Probability 0 INTRODUCTION in class IX, we have studied the concept of empirical probability. Since empirical probability is based on experiments, we also call it experimental probability. Suppose we toss a coin 500 times and get a head, say, 240 times and tail 360 times. Then, we would say that in a single throw of a coin, the : 2 = ie, = probebility of getting ahead is --- x toss a coin 1000 times and geta head, say, 530 times Again, suppose we we would say that in a single throw of a coin, the 53 and tail 470 times. Then, probability of getting ahead is Tyo, bey Taq” ‘Thus, in vatious experiments, we would get different probabilities for the same event. However, theoretical probability overcomes the above problem. In this chapter, by probability, we shall mean theoretical probability. PROBABILITY Probability is a concept which 1 occurrence of events. Before defining probability, therein. EXPERIMENT Ant operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes is called an experiment. RANDOM EXPERIMENT Az experiment in and the exact outcome cannot be predicted in a experiment. By a trial, we mean ‘performing a random experiment’. Examples (i) Tossing a fair coin. Gi) Rolling an’ unbiased die. © simerically measures the degree of certainty of the we shall define certain concepts used which all possible outcomes are known, donnce, is called a random -shuffled cards. (iv) Picking up a ball from a bag of balls of different colours. ‘These are all examples of a rando: Ses fonts crJor Mathhomaties for © lass 10 peRIMENTS sang anouT THESE EN rand come ETAT TT in When wwe throws a coin, either a iead (H) or a tit on the upper face ) Adicisasolid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1 4 1,2,3,4,5and 6 dots. 23, e is the number or number of doi or having adie, the outcom most face. a,5and 6, In throwing appearing on the upper™ The plural of die is dice. nang acne from a well-fed deck of 52 cards. of playing cards has in all 52 cards. namely Adeck (i) Whas 13 cards each of four suits, spades, clubs, hearts and diamonds. (a) Cards of spades and clubs are black cards. (b) Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards. a & Y 4% Spades Clubs Hearts Diamonds (ji) Kings, queens and jacks (or knaves) are known as face card; Thus, there are in all 12 face cards. . i Queen Lo OKING AT ALL POSSIBLE OUTCOMES IN VARIOUS EXPERIMEN! : I When we toss a coi in, We get either a h E iL (7 Thus, all possible outcomes are H,T. oo . I Si i of me two coins are tossed simultane en, all possible outcomes are HH, ee EMARKS HH me; ae ‘ans head on first coin and head on secc dc i id on second com: HT means he: i UL On tol ad on first coin and ta; : I Ing a di tail.on second coin, etc. This al Ba te, the number on the upper faces : iin, Possible outcomes are 1, 2 ae face is the outcome. 2,3, 4, 5, 6. :se Probability 597 4 IV. In drawing a card from a well-shuffled ‘ deck of 52 card number of possible outcomes is 52, cates, total event The collection of all or some of the possible outcomes is called an event { exemples (i) In throwing a coin, H is the event of getting a head. (ii) Suppose we throw two coins simultaneously and Jet £ be the event of getting at least one head. Then, E contains HT, TH, HH. EQUALLY LIKELY EVENTS A given number of events are said to be equally likely if none of them is expected to occur in preference to the others. For example, if we roll an unbiased die, each number is equally likely to occur. If, however, a die is so formed that a particular face occurs most often then the die is biased. In this case, the outcomes are not equally likely to happen. PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF AN EVENT Probability of occurrence of an event E, denoted by P(E) is defined as: Number of outcomes favourable to E _ PF otal number of possible outcomes ‘SURE EVENT tis evident that ina single toss of die, we will always get a number less ‘than 7. So, getting a number less than 7 is a sure event. ee P(getting a number less than 7) = é al Thus, the probability of a sure event is 1. a single toss of a die, what is the probability of getting a number 8? We know that in tossing a coin, 8 will never come up. So, geiting 8 is an impossible event. Pigetting 8 in a single throw of ar —_—_ jary Schoo! Mathematics for Class 10 ‘pe gecondan COMPLEMENTARY EVENT ; 1p) be an event whieh ocetts Only When py be aneven’ lo é and (no! let seat MF ag gnot £)isealied the complementary event of E, he event (NC Clearly, POR) + Pant E) = 1 pp) =1-P(not F). SUMMARY, For some event E, we have 05 PUL) $1: Gi) PCE) = 0, when E is an impossible event. Gi) P(E) =1, when Eis a sure event. Gv) P(not E) =1- PUD. SOLVED EXAMPLES EXAMPLE’ A coin is tossed once. What is the probability of getting a head? all possible outcomes are H andy. SOLUTION — Whenacoinis tossed once, Total number of possible outcomes = 2. The favourable outcome is H. Number of favourable otucomes = te P(getting a head) number of favourable outcomes __ 1. = P(H) = eS oe eS total number of possible outcomes - 2 uurte2 A die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting a prin number? ee solution _ Ina single throw ofa die, all possible outcomes are” 1,2,3,4,5,6. Total number of possible outcomes = 6, Let E be the event of getting a prime number. = Then, the favourable outcomes are 2, 3, 5. Number of favourable outcomes = 3, P(getting a prime number) = P(E) == = so Dee iq EXAMPLE 3 A die is thrown once. What is the ome of getting 4 sn other than 4? SOLUTION _Ina single throw of a die, all possible outcomes are 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6.EXANELES SOLUTION Probability Total number of possible outcomes ~ 6 Let F be the event of getting a number other than 4 Then, the favourable outcomes are L, 2,3, 5,6 Number of favourable outcomes = 5. P(getting a number other than 4) = P(E) = 2 (ii) a ‘5 (iii) an odd number (io) a number greater thar 4? When a die is thrown, all possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3,4, 5,6. Total number of possible outcomes = 6. (i) Let é,be the event of getting a3. Then, the number of favourable outcomes = 1. P(getting a3) = PE) =— (i) Let E, be the event of getting a5. Then, the number of favoutable outcomes = 1. Pegetting 25) =P) =: (ii) Let, be the event of getting an odd:number. = ‘Then, the favourable outcomes are’, 3, 5. Number of favourable outcomes = 3: (getting art odd number) (Es) = - (iv) Let, be the event of getting a number greater than 4. Then, the favourable outcomes are 5, 6. Number of favourable outcomes = 2. ; (getting « number greater than 4) = PAE) = = Two coins are tossed simultaneously, What is the probability of getting at least one head? When two coins are tossed simultaneously, all. possible outcomes are HH, HT, TH, TT. Total number of possible outcomes = 4. LetE be the event of gettin Then, the favourable out Number of favoureEXAMPLET SOLUTION PLE B 1 Mathematics for Class 10 story Seneot ly. Pind the probability gt sirntenteott vineare sosse iy 6 ier pol rast 2 ead 5 ting qperacll ¢ neouslyall possible outcomes ed si Hta eo soa siti HiT, ITH, TTT non coins are tos ma wld jan, HTH pH, HT oxactly 2 heads. Boe ie HHT, HTH, THA. 23. Total nomber g) Let Eybe hen, fav! favourable outcomes 2 fy 2 lends) = PE) = 5 etting at most 2 heads. Number of p(getting exe! 0 or or2 heads. qT, TAT, ‘TH, HHT, HTH, THH | ‘Number of favourable outcomes = Be Z P(getting a most 2 heads) = P(E) = 3 There are 35 students inaclass of whore 20 are boys and 15 are girls, From these students one js chosen at random. What is the probability Frat chosen student isa (7) boy (i) girl? Total number of students = 35. (i) Let the chosen student be a boy. Number of outcomes as for a boy = 20. P(choosing a boy) = ===" . 38 7 i) . the chosen student be a girl. en, the numb er of outcomes favourable for a girl=15. P(choosing a girl) = Seventeen cards numbered 1, 2,3, 4, 12,3, 4 mixed thoroughly, One + 16,17. are pu sanaboe and 7H eS probability that the itis ele ord ae bas SOLUTION (tii) divisible by 3 (iv) divisible by2 Number of all possible outcomes = 17. e card is (3) odd (ii) a pri " prime ane dS both. (case 2002 (i) Out of the given numbers, ee 13,5.29,11 185,07. odd numbers areProt Obabitity Number of favourable © O16 cn Pl setting an odg meses 4 maomber) 9 cit) Out oe BiveH mimborg thep Fa es 18,17, DPPH mh Number of favourable iui ‘ome: P(getting a prime Muniber) sii’ c 7 7 (iii) Out of the given numb, Numbers, th 3, 6,9, 12, 15, "086 divisible by 9 are Number of favoutable outcomes 5 P(getting a number divisible by3) 5. 17 (iv) Out of the given numbe; visi Gutotti "8, those divisible by2and 3both Number of favourable outcomes =2, P(getting a number divisible by > and 3 both) = 2. 7 pauetee Find the probability that a number selected at random from the numbers 1, 2, 3,4, 5, on, 94, 35:8. () prime mimber (i). multiple of 7 (iii) multiple of 3 or 5. {case 2066) Total number of all possible outcomes = 35, (@) Out of the given numbers, prime numbers are 2,3,5,7,.11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29,31. Let E, be the event of getting a prime number. Then, the number of favourable outcomes = 11. Ih P( getting a prime number) = PE.) = = SOLUTION (i) Out of the given numbers, the multiples of 7 are 7,14, 21, 28, 35, Let E) be the event of getting a multiple of 7. Then, the number of favourable outcomes =5. 5 P(getting a multiple of 7)= 35-7 30, 33: (ii) Multiples of 3 are 3, 6,9, 12, 15,18, Ae e Multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20,25, 30/95. Multiples of 3 and 5 both are 15 90:class 10 ca multiple of or 5, se nnvnber of f ai+7—2et6 é 5) = Pte) 16 a omutiple of 6 fected at tendon from ap te y vont rember {C85 2009 ps i prinie A, By oer 2: 03, reomes are 3, aafeomes = 23- are3,5,7,11, 13,17, 19, 23, 8. ser of all possible O dee the prime numbers Out of the Number of favourable outcome 8 re number) = 95" Pigetting a prin sa marked wit one of He wenibers 6,7,8, +, 15 are place Se ved trang. One card 8 Araton: at random ie ris the probaly of geting card ith mur leg shar 10? {CBSE 20000, coun All possible outcomes are 6,7, 8. 18 | lumber ofall possible outcomes = 10. Favourable outcomes are 6,7, 8,9. | Number of favourable outcomes = 4. | 4.2 | geting ecard with nuntber Tess than 10) ===> | | exec A box contains 3 blue, 2: white and 4red marbles. Ifa marbles drawn ‘af random from the box, what is the probabilty that it will not bea swhite marble? [CBSE 20080) Total number of all possible outcomes = (3 +2 +4) = 9 Number of non-white marbles = (3 blue + 4 red) = 7. number of favourable outcomes = 7. P(geiting a non-white marble) = f. 9 DMELe 13 A bog contains 6 red balls, 8 white bails, 5 green balls and 3 beet ‘nll. One alli drazon at random from the bag. Find the probabil! ‘hal the ball dracon is: (i) white (ii) red or black (tit) not (io) neither white nor black. ‘case 208oun pauls tt soLuTION EAAMPLE 15 SOLUTION Probability “3 -rotal number of all possible outeom es = totaln al numbers o . balls (9 Number of white balls = 8, OHS dom P(getting @ white bail) =... 4 2 Gi) Total number of red and black balls = (6 =(6+3)=9 P(getting a red or black bail) = 2. a 22 (ii) Total number of non-green balls = (6 +8 +3) =17 P(geiting a ball which is not green) = 32. : 2 (iv) Total number of balls which f Tot cae SB ail are non-white and “= Plgetting a ball which is neither white nor back)= 22 <1 22 2 ‘A bag contains 5 red balls and some blueballs, i the probnblity of 1 blue ball from the bag is thrice that ofa red bal find the drawing saver of blue balls in the bag. (case 2007 Let the number of blue balls in the bag be x. ‘Then, total number of balls = (6 +2): Given: P(a blue hall) = 3x P(a red ball), eH 3x = x15. ea 6+ Hence, the number of blue balls in the bag is 15. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What js the probability of getting (i) 8as the sum of to smanbers that turn up (i) a oul!” When two dice are thrown simultaneously, all possible outcomes are (Ly, (12), (13), GA, (15), (16) (25), (6) 21), 22), 23) (2A), By, 62). G3 GA) © 64) an, (42), 63, Ay Ger Ge) 1), 62), 6a G4) OP 8) em, Ga ae CA COO Number of all possible outcomes = 36.10 jatics for Cl08% schoo! Ma 604 secondary § a re event of getting (9 MEMO i ee the favourable outcome (2,6) G5) (4.4) 6,3). 6 2) Number of favourable outcomes = 9 / getting teva nunbers ease sum is 8) = PE) l p(getting fe i et. f Gi) Let be the event of BeltNe a double “Then, the favourable outcomes We (1), (2,2), 83), 4,4), 65), (6 7 Number of favourable outcomes = © é getting a doublet) = P(E) ~ 36 = 6" time. Find the probability that Teo dice are thrown at the same vi “ she sum of the two nuntbers appear on the top of the dice is more then 9 [BSE 20080} When two dice are thrown simultaneously, all possible in Example 11. SOLUTION outcomes are shown above Number of all possible outcomes = 36. Let E be the event that the sum of the mumbers appearing on the top of the two dice is more than 9. ‘The favourable outcomes are (4,6), 6,5), 6, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6). Number of favourable outcomes = 6. Plgetting a sum more than 9) = P(E) =-& =1. One card is dh ie ¢ card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards, What is the probability of drawing aking? o oe SowuTion Total number of all possible outcomes = 52. Total number of kings = 4, Let Ebe the event of getting a king. Number of favourable Outcomes = 4, P(getting a king) = P(g = 4 1 52.13 EXAMPLE 47 EXAMPLE 18 One card jg Arewon at ra . What is (i random from a well- soLurion to the probability thet the card sae shuffled deck of 52 onrds. number of al] Possible outeo: n isa face card? mes = 52, We know that ki kings, queeng and jacks are the face cards.um Probabitiny Number of face cards = 13 Let E be the event OF getting ah Then, the number of fayoursj) q ca P( getting a face cardy 12 523 Amit dratos.a card from a wet, Ee babilty that he dream HM deck of 59 cara (aqueen Gian eight (o) the six ofthe clus? © 8 9pnde ble out c 3 MS= 1 What is ty (0) 0 back cond cousin Total number of all possible outcomes = sé (® Number of queens = 4, . P(getting a queen) = 4 ail, (ii) Number of eights = 4, i P(getting an eight) = 5 . = (iii) Number of spades = i P(getting a spade) = se (iv) Number of black nae = 26. iy ; 264 | P( getting a black ase | (geltng a black card) == = (v). Number of the sixes of clubs = 1. i| P(getting a six ofeluts) | eieza One card is drawn from a well-shufled deck of 82 rds ind te probability of getting: Waking ofred suit (ti) aqueen of black suit (it) ajackofhearts (io) a red face card. [eBse 2010] | | SUTIN Total number of possible outcomes = 52- | () Number of kings of red suit = Be | | | Pigating wins 2 ae (i) Number of queens of black suit = A P(getting a queen of black sult) = e5.3 10 Mathematice for Class dary Schoo! secon’ of hearts , J of hearts) = 59 2 queens, 2 jacks. amber of acs 4 iy Nw : (getting # i 2 kings: js ar ; face cards = @- 7 ed face car iv) Ri ‘ of red Number we getting ar oct e059 26 on 7 d pack sannwn at reno fro alse pk ent Oa rte ity tale card dra ars What és the ph ty aking? : i etal sowunmon Total number of all poss! ple outcomes = 52 ; ~ Let E be the event of getting 2 red card a a king. There are 26 red cards (including 2 kings) and th hi 2 more kings. Ste are nore king: ‘o, the number of favourable outcomes = ° m 28 P(getting a red card or a king) =PO) = = 39° ‘A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that the card drawn is neither a red card nor a queen. (ICSE 2005 Total number of all possible outcomes = 52. ‘There are 26 red cards (including 2. queens) and 2 more queens are there. : Number of cards, each one of which is either a red card ora queen = 28. oe Let E be the event that the card drawn is neither a red card not a queen. = co Then, the number of favourable outcomes = P( getting neither a red card nor a queen) EXAMPLE 23 A card is 1 -shuff Pte py to a a ek Da jt if) i ies a e : jack (ti) anon-ace (iii) ared card ne ing nor a queen, casen®) ‘or number of all possible outeorsec bee @ Number of kings and jacks ae a P SOLUTION 52. (+4) Setting a kingor 9 jack) =Probabitity Gi) Number of non-ace ¢ay , ‘ ‘ards = (59 4 P( getting q non-ace) = #8 19 Das 13 r 2 (iii), Number of reg cards = (13.413) 3) = 26, 1 P(getting a red eq, dy = 26 Gu) There are 4 kings and 4 eee, Number of cards having neither » is = (528) 24g, 8 OT # Queen Pigetting neither a king nor a queen) = 48 1 From a pack of 52 playing cards jac bond, color are remot. From thera afr Find the probability that the card daa ig, 8 008 2 tendon, (@atblack queen (i) a red card Gib ton {08S 20089 (iv) a picture card (jacks, queens and Kings are picture cards) sowution Number of cards removed = (242424 2=8 ‘Total number of remaining cards = (52 ~8)= Now, there are 2 jacks, 2 queens, 2 kings and 2 aces of black colour only. @ Number of black queens =2, A pally P(getting a black eee (getting a black queen) aD (i) Number of red cards = (26-8) = 18. 5 Plgetting ered card) = =. (ii) Clearly, number of tens = 4. a ly P(getting a ten) = = = (iv) We know that jacks, queens and kings are picture cards. remaining number of picture cards =(2+2+2)=6. 63 P( getting a pictre card) ae 2 isthe probabil PARES ng lottery there are 10-prizes and 25 blanks. What is the probably ®t Of getting a prize? "Number of prizes ‘ on Number of blanks = 25.SE ae sol Mathematics for Class 10 Sche secondary 8 Total mimber of tickets = Micetting a price) = 56 =F ft is he probability thal an ordinary yen as 53 Sindaygy hot is the pr : ; vonlinany year hae 368 da ys, weeks and 1 day, This day can be any one of the 7 days of the week 1 Piha this day is Sunday) = 5 1 Hence, Pow ondinary year has 53 Susndays) > Sumele 2? The probability thet it will rain today is 0.84. What is the Probabitiy —_ that it will wot rain today? soLuTION Let Ee the event that it will rain today. Then, (not E) is the event that it will not rain today. Then, P(E) = 0.84, Now, PE) + P(not E) =1 = 084+ Pinot Est = Pnot E) = (1-084) = 016, P(that it will not rain today) =P(not F)=016. EXAMPLE 28 What is the, Probability that the two friends have (i) the same Birthday? (ii) different birthdays? (ignoring a leap year) [CBSE 20000) SOLUTION — One of the friends may have any one of the 365 days as birthday and the other one may have any one of the 365 days as birthday, Total number Of ways birthday =(365x 365), ® Both may have the same birtha, the 365 days, TREAD) eg! 's in which the two friends have their Plboth ave the same bsthdn 22S Yass ea (i) Poth have different birthdays) Fe ={1-L)_ ag) - BAMPLE z= 4 SAIC CONSiStS of oss i ? ating is ‘ ‘8 4 One runee coin three ti d noting is r jit i ine. Hanif wins ifthe t seme roa at 2° three tits ang pe 8 ise, Calculate th Probability that Hanif wilt lose the fh ‘ eit aesOWTION — In togsin, EXERCISE 15 1, Hill in the blanks; (i) The probability of an impossiie Gi) The probability of a Svent ig Sure event is. oe Gii) For any event F (v) The sum of Probabilities of allthe Outcomes ofan . 2. Acoin is tossed once. What is the i 3, Adie is thrown once, Find the probability a geting a tail? (@ an even number i (i) a number less than5 (ii) anumber Sreater than 2 (iv) anumber between 3. and 6 (v) anumber other than 3 (vi) the number 5 4 Two coins are tossed Simultaneously. Find the probability of getting () exactly one head (ii) at most onehead (iii) no tail as 5. Three coins are tossed simultaneously, What is the probability Setting at least two heads? Sache ® tis known that a box of 200 electric bulbs ea neal n pre bulb is taken out at random from the box. ‘hat the bulb drawn is . {oBSE 20040] ©) defective (i) non-defective? et : izes e : inter tckeis were sold and there are 5p probability hate “unal ha; i tis the a 's purchased one lottery eke what i “OS a prize? ' :rematics for Class 10 wrcen balls, One ball is dea, hag contains 5 white, 6 red re jility that the ball drawnig natn from the Daf What (ii) non-redl? hn (ii) white » balls. One ball js a7 white balls. One ball is cra a probability that the ball drawn, « a Gii) not red (iv) red or whleg and white balls. A ball is drawn from, ability that the ball drawn is i (ii) not black. case a, i 1, 8 black What ist A bag contains a pedo from the BOR Gi) red (i white contains 7 black, 5 eA iim. Find the probabilily aie rs Gi) inack or white d 3 black balls. A ball is drawn ability that the drawn ballis “* (i) red red, 5 white an’ 11, A bag contains 7 red, ag, Find the prol y e “pied awh ite . a not black (iii) neither white nor black, (i) red or wh st ite balls, k balls and 2 bl 5 white balls, 7 red balls, 4 black b 1d 2 blue bate : t random from the bag. What is the probability the 12. Abag contains One ball is drawn a the ball drawn is ) white or blue Gi) red or black (iii) not white (iv) neither whitenor black. [ose 25g 13. A bag contains 5 red, 4 blue and 3 green balls. A ball is taken outof the bag at random. Find the probability that the selected ball is (i) of rq colour (ii) nat of green colour. [CBSE 2015 14, A bag contains 4 white and some red balls. If the probability of drawing a red ball is double that of drawing a white ball, find the number of red ballls in the bag. 15. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability that (i) 5 will not come up on either of them, a (ii) 5 will come up on at least one, £ seo i (iii) 5 will come up at both the dice. Soe 0, 16. Find the probability that a number selected “at random from the numbers I to 25is not a prim ie ve is equally likely tobe selected, NEAR Of the ae 17. rs np 0 {aids numbered from 1 t6 30. One card is dean ® . Find the probabil : ‘ diviablebya Probability that the number of the selected. ce 18, A box contains 25 cards ee 5 numbered f ‘ag ber the b * rom 1 to 25, , drawn fro" card Dom in the probably dat the mune a ment Deven Gi) prime Gi) multiplecte nt ase wlee? 4] at worms om uae Prowabitig 9, A BOX contains 19 balls he call is drawn at rand eee number on the ball ie () aprime number Ga neither divisible by Spor py yg" aivisty a9. A box contains 20 balls by (99 an even ball is drawn at random number on the ball is ring 1 nus m1 front ih et EY 3 on5 rt AN eve 3 Ne Box. What gon" 20 te 'atis the probe estivel Probability tha? @)an odd number 6 ets ty hah ii) a prime number (i) divisibte by 9 iV) not divien so" 3 2, 15 cards numbered 1, 2,3, 4, 44 oe tsbleby Io, thoroughly. A man draws a card af geri PM IN a box and probability that the number on the card gm #™ the box Hae ( aneven number (i) aprimenan * (ai) divisible by 3 Gv) divisibleby> ana 2, Tickets numbered 25,4, 5, 10,101 at placed na bang thoroughly. One ticket is drawn at ox and mixed t random fromthe box. Find des probability that the number on the ticket is \ () an even number | (i) anumber less than 16 | (iii) a number which is a perfect square \\ (iv) a prime number less than 40. | 23. Cards marked with numbers 13, 14, 15, .. , 60 ate placed ina box and | mixed thoroughly. One card is drawn at random from the box. Find the probability that the number on the drawn card is (i) divisible by 5 (i) a number which is a perfect square. [BSE 20071 24, Cards, marked with numbers 5 to 50 are placed ina oe ~ see | thoroughly. A card is drawn. from. the box at randonts ns | probability that the number on the taken out card is (1) @ ee eae | less than 10 (ii) a number which is a perfect square, eine 3. Find the probability of getting 53 Fridays in a leap eS a : ‘ i t is %. If the probability of winning a game is 0.6, what is the Pi losing it? ; 52 77. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of Probability of drawing (i) an ace {ti a9’ of a black suit ards, Find the (i) a4’ of spades” (iv)ared king:Mathematics for Class 10 ez Secondary School 28. Acard is drawn at random from @ well-shuffled deck of 52 cards ih the probability of getting . (case 2m (i). queen (ii) a diamond (iv) ared'ace. a wellshutfled pack of 52 cards, i, nnig.neither a red card nor a queen [CBSE 20 30. A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find tp, probability that the card drawn is neither a queen nor a jack. [case 200) ‘A card ig draven at random from a wellshulfied deck of playing card, | Find the probability that the card drawn is (C88 2p, (i) a card of spades or anace (ii) ared king (iii) either a king or a queen (iv) neither aking nor a queen, A card is drawn at random fiom a well-shuftled deck of playing catds Find the probability of dzavcing' (face card (i) card whichis neither [eBSE'Z8080) (ii) a king or an ace 29. A card is drawn at random from the probability that the card drawl King nor a red card. . Theking, queen and jack of clubs are removed from a deck of 52 playing cards and the remaining cards are shuffled. A card is drawn froth the remaining cards. Find the probability of getting a card of (i) heart (ii) queen (iii) clubs. [CBSE:2064) 34. The king, the queen, thejack and 10, all of spades are lost from a packof 52 playing cards, A card is drawn from the remaining well-shuffled pack, Find the probability of getting a (i) red .card: (ii):/king (Gi) black card. (CBSE 20076) 35. Red Kings, queens and jacks are removed from a deck of'52 play cards and then well-shuffled, A card is drawn from the remainin cards. Find the probability of getting (i) a king (i) a ted cat (iii) a spade. [6BSE 200761 36, “A letter is chosen at random from the letters of the word ‘ASSOCIAT Find the probability thatthe chosen letter is.a (i) vowel (i) consonat 37, A bag contains 27 balis of which some are white and the others are ; mee A ball is chosen at sandom. The probability of getting a zed balls Find the number of white balls.Probability e of chance cor ABs js equally likel of the numb 's of spinning an ar fom to rest Dolan . 8S Shown j a are. What is the probability that it wi al ne a tO . ii) a ae ber? wo nm even number? imber iv) ar } aia pime mt number which isa multiple ofp of “bearing numbers 1, 3,5; .., 35 are kept in ak ” rs AB. Acard sano from the bag. Find the probability of getting acne ing a card be, prime nur ess than 15 Gi) ararberdty9 a {0298 210) ANSWERS (EXERCISE 15) si 1 100 a1 Git iv) 0,1 (v4 2S lr Sar i oF @ 2 win «4 we wt z 405 we win 3 3 2B at 4 aah st 6.0 35 2 Gi as 755 8.5 = G4 a2 ey ke oe - pete l oxy Z 02 onge win? we ms 5 Oh 1 2 605 (HD gz 7 gy cn 63 1B. ax =e 14.8 2.6 ~ 18 12 09. in 4 16 os 9 ay 4 Mgnt 66. 1p2, 18.05 Oy 802 Gig 3 % nad ag can 36 ar zg oh oa, fon LOZ wz ain we 22. ay wg ed 2. 26,04 205 0 24. Om wz 2.5 oO 2 i i 3 mie g Wes (ai wz 28.05 a; tg Ve at 31. «2 ine 2.0 a 8 os ox 13 oe jt oi Wy 46 MOF OS wt soo 2 Oe a10 atics for Class poo! Mathema y school eocondaty S r 5 1 in GZ OE BL Gr | ar 5 Oey OG n val 5 379 36. (0) 7 (ii) 1 oe suns To Sot SELECTED QUESTIONS | ip ror whl) = day Penn ack) = 1 PHRCA) = i ite or black) say 21~ Pleiter whl te nor black) = 1 snr ten 8 " @+3) -~=|== Gai) Pov “fete He *) z oa 7 12 @ islite or blue) =F Be g+) | (a) Plrator Boek) = 7 | ite) =1~ Plohite) : (Gi) Poot weite) = 1 i 3 ahr cite nor Black) = 1 Pleither white or black) ue (i) Ponitor at ee | -e qs | (Cis) "38 2 14, Let the number of red balls be x. Then, 4 Ping a white Bll = and Pldnaing a red oN 2 oy, 4 =8(4 . an” at (44 1) = (44 x) > (x-8)(x+4)-0 > x=8. = 15. Number of all Possible outcomes = 36, ) Let E, be the event ‘that 5 does not come: ‘up on either of the two- ‘The favourable cases are: an 29,(12)(,3)(1,4) 1,6),0,1),0,),0, 3), 2,4), 2, 6), (8/1), 8,2), 8.3) ©4),8,0, 6,1), (4,2), (4,3), 44) (4,6), (6.1), (6,2), (6,3), 6,4), 6,6). Number of favourable cases 25 69) 6.3) (6g “ PE)=2. tE)=s GH) LeLE, be te event that 5 The favourable cases are: (1,5), (2,5), 3, 5), (4,5), 6, 5). 6,1 Number OF favourable cases te 162.6.9,6.4,6, ee , all, Mey= a ‘Comes Up on at least one,i reteset cen aS SOMES detente se. 1 me or of eats = 48, pt rot , oe ang musbers vise by 5 are 5, on are 15,30, 25, 9,35, her of stich cards = 10 25,30,.98.40, 45,50, 55,6 er etn ater ee 8) gy ott sate mabe a 25,36, 48, i ariber oF suc members = 4 44 vig a perfect sare mutter) = Aw prgeting a perfect raed * ap yor 88 365 75 he 82 swoeks and 2 days. These two dayscan be i) Sunday-Monday Ries Tuasdey Z (gi Tuesday Wednesday (iv) Wednesday Thursday ie) Thursday-Friday (Wi Friday-Saturday (i Gaturday-Sunday Siivo ese 7 cases, 2 have Fridays. tas) 22. pigeting 53 Fridays) = 7° sp. Tere ase 26 red cards containing 2 queens and 2 more queens are there 287 + Plgeting a red card ora queen) . HY. A ting er areca) 3 2).§- 49, Total number of cards = 52. Plier a queen or a jack) = , 2) 0 1 P(neither a queen nora jack) =| 1-5)" 33 3B. After removing king, queen and. jack of clubs, remaining cards = 49. {) There are 13 cards of heart. 2. Plgetting a card of heart) = Z @ There are3 queens in remaining 49 cards. 1. Plgetting a queen) =» nga queen) = a6 Gi) There are 10 cards of elubs in rem “+ Plgtting a card of clubs) = 2. ining 49 cards.a) Number of V0" aretiag #00) ven word = 5+ | number of consonants iB ay Ne : 2 = 307-2)=54 -54)=27 = x29 number of white balls = 9- ‘The given numbers form an AP in which a=1,d=2andt, = 35. p+ (n-Id= 35 = 14 (n- 1) x2= 35 => n= 18. (i) LetE, be the event of getting a prime number less than 15. Then, E,=(2,3,5,7, 11,13} a 1 6 PE)= B= 5 (ii) Let E, be the event of getti a wit beeen eae number divisible by 3 and 5. Such num! £, =(15, 30) PLE,Pobatiiy, Cee esi Ques 7, pyjective Questions Is one (co marks) N Two coins are lossed simul 1. aneous, exactly one head? Y-Whatis the Probab 3 (4 3 ite, oy 4 2 Se fat socetiina imUltane ts 2 Twocoine are ose smu neouay, gy ~ 4 most one head? SUPA ig 1 1 byt 2 wt ®)5 5 (a3 coins are tossed simultaneously, What is th ; antic exactly two heads? oe 1 3 t 1 3 3 ws 7 8 a 3 4 ins are tossed simultancously. What i the peab | 4, Three coins ey © getting at most 2 heads? 5 7 4 " 3 8 a5 @; OF . : A die is thrown once. What is the probability. of getting a number less \ \ 5. than 3? i (b+ ot 2 tener (> 3 : ili ing a rumber more 6. Adie is thrown once. What is the probability of getting a . 3 than 4? : : i oe 5 @F > 6 how: e probability of getting a prime m once, What is the prol 7A die is t these | tune 2 (a) none of | 1 ) i 3 : f= Doe ility of getting @ | 3 se, what is the probability ae 8. Ina throw of a die, what 1 ae ; 3 6 thoroughly: @) 3 ) xed : aced inabagandme™ hatte i bers 3 to 20 ate p) 1, What is the P 9, fib bening iti ae dn ee rota oe aie ai taken out is an ev! 1 vseit one ofthe numbers 6,7, on Peay, in nly One card 18 FAWN at Tanda ye ey ong aard wih nuaber lesan 1 2 fo (ay? @ o>; ) S (CBSE tng, spew aro thrown simultaneously Ihre He probly ofp 1). Two dive are thrown § ly doublet? . ; “a @ 5 OF Fs 2. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the Probability of gen, abers whose sum is 10? 1 a b) — 5 OG 18, Thereare 20 tickets numbered as 1,2, 3, 20 respectively. One ticket; dzswn atrandom, Whatis the probability that the number on theta, fwo © + (a) ; drawn is a multiple of 5? 1 wh @2 (a) 7 5 5 14, There are 25 tickets numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 25 respectively. One ticket is drawn at random, What is the probability that the number on the ticket is a multiple of 3 or 52 3 (a) o 2 a 2 is Os O55 5 25 'S, Ina lotery, there ae 8 prizes andl 16 blanks. What i the probably o getting a prize? E 1 1 2 é os ws 2 (@) none of thee 16. Ina lottery, there are 6 prizes and 24 blanks, What is the probability of not getting a prize? i : 3 3 4 : ay (b) : () z (2) none of these 17, A Pom coi 3 blue, 2 white and 4 req marbles. If a marble is drawn random dl i aye, = A ae “om from the box, what is the probability that it will not bea i (a)— 4 a5 ws 2 a) a aeProbay 5, Abag contains d rey bility 8 ond 6 yy Acey . random. What is thy ot © blag oma > he Probab 433 of ngs (b) : 20080) jo, ABAS EOMEAINS 8 red, > random. What is the rota ANE 8 ay 8 abilit White 4, O45 (by 2 Mate lls One is Mngt thy 20. A bag contains 3 White, 4 vet 5 Pri way random. What is the py, ana 5 py (yt fing nor white? Probability that ae lls One bay 1 drain go ay @- 1 WM is rig 2 4 5 @t ber bla a1. What is the probability of an impocc: 3 (a3 Bs (a) £ (b) 0 Possible eventz fet 2 @1 22. What is the probability of a sure event? (none of thse (ao we i 2 1 ; (4) note of these £ 23, Acard is drawn at random froma well-shuffled ¢: i is the probability of getting a black king? eck of 52 cards What 1 1 a2 6 (@) a (b) 36 © = (@ none of these {CBSE 20080), 24. From a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards, one card is drawn at random, What is the probability of getting a queen? ax Ox Ox (€) nonecfthes Deans, | 25, One card is drawn at random froma well-shuffled deck of 82 car \ What is the probability of getting a face a as 1 3 eS 3 (a) % &) 36 ©) B a at u %. One card is drawn at random ee te a. : i lack fa What is the probability. of getting 2°" 5 @ z 5 1 (a) % () 56SS “lass 10 athematics for Cla oM. shuttled deck of 52 cae i, (d) none of these 1 2 . 2 (4) — they i wo i (c) 265 183 Oe 366 / (CSE ang sah contury i leap YOR" so, the year 2000 82 leap year and tg | ume Every aheen - , ! a how ability that two friends have different birthdays 28, What is the probal ; ost 38 | aye 0) 58 365 365 w 365 (CSE zap dinar Me 2 40, What is the probability that an ordinary yest has 53 ender . 2 1 oe dy) @= OF Os Oe | i % es 31, If the probability of winning a game is 0.4, the probability of losing it ig 1 (a) 0.96 OG (©) 0.6 (€) nome ofthese | 82, lf an event cannot occur then its probability is 5 | 3 @ wt 62 @o. 33, Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event? ng PI ty i f “ @)>5 (b)03 (©) 33% @ Z 34. If the probability of occurrence of an event is p then the prob: Occurrence ofits complementary e ventis |) Fill in the blanks (2 marks) 36. Fill in the blanks, (i) The probability of an impossible eventis(i) The probability of "i Assure o, (iil) If Eis an even, ° e aNd Pes Gv) IEE is a possitte ™ between . () PE) + Pot E) = (ui) The prob. APIlity OF occutteng e matching of columns (2 marks) 37. Match the following columns; fa) In tossing a fair die, the i i Probabili getting an odd number o than 4s... Ya Rumbe (0) A card is drawn from a well-shutfed deo, of 52 cards. The probability of gars black face card is ‘Y Of getting a (¢) Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The| probability of getting a total of 8 is (d) Red kings, queens and jacks are removed from a deck of 52 cards.\A card is drawn from the remaining cards. The probability of getting a king is ....... The correct answer is (a)- (b)- MCQ Assertion-and-Reason Type (2 marks) sey as (8 Eich question consists of two statements, rat is cote Reason (R). For selecting the correct answer, Us an Revco (8) (2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason is are tru correct explanation of Assertion (A): see but Reason 8 nota (>) Both Assertion (A) and Reason ie correct explanation of Assertion wo eae (©) Assertion (A) is true and Reason oe (@) Assertion (A) is false and Reason—_—_ shematies for - [Besson S si Mal any event E, we have IMB) + Plot By =A, a |For ___ + (ays). Oe Reason (R) = For any event E, we have —- 15are ~ard numbered as 1, 2,3, +7 vain box and mixed 0< PE <1. dre card is then thoroughly. One in drawn at random. The probability wy even number is z of rmwngan even mans Frocorrect answer's: (@)/(O/(O/. ANSWERS 6) 21a) 3) 4) 5.) 6) 70) 8@ 9% 10. (d) IL. (c) 12.(c) 13.(b) 14.(c) 15. (b) 16.(c) 17.(¢) 18.(b) " 19.(c) 20.(c) 21. (b) 22.(c) 23.(b) 24. (a) 25.(c) 26.(b) 27.(0) 28. (b) 29.(c) 30.(b) 31.(c) 32.(d) 33.(d) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (})0 (i) 1 (ii) (1p) (iv) 0, 1 (v) 4 (wi) 2 Ee 37. (a}-(s), 6)(2), ()-(q), (A)-(p) 38. (a) 39.(@) HINTS TO SOME SELECTED QUESTIONS 1, Here $= (HH, HT, TH, TT}. Let E = event of getting exactly one head = (HT, TH 1 # E PE, > (£) 2 2. Here S=|HH, HT, TH, TT}. {et B= event of getting at most one head’ (TT, TH, Ht i 3. Here $= (HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT. THT, Let E = event of. getting exactly 2 heads 3 I P(é)==. Ean (eeProbabitity pants HHT HTT ato geen most 2 headls getting he pH, MT, TH, THN, yer? 1 oe “tol wad or Thead or2 heads ut : per ae THT TT ber less than 3 = (1,21. getting anon re than 4 = 6; 6), peime number = (23,5). ) ) ! arnber ‘Their numbers 9 9 PU*35 72 umber of cards.=10- than 10 (6, ois Be the xoquired probability = 79 “5 i le outcomes = 96 10, Total Cards with number less 1, Total number of all possi letE= event of getting a doublet 5) 6 OF (C1 1) 2,2), 3) Mpa bel. 36 6 R Nunber ofall possible outcomes = 36 Here = ((4, 6),(6,4),(5, MH TE TUL, TT, FH)thematics for Class 10 ME 3975 pumber of tick ie 6, 0, 12,15, 18. (p+ 16) = 24 Number of prizes = 8: a prie= 5573 Probability of getting 4 se Total number of tickets = (6 + 24) = 30. er of blanks = 24. a eA. Pinot getting @prize)= 35> 5 17, Total number of marbles = (3 +2+4) = 9- Number of non-white marbles = (3 + 4) Zz Plgetting a non-white marble) =~ ‘Number of black balls P(getting a black ball) = 19. Total number of balls = (8 + 2 +5) = 15. Number of non-black balls = (8 +5) = 13. P (getting @ non-black ball) = 2 20. Total number of balls = (3 +4 +5) = 12, : Number of bails each one of which is. neither black n« P(geiting a ball which is neither black not “white) 21. The probability of an impossible event is 0, 22. The probability of a sure event is 1, 25, Total number of cards = 5), Number of black kings = 2, oot . inp) 2 Plgetting a black king) => = 1, (getting ing) = 5 24, Total number of cards = 52, Number of queens = 4, Plgelting a queen) = é 3 + “SBProbability y number of cards 5. Tote rumba face eds = HAR geen gy pagattng afer enn = = qotal numb: 3 number of Diack fore cards = (24.26 2)0 ting a Dick face card) Ps sg, Total number of earels Number of 6= 4 41 pigetting 26) = ‘The year 2000 is a leap year. So, ithas 366 days, 1 e required probability = —- the required p: N56 Let the birthday of one of the friends be fixed, 2 ‘Ten, the birthday of second friend can be any one ofthe semaining 364 days ity = 364 maining 364 the required probability =". the required probability = = 20, An ordinary year has 365 days, i.e,, 52 weeks and 1 day. This day can be any one of the 7 days of the week. i ofthis day to be Monday) = > 4i, Probability of winning the game = 0.4. Probability of losing it =(1-0.4)=0.6. 22. fan event cannot occur then its probability is 0. 38. The probability of an event cannot be greater than 1: 34, Plot E) = 1- P(E)=(1—p). 35. Suppose he b ye ene ippose he bought x tickets, Then, 5 = 0. 8 x= (6000 x 0.08) = = 480, (6000 0.08) (ooo 5.) So, he bought 480 tickets. * 90 Git GiN—py G01 @)1 WII ’ (@) Odd numbers are 1, 3, 5 and numbers less than 4 are 1, 2 5oat Mathematics for Class 10 Seconda 12. Total number of tickets Let B= [8,10 15, 201 run) 28 14, Total mimber of fiekets = 25. Let F=13,6,9,12, 15,18, 21,285, 10,20, 251. pry 2 PU) = 35 15, Total number of tickets = (8 16) = 24 Number of prizes Blt Probability of getting a prize = «3 3 16. Total number of tickets = (6 +24) = Number of blanks = 24, 2d Ponot getting a prize) = 35 417, Total number of marbles = @ +24 4)=9- G+a=7. Number of non-white santa Pégetting a non-white auerble) = z 48, Total number of balls = (4 +6) = 10. Number of black balls = si 19. Total number of balls = (8 +2 +5) = 15. Number of non-black balls = (8 + 5) Pgetting a nor-black ball) = 2. 3. 20. Tota) number of balls = (3 + 4 +5) = 12. Number of balls each one of whichis neither | a not white = 4. geting ball hic nether lc moh) = < Bi, 21. The probability of an impossible event is 0. 22, The probability of a sure event is 1, 23, Total number of caitds = 52. : Number of black ar =2, Pigetting a black king) = — =—- 24, Total number of cards = 52. Number of queens = v4 | P(getting a queeit) = é- a -jp ro umber of card of face cards: aonb jacks A queens +444 ings) <1 i gga fe cred) = : eget face card) = == 7 = 52. otter of ear 7 fomber of black face cards = (24242) plack face cardy= & 23, 52 ~ 26 potting ® 7. Total number of cards = 52. * amber of 6 =4 ; 4 1 geting 9) 55" 73 og The yeot 200038 @ leap year So, it has 36 days, she required probability = = 366 birthday of one of the friends be fixed. mm, Let the ‘hen, the birthday of second friend can be any o : ne ty One of the remaining, 364 days ine required probability ==> ar has 365 days, ie., 52 weeks and 1 day, 20, Anordinary Ye This day can be any one of the 7 days of the week. lof this day to be Monday) = 3 1, Probability of winning the game = 0+ Probability of losing it =(1~ 0.4)= 0:6. cannot occur then its probability is: fer than 1. 2 Iran event: 48, The probability of an event cannot be great 4, wot E) = 1- P(E) =(1~P)- 45, Suppose he bought x tickets: Then Samp = 0.08. = (6000 x 0,08) = (ooo <5) 2480. So, he bought 480 tickets. 2 % 00 G1 Gap) O1 O)? (wit a 5 dd numbers are 1,3,5 and numbers 1 than 4 are} : :Atartvonnaties fore Chas 10 Ha) fell-fp Renenn (RY is Inte Lot P bo the event of winning the game, Then, Fis the event of losing the 34 eye PUL) | scertion (§)is true and Reason (R);s the correct explanation of Assertion) Thus, Hence, the correct answer is (a). 7) liselearly true. 39, 0S Reason (R) is true. Total number of eards = 15. Let E be the event of getting an even number. Then, £ contains 2, 4, 6,8, 10,12, 14. ‘Assertion (A) is false. ‘Thus, Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is true. } So, the correct answer is (d). FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT (UNIT TEST) 50 Marks MCQ (1 mark) 1. A bag contains 3 red balls, 5 white balls and 7 black balls. A ball s drawn at random. Whatis the probability that the ball drawn isneite _ red nor black? I 1 7 8 ie: (b) = ee adi ae (b) 3 () 6 Or 2. If an event cannot occur then its probability is ie (a) (b)-1 (0 (@) none of th Lee