V1 (cosθ1 ). Because the water flows straight
downward at Point 3, (x̂ · V3 ) = 0. Therefore,

Fx = ρA1 (V1 )2 (cosθ1 ). (4)

Figure 2: Control Volume 2 for Problem 1.

Now use the red control volume in Fig. 2. whose bottom line is horizontal and passes through
Point 2. The top line passes through point 1, is perpendicular to V1 , and is angled as in Fig. 1. The
sides of the control volume are the sides of the jet of water flowing between points 1 and 2. Call
this Control Volume 2. Assume that the pressure due to both the air and water on all sides of this
control volume is Patm .

Note that the x-components of the jet’s velocity at Points 1 and 2 are respectively (V1 )x and (V2 )x .
Define A′2 to be the cross section of the jet at point 2 as measured in the x-y plane. Define A2 to
be the cross section of the jet at point 2 as measured in the plane perpendicular to V2 . By geometry
A2 = A′2 (sinθ2 ).

3
For Control Volume 2,
˙ x = 0 = ρA1 (n1 · V1 ) (x̂ · V1 ) + ρA′ (ẑ · V2 ) (x̂ · V2 ).
M om (5)
2

From our previous work, we know that (n1 · V1 ) = V1 and that (x̂ · V1 ) = −V1 (cosθ1 ). By
geometry, we know that ẑ · V2 = −(sin θ2 ) V2 and that x̂ · V2 = −V2 (cosθ2 ). Solving the
x-momentum equation, we obtain

cosθ1 A1
V22 = V12 ′ . (6)
cosθ2 A2 sin θ2

Solving the mass balance in the control volume we obtain:

V1 A1 = V2 A′2 sin θ2 = V2 A2 . (7)

The last two equations tell us that

(V2 )x = (V1 )x . (8)
That is, there is no change in the x-component of the velocity in the jet between Points 1 and 2, and
that is because there are no forces in the x-direction applied to the fluid in the jet.

Using Bernoulli from Point 1 to Point 2, we obtain the magnitude of the velocity at Point 2 as
q
V2 = 2g(H − h) + V12 . (9)

We know (V2 )x from our previous work. Therefore,

q
cos θ2 = |(V2 )x /V2 | = (V1 )(cosθ1 )/ 2g(H − h) + V12 . (10)

Figure 3: Control Volume 3 for Problem 1.

4
The tank is supported vertically by an upward force Fz ẑ as shown in the figure in the homework.
We need to find Fz . Use the red control volume shown in Fig. 3. Call this Control Volume 3.
Assume that the pressure due to both the air and water on all sides of this control volume is Patm .

For this control volume,

˙ z = 0 = Fz − ρghA + ρA′ (−ẑ) · V2 ) (ẑ · V2 ) + ρA3 (n3 · V3 ) (ẑ · V3 ).
M om (11)
2

By construction, we know that (ẑ·V2 ) = −V2 sinθ2 and (n3 ·V3 ) = −V3 . By geometry, (ẑ·V3 ) =
−V3 , and (ẑ · V2 ) = −V2 (sinθ2 ). Plugging these four dot products into the momentum equation,
using A2 = A′2 sinθ2 , and solving for Fz , we obtain

Fz = ρghA + ρA2 (V2 )2 (sinθ2 ) − ρA3 (V3 )2 = ρghA + ρA2 (V2 )2 (sinθ2 ) − 2ghρA3 . (12)

We can now find A2 and A′2 with mass balance. Note the cross-sectional area of the jet from point 1
to 2 changes as a function of height. By conservation of mass in Control Volume 2 A2 V2 = A1 V1 ,
so
A2 = A1 (V1 /V2 ). (13)

(b)
Now that we know the value of Fz , we can find the weight Wjet = gM of the water in the jet that
extends from Point 1 to Point 2. For Control Volume 1,
˙ z = 0 = Fz − ρghA − Wjet + ρA1 (n1 · V1 ) (ẑ · V1 ) + ρA3 (n3 · V3 ) (ẑ · V3 ).
M om (14)

From our previous work, we know that (n1 · V1 ) = V1 , that (n3 · V3 ) = −V3 , and that (ẑ · V3 ) =
−V3 , By geometry we know that (ẑ · V1 ) = −V1 (sinθ1 ). Plugging these four dot products into the
momentum equation, and solving for Wjet , we obtain

Wjet = Fz − ρghA − ρA1 (V1 )2 (sinθ1 ) + ρA3 V32 . (15)

Or, if we wanted to eliminate Fz , we have

Wjet = ρ[A2 (V2 )2 (sinθ2 ) − A1 (V1 )2 (sinθ1 )] = ρA1 V1 [V2 (sinθ2 ) − V1 (sinθ1 )]. (16)

So, we can obtain M according to M = Wjet /g.

5
2 Munson Problems: next page

NOTE: the unit normal vector is defined to be pointing out of the control volume in Munson text-
book, which is the opposite of the definition that we use in the lectures. It is fine to use either
definition as long as you use it consistently.

6
Problem 5.35
Find the force components Fx and Fy required to hold the box as shown in the figure below
stationary. The fluid is oil and has specific gravity of 0.85 . Neglect gravity effects.
Atmospheric pressure acts around the entire box. Steady flow conditions prevail.

Q3 = 3.0 m3/s
V3 = 1.5 m/s

V2 = 2.0 m/s θ 3 = 60°

θ2 =
45°

Q1 = 5 m3/s
Fx
V1 = 2.0 m/s

Fy

Solution 5.35
Q3, V3

Q2, V2 θ3

θ2

Fx Q1, V1

x
Fy
x

GIVEN: Fluid is oil with SG = 0.85. Neglect gravity effect. Atmospheric pressure acts over
entire box steady state.
FIND: Force components Fx and Fy hold box stationary.
SOLUTION:
Consider the control volume enclosing the entire box. Consider the positive directions as
shown. Write the continuity equation for this control volume. For constant density
Q1 = Q2 + Q3

m3 m3 m3
or Q2 = Q1 − Q3 = 5.0 − 3.0 = 2.0 .
s s s
Now write the linear momentum equation in the x-direction for the control volume.
 
 Fx = M x,out − M x,in
where
 Fx = Fx ,

M x,out = ρQ3 (V3 cos θ3 ) + ρQ2 ( −V2 cos θ 2 )
and

M x,in = ρQ1 ( −V1 )
So the linear momentum equation is
1 1 = ρ (QV
Fx = − ρQ3V3 cos θ3 − ρQ2V2 cos θ2 + ρQV 1 1 − Q3V3 cos θ3 − Q2V2 cos θ 2 )

 kg   m3   m   m3   m   m3   m  N ⋅ s2
= 1000 × 0.85 3   5.0   20  −  3.0   1.5  cos60° −  2.0   2.0  cos 45° 
 m   s   s   s   s  
 s   s   kg ⋅ m
Fx = 4180 N

Writing the linear momentum equation is the y-direction gives

 
 Fy = M y,out − M y,in
where

 Fy = Fe ,

M y,out = ρQ3 (V3 sin θ3 ) + ρQ2 ( −V2 sin θ2 )
and

M y,in = ρQ1 ( 0 ) = 0
so the y linear momentum equation is
Fy = ρ (Q3V3 sin θ3 + Q2V2 sin θ2 )

 kg   m3   m    m3   m 
 N ⋅s
2
= 1000 × 0.85 3   3.0  1.5  sin 60 +  2.0   2.0  sin 45 
 m   s   s   s   s   kg ⋅ m

Fy = 5720 N
Problem 5.39
Find the magnitude of the force F required to hold the plate in the figure below stationary.

V2

V1 = 30 m/s
Water
m∙ = 5 kg/s

F
45°

V3

Solution 5.39

GIVEN: Plate hit with water in the figure in the V2

problem. Neglect gravity. Frictionless plate.
FIND: Force F to hold plate stationary.
SOLUTION: Assume steady flow and apply the
linear momentum equation in the x-direction to the
control volume shown. F is the force on the plate. θ
  V1 y
M x,out −M x,in =  Fx

where θ F x


θ = 45°
M x,out = 0 V3


M x,in = ρ AV
1 1 (V1 sin θ ),

and

 Fx = −F .
The x-direction linear momentum equation is then

0 − ρ AV
1 1 sin θ = − F
2
or F = ρ AV
1 1 sin θ = mV1 sin θ
2

The numerical values give

 kg  m   N ⋅ s2 
F =  5  30  sin 45 
 s  s   kg ⋅ m 
 

F = 106 N
Problem 5.50
A vertical jet of water leaves a nozzle at a speed of 10 m/s and a diameter of 20 mm . It
suspends a plate having a mass of 1.5 kg as indicated in the figure below. What is the
vertical distance h?

Solution 5.50

Rz

V1 CV

V0

To determine the vertical distance h, we apply the vertical direction component of the linear
∂
momentum equation dA =  Fcontents of the to the water in the
 Vρ d V +  vρ v ⋅ n
∂t CV CS control volume
control volume shown in the sketch above. Thus,
π
−Rz − ρ g V water = −V1ρ AV
1 1 = − ρV1
2
D12 (1)
4
The vertical reaction force of the plate on the water is equal in magnitude to the weight of
the plate, or
 m
Rz = gmplate =  9.81  (1.5 kg ) = 14.7 N
 s 

Also, the weight of the water within the control volume, ρ gV water , is negligible, and the
mass flowrate is

 kg  π 2 m kg
1 1 = ρ A0V0 =  999 3  ( 0.02 m )  10
m = ρ AV  = 3.13
 m 4  s  s
Thus, Eq. (1) becomes
 14.7 N m
−14.7 N = −V1 m or V1 = = 4.70
kg s
3.13
s
1
From the Bernoulli equation, p + ρV 2 + γ z = constant along streamline, we have
2
1 1
þ0 + ρV02 + γ z0 = þ1 + ρV12 + γ z1, where þ0 = þ1 = 0, z0 = 0, z1 = h
2 2
1 1
Thus, ρV02 = ρV12 h
2 2
or since γ = ρ g
2
1 2 2 1 2 2 m
h= (V0 −V1 ) = ()10 − 4.70 2 = 3.97 m
2g  m s
2  9.81 2 
 s 
Problem 5.54
Water flows from a large tank into a dish as shown in the figure below. (a) If at the instant
shown, the tank and the water in it weigh W1 lb , what is the tension, T1 , in the cable
supporting the tank? (b) If at the instant shown, the dish and the water in it weigh W2 lb ,
what is the force, F2 , needed to support the dish?

T1

Tank

10 ft

0.1-ft diameter
12 ft

2 ft Dish

F2

Solution 5.54
For part (a), we apply the vertical component of the T1
linear momentum equation to the contents of control
volume A, CVA , to get CVA

−Vout ρVout Aout = T1 − W1 (1)

Tank
To get value of Vout, we apply Bernoulli’s equation to
the flow from the free surface of the water in the tank to hA = 10 ft

the tank outlet to get

( 2 )  32.2
ft  ft
Vout = 2 ghA = 2
(10 ft ) = 25.4 0.1-ft diameter
 s  s 12 ft = hB
Then from Eq. (1), we get
2 ft Dish
 ft   slugs   ft  π (0.1ft) 2
CVB
−  25.4  1.94 2   25.4 
 s  ft   s 4
= T1 −W1 F2
slug ⋅ ft
1
Ib ⋅ s2

and
T1 = W1 − 9.8 lb
For part (b), we apply the vertical component of the linear momentum equation to the
content of CVB to get

Vinto minto = F2 −W2 (2)
CVB CVB

To get Vinto, we use Bernoulli’s equation between free surface water in tank to free surface
of water in dish to get

 ft  ft
Vinto = 2 g ( hA + hB ) = 2  32.2 2  (10 ft + 12 ft ) = 37.6
CVB  s  s
•  
For minto ,we use from conservation of mass, minto = mout of = ρVout Aout
CVB CVB tank

so from Eq. (2), we get

ft  π ( 0.1ft )
2
 ft   slug    lb ⋅ s 2 
 37.6  1.94 3   25.4  
1

= F2 −W2
 s  ft   s 4  slug ⋅ ft 
and
F2 = W2 + 14.7 lb