Mebs6004 2425 03
Mebs6004 2425 03
Mebs6004 2425 03
http://ibse.hk/MEBS6004/
• Basic concepts
• Thermal behaviour of buildings
• Passive building design
• Solar control
• Dynamic simulation
Basic concepts
• Physics of heat
• Heat and temperature (°C or K)
• Specific heat (J/kg.K) & latent heat (kJ/kg)
• Heat flow rate, Q (J/s or W)
• Heat flux density (W/m3)
• Heat flow
• Density (kg/m3), conductivity (W/m.K)
• Heat loss: the U-value [Q = U A ∆T]
• Convection coefficient hc, reflectance/emittance
A candle transferring heat into its environment by radiation, convection,
evaporation and conduction
(Source: Shukuya M., 2019. Bio-Climatology for the Built Environment, Chapman and Hall/CRC, Milton.)
Basic concepts
(Source: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Thermal_environment)
Four forms of heat transfer
CONVECTION
(Source: Thomas R., 2006. Environmental Design: An introduction for architects and engineers, Third edition, Taylor & Francis.)
Basic concepts
(Source: Shukuya M., 2019. Bio-Climatology for the Built Environment, Chapman and Hall/CRC, Milton.)
Basic concepts
Heat storage
Internal
External loads
loads
(Source: http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index_files/tt3.htm)
Basic concepts
(Source: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/building-thermal-comfort-analysis-ecologikol/)
Heat transfer at human body
(Source: https://archi-monarch.com/climate-and-thermal-comfort/)
Main energy/heat fluxes affecting the building energy balance
(Source: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174498)
Building
energy balance
(Source: Pinterić M., 2021. Building Physics: From physical principles to international standards, Second Edition, Springer, Cham, Switzerland.)
Thermal behaviour of buildings
(Source: Szokolay S. V., 2008. Introduction to Architectural Science: the Basis of Sustainable Design, Second edition.)
Heat flow through a real wall, compared with a wall of zero mass
(Source: Szokolay S. V., 2008. Introduction to Architectural Science: the Basis of Sustainable Design, Second edition.)
Thermal behaviour of buildings
• Thermal mass
• A material’s capacity to absorb, store and release
heat, measured by thermal admittance [W/(m2.K)]
• Specific heat capacity, density, thermal conductivity
• To assess heat flows into & out of thermal storage
(See also: Module 48: Simple thermal analysis for buildings https://www.cibsejournal.com/cpd/modules/2013-01/)
How thermal mass works
Summer
cooling
Winter
heating
(Source: https://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/thermal-mass/)
Thermal behaviour of buildings
(Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326626129_Environmental_Design_Principles_for_the_Building_Envelope_and_More_Passive_and_Active_Measures)
Passive heat dissipation strategies according to the heat sinks
(Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326626129_Environmental_Design_Principles_for_the_Building_Envelope_and_More_Passive_and_Active_Measures)
Bioclimatic design strategies for buildings in hot climate: to minimise
heat gains into the building and promote heat loss
(Source: https://energypedia.info/images/c/c7/Building_Energy_Efficiency_Guideline_for_Nigeria_2016.pdf)
Passive/Bioclimatic building design strategies for hot climates
Strategy Hot & dry Hot & humid
Compact geometry √ X
Exterior shading √ √
Daylighting √ √
Window low solar heat gain coefficient √ √
Cross/stack ventilation (if naturally ventilated) √ √
Building permeability (if naturally ventilated) X √
Roof insulation √ √
Wall insulation (exterior) √ X
High thermal mass √ X
Low thermal mass X √
Evaporative cooling √ X
(Source: https://energypedia.info/images/c/c7/Building_Energy_Efficiency_Guideline_for_Nigeria_2016.pdf)
Passive building design
(Source: https://www.archsd.gov.hk/archsd/html/report2021/en/sustainable-building.html)
Passive building design
• Passive cooling
• A building design approach that focuses on heat
gain control and heat dissipation in a building in
order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with
low or nil energy consumption
• This approach works either by preventing heat
from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or
by removing heat from the building (natural
cooling)
Examples of passive cooling designs
(Source: https://mitsidi.com/new-cibse-guide-building-tropical-environments/)
Spectral transmittance of different glass types
(Source: SLL, 2014. Daylighting: A Guide for Designers, Lighting Guide 10, The Society of Light and Lighting (SLL), London.)
Design parameters for solar-control systems
(Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.12.044)
Solar control
(Source: https://www.velux.com/what-we-do/research-and-knowledge/deic-basic-book/daylight/parameters-influencing-daylighting-performance)
Horizontal & vertical shading devices
(Source: https://planlux.net/sunlight-shading-redirecting-devices/)
Light shelves for horizontal shading & redirecting
(Source: https://planlux.net/sunlight-shading-redirecting-devices/)
Projecting light shelves provide additional shading for the lower window;
sloping the shelves to distribute light
(Source: https://planlux.net/sunlight-shading-redirecting-devices/)
Level light shelf with an inward sloping wedge pushing high angle
sunlight more deeply into space
(Source: https://planlux.net/sunlight-shading-redirecting-devices/)
Sunlighting strategies (should be integrated with architecture to use the
sunlight indirectly)
(Source: https://planlux.net/sources-of-natural-light-sunlight-strategies/)
Sidelit building with sloped ceiling at perimeter
(Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326626129_Environmental_Design_Principles_for_the_Building_Envelope_and_More_Passive_and_Active_Measures)
Solar gains for a non-transparent building element (left), a transparent or
single glazed building element (middle) and a double glazed building
element (right)
(Source: Pinterić M., 2021. Building Physics: From physical principles to international standards, Second Edition, Springer, Cham, Switzerland.)
Dynamic simulation
(Source: https://gbs.autodesk.com/GBS/)
Building energy simulation process
DOE-2
Solar-5 ESP-r
Building Energy
Simulation Software TRNSYS
80 Low-Energy Case
kWh / m²
60
47.3
40 35.1
27.4
22.7
20 15.1
6.7 6.9
4.1
1.5
0
Heating Cooling Lights Other Total
Examples of simulation results for ranking energy efficiency strategies
40
50
Temperature, ?
20
Energy, kWh
0
0
-50 -20
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Average Hourly HVAC Energy Use by Month